Kim Jong Un

Gim Jeong-eun is a redirect to this article. For the South Korean actress of the same name, see Kim Jung-eun

Kim Jong-un (2019)

Korean spelling
Chosŏn'gŭl	김정은
Hancha	金正恩
Revised Romanization	Gim Jeong-eun
McCune- Reischauer	Kim Chŏngŭn
See also : Korean name

Kim Jong-un [ kiːm.t͡ɕʌ̹ŋ.ɯn ] (born January 8, 1984 in Pyongyang ) is the chairman of the DPRK State Affairs Committee , commander in chief of the Korean People's Army and chairman of the Labor Party of Korea and since December 29, 2011 the so-called " Supreme Leader " of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea ("North Korea"). He is the third and youngest son of his predecessor Kim Jong-il, who died on December 17, 2011, and his third wife Ko Yong-hi . Since the death of his father, he has been considered the dictatorial sole ruler of the country.

Kim Jong-un succeeded his father in management positions after his death. On September 27, 2010, he was appointed General . On July 18, 2012, he was promoted to the rank of marshal ( Wonsu ), giving Kim Jong-un the same military rank as his late father last held.

Life until 2007

Early years

Little is known about Kim Jong-us's life, which has led to much speculation. An aunt - his mother's sister - made it clear in 1998 that he was born in 1984. Before that, it had long been speculated whether he was born in 1983 or 1984. His date of birth was initially stated as January 8, 1983, later, when he was established as his father's successor, the year of birth was set to 1982 so that, like the alleged year of his father's birth (1942), it was the same as that of the founder of the republic, born in 1912 Kim Il-sung is consistent. Kim Jong-un would have turned thirty in 2012, when Kim Il-sung's 100th birthday falls, which would be of symbolic importance, since 2012 was declared in North Korea to be the year in which North Korea was a “great and rich nation " will. Kim Jong-uns mother, Ko Yong-hi , was a Japanese- born Korean dancer and is considered to be Kim Jong-il's third wife. She died of cancer in 2004 .

Kim is said to have received a general uniform as a present on his eighth birthday, according to his aunt, and real generals are said to have shown him respect from that point on. Since then, he is said to have known that he would one day become the future leader of North Korea. Kim Jong-un is said to have traveled to Japan with his brother and presumably his mother in the early 1990s.

education

The Liebefeld-Steinhölzli public school in Köniz , Switzerland, which Kim Jong-un is said to have visited according to media reports

According to originally Japanese newspaper reports, which received a worldwide response, Kim Jong-un is said to have gone to school in Switzerland , near Bern . It was first reported that Kim Jong-un initially ran the private "International School" (ISB) from 1993 to 1998 under the name "Chol-pak", "Pak-chol" or "Pak Un" as the alleged son of an employee of the North Korean embassy. in Gümligen near Bern, which he left abruptly in 1998 without a degree. He was shy, got on well with everyone and stood out as a basketball fan and good student. In addition, he was always accompanied by an older student who was considered a bodyguard . Later it was said that Kim Jong-un had attended the public school “Liebefeld Steinhölzli” in Köniz near Bern under the name “Pak-un” or “Un-pak” from 1998 to 2000 as the alleged son of a North Korean embassy employee . The Köniz authorities confirmed that from August 1998 to autumn 2000 a boy from North Korea who had been registered as the son of an embassy employee had attended school, but could not provide any information about his identity. He was first divided into a special class for foreign-language children and then switched to the regular class of the 6th school year and completed the 7th, 8th and part of the 9th school year. In the fall of 2000, he canceled school at short notice. He was well integrated, hardworking and ambitious and enjoyed playing basketball. His aunt pretended to be his mother during his time in Switzerland and described him as a basketball crazy and a bad student. A classmate spoke to journalists in detail about his school friend at the time, described him as an outsider and claimed that he had identified himself as the son of the North Korean ruler.

Pak-un could have been Kim Jong-un, while Pak-chol might not have been Kim Jong-un, as originally assumed, but his older brother Kim Jong-chol . It is not known whether the student registered as Pak-un lived in Switzerland in November 1991. The Basler Zeitung, for example, says that he has been going to school in Bern-Liebefeld since 1992, while other media assume that he previously attended the international school in Gümligen.

On behalf of the SonntagsZeitung , the anthropologist Raoul Perrot from the University of Lyon examined two photographs: one of the student Pak-un from 1999 among his classmates from the Liebefeld Steinhölzli school in Köniz and one by Kim Jong-un from 2012. The morphological one Face comparison - consisting of an analysis of 38 distance ratios between fixed points of the face - showed a match of 95% between the two images. Perrot thinks this is proof that Pak-un is identical to Kim Jong-un. He explains the deviation of 5% with the aging and weight gain of the person examined.

The Sunday newspaper also claims that it has detailed knowledge of Kim Jong-un's school grades. During the first two semesters, the student attended a class for foreign languages, then a regular class. The report refers to the achievement of grade 4 (sufficient) in mathematics, German and English, grade 5 (good) in sports and music, and grade 3.5 in natural sciences. The student had 75 absences in his first year in the Steinhölzli schoolhouse and 105 in the second year. In Kirchstrasse 10 near the school he lived with a cook, teacher, maid and driver. A former classmate is quoted as saying that his classmate liked and often played basketball. He always stood in the center of attention of the Asian audience. Every throw of the basket was greeted with applause full of admiration. He said that he hardly spoke to the Korean people around him in public and gave them no orders, but that was how he received their obedience.

At the inter-Korean summit between Kim Jong-un and the South Korean President Moon Jae-in on April 27, 2018, rösti and a Gruyere cheesecake for dessert were served at dinner , according to the Blue House, a reminder of his Swiss childhood.

It is controversial among observers whether Kim Jong-un went to school in Switzerland or whether he was tutored at home in Pyongyang . However, there is broad consensus that he attended Kim Il-sung University in Pyongyang from 2002 to 2007 .

Takeover of management positions

As of June 2009, Kim Jong-un has been traded as his father's likely successor. Whether the successor was decided by the Labor Party, the family or any other body has not been disclosed. It was said that Kim Jong-il had requested a formal declaration of loyalty from the government in favor of Kim Jong-us. On June 24, 2009, the South Korean newspaper Dong-a Ilbo reported that Kim Jong-un had taken over the management of the North Korean secret service at the instigation of his father.

Mansudae Grand Monument : Double statue of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il

From 2010, a leadership cult around Kim Jong-un was built up, following that around his father Kim Jong-il and his grandfather Kim Il-sung . He was shown on Korean Central Television in such a way that he looks as similar as possible to his grandfather Kim Il-sung, in a Mao suit with his hair combed back. The television viewers were also showered with pictures of the young man accepting the admiration of the old party cadre and giving instructions. The North Koreans were called upon to support Kim Jong-un in taking power, which was seen as an indication that his father would soon be replaced. The possible transfer of power was confirmed by the appointment of Kim Jong-uns as general on September 27, 2010. Before Kim Jong-il took power from his father, he had also been raised to the rank of general. Together with Kim Jong-un, his aunt Kim Kyŏng-hŭi was appointed general. In addition, Kim Jong-un was in the course of the III. PdAK party conference on September 28, 2010 appointed to the party's central committee and is deputy chairman of the military commission. It was only after Kim Jong-il's death that KCNA reported that Kim Jong-un had been transferred to high command of the Korean People's Army on October 8, 2011 at his father's behest .

After the death of his father on December 19, 2011, Kim Jong-un was named by the KCNA as a “great successor and leader of the party, army and people”, to whom the people and the military should “faithfully pay homage”. After the official mourning period for his father ended on December 29, 2011, Kim Yŏng-nam , the protocol head of state of the country, made Kim Jong-un the “supreme leader” of the party during a public ceremony in Kim-Il-sung Square and the military proclaimed. The KCNA also referred to him as the “supreme leader of the party, the state and the army”.

On April 11, 2012, he was elected First Secretary at the Fourth Conference of the Labor Party of Korea and thus officially elected party leader. On April 13, 2012, the Supreme People's Assembly of the DPRK elected him first chairman of the National Defense Committee of the DPRK.

Reign

At first, it did not appear as if there was any sign of a change of course in North Korean politics. In the 2012 New Year's editorial, the people were called to defend Kim Jong-un “to the death”. After South Korea put troops on alert, its President Lee Myung-bak was labeled a "pro-American fascist madman." In particular, the media presentation of Kim Jong-uns is similar to that of its predecessors. In a TV report on his birthday, he was described as a "military genius" who wrote treatises on military strategies at the age of 16. Since his youth he had seldom eaten and slept little to study. A report on North Korean television showed him visiting a missile control center in April 2009 when a controversial missile test was carried out. He threatened the West with war if the missile were to be shot down.

Domestic politics

Pyongyang 2015

Kim Jong-un delivered a New Year's Address broadcast on Korean State TV on January 1, 2013 , the first in 19 years. He thus resumed the tradition of a New Year's address by Kim Il-sung. Under Kim Jong-il's rule, the state's programmatic goals were published at the beginning of each year in identical wording in editorials in the country's three leading newspapers. Kim Jong-un said in his New Year speech of an impending "radical" change for the country of a possible termination of the "confrontation" with South Korea and a higher standard of living of the population, among other things, with an economic upswing in the agriculture and light industry go hand in hand should. His demand to develop better weapons and to further expand North Korea's military strength contradicts the end of the conflict with South Korea in particular. For the first time in Pyongyang there was also a big New Year celebration for the population. Some laws have been relaxed. B. now allows foreigners to use the cell phone and the Internet.

Kim Jong-un, like his father before, is going on extensive inspection tours ("on-site guides") across the country. He had all references to Karl Marx and Lenin removed from the cityscape of Pyongyang and from the North Korean constitution . At the end of September 2012, Kim Jong-un allowed farmers to sell parts of their harvest for the first time.

In January 2014, Kim scheduled an election for the North Korean parliament on March 9, 2014 . In this election all candidates were elected with 100%, the voter turnout according to official figures was 99.97%.

"Purges" and power struggles

According to some Western observers, there have been signs since Kim Jong-uns came to power that he would like to consolidate his position of power within the North Korean leadership by eliminating potential rivals. Of the seven people who carried the coffin of the late Kim Jong-il to the grave in 2011 (which was always a sign of a special position of power in dictatorships of the Soviet Union), all have either been executed or not seen in public since 2011 been. The BBC correspondent Stephen Evans in Seoul compared this policy to the Stalinist purges of the 1930s. Apparently, the leadership around Kim Jong-un is not stable. With his actions - like Stalin - Kim wanted to demonstrate his omnipotence over the life and death of people, even from his closest environment, and to get potential competitors out of the way at an early stage. It is possible that he - like Stalin - is obsessed with paranoia and smells conspiracies everywhere. Since the isolated North Korea often neither denies nor confirms the reports of executions - apart from a few exceptions - Western reporting is dependent on sources of unknown origin and sometimes has to make do with assumptions and speculations.

In early December 2013, the regime announced the surprising disempowerment of Kim's uncle Jang Song-thaek by marriage . (Jang was the husband of Kim Kyŏng-hŭi , Kim Jong-il's only sister .) Until then, he had been considered the second man in the state, de facto leader in place of the sick Kim Jong-il and gray eminence ; now he lost all offices and was executed days later . It was the first such harsh condemnation and execution of a high-ranking official since the 1950s, when Kim Il-sung had only established his supremacy. In 2014, Jon Yong-jin and O Sang-hon were executed . On April 30, 2015, Kim may have his Defense Minister, Hyon Yong-chol, executed for "infidelity and disrespect." In July 2015, the South Korean news agency Yonhap reported that Vice Prime Minister Choe Yong-gon had been executed in May 2015 on orders from Kim Jong-uns. According to the South Korean Ministry of Reunification, Choe was last seen in public in December 2014. Choe is said to have criticized Kim's policy on reforestation in North Korea. There were no confirmations or denials of these reports from the North Korean side.

On February 10, 2016, South Korean media reported that the Chief of General Staff, Ri Yong-gil , had been executed, which later turned out to be false. Ri hadn't been seen in public since the beginning of the year. He had been charged with corruption and the "formation of conspiratorial groups". The reports were initially not commented on by the North Korean side.

On May 6, 2016, the first was Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea scheduled for 1980th

In January 2017, Kim fired his security minister, Kim Won-hong . This was accused of corruption, abuse of power and human rights violations.

Human rights violations

→ Main article : Human rights situation in North Korea

According to reports in Western media, violations of human rights , such as those committed in North Korea under the rule of Kim Jong-il, continue under the leadership of Kim Jong-un by shooting refugees at the border, publicly executing people and others in Detention centers are being held.

Foreign policy

Kim Jong-un with South Korean President Moon Jae-in on April 27, 2018

Tighter sanctions against the country, with which the UN Security Council reacted in 2013 to North Korean tests with long-range missiles, led to a renewed escalation of the Korean conflict .

At an extraordinary meeting with his senior defense officials on January 26, 2013, Kim gave instructions on how to prepare for a new nuclear test and proclaimed martial law in North Korea, which went into effect on January 29.

In March 2013, Kim Jong-un announced the annulment of the 1953 ceasefire agreement and threatened an attack on the South Korean island of Baengnyeongdo , which had previously been the scene of numerous military clashes. Shortly thereafter, Kim Jong-un announced that North Korea was now at war with South Korea ( de jure the state of war has never been lifted since the Korean War ) and threatened the United States with a " preventive nuclear strike " for the first time . During a visit to an artillery unit not far from the southern border on March 11, 2013, he said to the soldiers: "If the order is given, you should break the enemy's hips, cut their windpipes completely and show them what a real war looks like." Experts suspected that the renewed war gestures should possibly appease the hardliners among the military officials and rally behind Kim so that economic reforms would be possible, as well as getting the US to agree to talks and a relaxation of the embargoes . In April 2013, North Korea also temporarily closed the Kaesŏng Special Economic Zone , although this meant massive foreign exchange losses.

The international community, including the People's Republic of China (actually an ally of North Korea), sharply condemned these renewed threatening gestures and urged North Korea to exercise moderation. While the United States mostly believed the threats to be war rhetoric, it took the threat seriously and wanted to build additional missile defense stations on its Pacific islands , such as Guam , to forestall a possible attack.

In June 2013 the situation began to ease. On June 7th, the telephone connection to South Korea was restored and a meeting was arranged. From February 2015, tension between the United States of America and North Korea rose again. North Korea's combat exercises in the eighth week of 2015 specialized against attacks by the United States, according to North Korean media. Contrary to US statements, North Korea accused the US of harboring intent to attack. Kim Jong-un therefore warned the North Korean troops to be ready to fight.

According to several media reports, it was planned that Kim Jong-un would attend the Victory Parade in Moscow on May 9, 2015. That would have been his first official trip abroad since taking office. However, he canceled the trip at short notice due to inter-Korean affairs and sent his representative Kim Yŏng-nam to Moscow.

Since August 2017, citizens of the United States are no longer allowed to travel to North Korea following a decision by US President Donald Trump . This does not apply to US citizens who also have a foreign passport valid for North Korea .

The European Union tightened its sanctions against North Korea in 2017. Regardless of the sanctions, Poland continued a labor migration program in which several hundred very low-wage North Koreans are temporarily placed on construction sites, in shipyards and elsewhere in Poland, with the payment of funds to the North Korean government.

In his 2018 New Year address, Kim said the nuclear weapon button was always on his desk and that the entire US was within range of North Korean nuclear weapons. Two days later, US President Trump replied that his button was bigger and that it also worked.

From March 25 to 28, 2018, Kim completed his first trip abroad and met President Xi Jinping in China .

On April 27, 2018, Kim met with South Korean President Moon Jae-in . It was the first time that a North Korean head of state had set foot in South Korean territory. A press conference was held about denuclearization and better communication between the two countries. However, Kim did not confirm the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal.

Trump and Kim shake hands during the Singapore summit

On June 12, 2018, Kim met with US President Donald Trump at the United States-North Korea summit on Sentosa Island, part of Singapore ; this was the first meeting between an American president and a North Korean ruler. Both signed a document committing North Korea to complete nuclear disarmament. In addition, it was agreed to strengthen relations between North Korea and the USA as well as South Korea and to further establish a “lasting and stable” peace between the nations. Another summit took place in February 2019 in the Vietnamese capital Hanoi . This remained inconclusive and was viewed as a failure in the media. Kim called for the partial lifting of the sanctions, which Trump was not ready to do. Nevertheless, he described the course of the conversation as positive. Further talks were promised, but the active endeavors of both countries were calmer for the time being. On June 30, 2019, Donald Trump spontaneously met Kim Jong-un at the inner-Korean border during his visit to South Korea . With the border crossing at Panmunjeom, he is the first incumbent US president to set foot on North Korean soil. Kim was invited to the White House by Trump .

health

In September and October 2014, Kim did not appear publicly for about six weeks. Previously, he was seen limping on television. When he returned in mid-October, Kim used a walking stick . The South Korean news agency Yonhap News Agency reported, citing South Korean news service information , that Kim had a cyst removed from her ankle . In early November 2014, Kim was seen again without a walking stick.

family

According to the South Korean Internet newspaper Daily NK , a rumor circulated in North Korea in 2011 that Kim Jong-un had married a woman two years younger than him who had studied at Kim-Il-sung University the previous year. Her father is a university professor, her mother a gynecologist . Kim Jong-uns Uncle Jang Song-thaek chose his wife for him. In July 2012, Kim Jong-un appeared on several occasions accompanied by a young woman, which raised the question of whether she was his sister, his lover or his wife abroad. South Korean intelligence believed the woman was formerly popular North Korean singer Hyon Song-wol, who recently became a mother. Hyon Song-wol had previously been in a relationship with Kim Jong-un for many years, but his father demanded the separation in 2006, whereupon Hyon Song-wol was no longer seen in public until 2012.

On July 25, 2012, North Korea announced on state radio and television that Kim Jong-un had married a woman named Ri Sol-ju . The date of the marriage and details of the woman were not disclosed. Various media stated that it was a singer. A South Korean expert claimed that Kim Jong-uns father had rushed to arrange his son's wedding after suffering a stroke in 2008. The wedding took place in 2009. The wife's father is a professor, the mother an obstetrician. The couple is said to have three children, a son born in 2010, a daughter named Ju Ae born in 2012 or 2013, and a child of unknown gender who is said to have been born in 2017. Only the daughter can be considered secure. Dennis Rodman , who is on good terms with Kim, claims to have held the baby in his arms when he visited North Korea in February 2013.

Close confidante of Kim is his younger sister Kim Yo-jong , director of the Ministry of Propaganda and Agitation and a member of the party's central committee since 2016. She played a key role in her brother's rise and regularly accompanies him on his staged visits to kindergartens, schools and factories. The world public became aware of her when she was sent to South Korea with a high-ranking delegation to the opening of the 2018 Winter Olympics . There she brought South Korean President Moon Jae-in to an invitation from her brother to visit Pyongyang "as soon as possible" and the message that relations between the brother states should be improved.

Kim Jong-un also has an older brother, Kim Jong-chol (* 1981), and an older half-sister, Kim Sol-song (* 1974). His half-brother Kim Jong-nam , born in 1971, was originally seen as the likely successor to his father as the leader of North Korea. He later fell out of favor, went into exile and criticized the North Korean regime. On February 13, 2017, he was murdered at Kuala Lumpur Airport by an attack with the nerve agent VX .

family tree

Kim Bo-hyon 1871-1955                                                                                                                         Kim Hyong-jik 1894-1926   Kang Pan-sok 1892-1932                                                                                                                                     Kim Jong-suk 1917-1949   Kim Il-sung 1912-1994   Kim Song-ae 1924-2014   Kim Yŏng-ju 1920–                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Kim Young-sook 1947–     Song Hye-rim 1937-2002   Kim Jong-il 1941-2011   Ko Yong-hui 1952-2004   Kim Ok 1964-   Kim Kyŏng-hŭi 1946–   Jang Song-thaek 1946-2013   Kim Pyong-il 1954–                                                                                                                 Kim Sol song 1974–   Kim Jong-nam 1971-2017   Kim Jong-chol 1981–   Kim Jong-un 1983–   Ri Sol-ju approx. 1986–   Kim Yo-jong 1987–                                                                                               Kim Han-sol 1995–               Kim Ju-ae approx. 2012–

Trivia

"Kim Jong, Jr." November 2010 newspaper cartoon

In November 2012, the American satirical magazine The Onion named Kim Jong-un the "Sexiest Man Alive". The Chinese party newspaper People's Daily adopted this representation, congratulated Kim on the award and posted a detailed photo series online.

After the hairdresser Mo Nabbach had displayed a poster in the shop window with the portrait of Kim Jong-uns and the signature "Bad hair day?" , He was visited on April 14, 2014 by several employees of the nearby North Korean embassy who urged him to to remove the self-designed advertising poster and threatened with legal action.

On February 26, 2013, Kim Jong-un met ex- NBA star Dennis Rodman , who called Kim a "friend for life."

Kim is said to own 17 palaces across North Korea, over 100 (mostly European) luxury cars, a private jet, and a 30-meter yacht . After visiting Kim Jong-un, Dennis Rodman described his private island as follows: "It's like Hawaii or Ibiza, but he's the only one who lives there".

In late 2014, Kim was parodied in the American comedy The Interview .

Publications

• Kim Jong Un: Closing address at the March conference of the Central Committee of the PdAK in 2013. Publishing house for foreign language literature, Pyongyang 2014
• " The great comrade Kim Il Sung is the eternal leader of our party and our people." (PDF). Published on naenara.com. and excerpts in: Die Rote Fahne , Central Organ of the Communist Party of Germany, October 2012, p. 3.

literature

• Kim Jong Un in the Munzinger archive ( beginning of article freely accessible)
• Anna Fifield: The Great Successor. The Divinely Perfect Destiny of Brilliant Comrade Kim Jong Un . PublicAffairs, New York 2019, ISBN 978-1-5417-4248-2 (English).

Web links

Commons : Kim Jong-un  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Short biography, picture series and works of Kim Jong-uns naeanara.com.kp (official North Korean website)
• Kim Jong-un globalsecurity.org (English)
• Kim Jong Un North Korea Leadership Watch
• Topic page spiegel.de
• Kim Jong Un - his jet, his child, his weight. Stern.de
• Titus Plattner: How Kim Jong-us “Swiss” parents fled to the USA. In: SonntagsZeitung of July 30, 2017, pp. 16-17.
• Facts and pictures from Kim Jong-Un at msn.com (January 8, 2016)
• Secret files Kim Jong Un - North Korea's enigmatic guide , documentary by Anthony Dufour, 2015, 42:29 minutes

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} North Korea's dictator: Kim Jong Us aunt lives secretly in the USA. In: Spiegel Online . May 28, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016 . 
2. ↑ North Korea's military: Kim's son rises. In: Spiegel Online . September 27, 2010, accessed September 28, 2010 . 
3. ↑ Kim Jong-un takes control of the military. In: diepresse.com. July 18, 2012, accessed July 18, 2012 . 
4. ↑ ^{a b c} The secret life of Kim Jong Un's aunt, who has lived in the US since 1998 Washington Post, May 27, 2016.
5. ^ Colin Dürkop and Min-Il Yeo: North Korea after Kim Jong Il. Political and social perspectives ahead of the expected change of power. In: KAS International Reports 8th Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung in the Republic of Korea, 2011, accessed on December 23, 2011 (English). 
6. ↑ ^{a b} Elisalex Henckel: Kim Jong-un and his lessons with the Swiss. In: Welt Online . June 24, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2010 . 
7. ↑ Further North Korean traces in Bern. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. June 16, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2011 . 
8. ↑ Bernhard Odenahl: My friend, the future dictator of North Korea. In: Tages-Anzeiger. September 29, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2010 . 
9. ↑ Julie Zaugg and Titus Plattner: The dictator speaks German. In: Cicero. May 8, 2009, accessed September 28, 2014 . 
10. ↑ Confusion about the two Kims. In: Basler Zeitung. June 17, 2009, accessed December 19, 2011 . 
11. ^ Titus Plattner, Daniel Glaus, Julian Schmidli: The dictator from Liebefeld. ( Memento from April 2, 2012 on WebCite ) In: SonntagsZeitung . April 1, 2012 (archive version)
12. ↑ Titus Plattner: "The student Un Pak is identical to Kim Jong-un." Interview in: SonntagsZeitung . April 1, 2012, p. 17.
13. ↑ Titus Plattner, Daniel Glaus, Julian Schmidli: In ironing and cooking a 4th ( Memento from April 10, 2012 on WebCite ) In: SonntagsZeitung . April 1, 2012, p. 17 (archive version) ( Grading scale in Switzerland: 1 worst, 6 best)
14. ↑ Hoo Nam Seelmann: Rösti and Gruyere cheesecake should put Kim Jong Un in a mild mood . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . April 25, 2018, ISSN  0376-6829 ( nzz.ch [accessed on May 2, 2018]).
15. ↑ Blue House: 2018 남북 정상 회담 만찬 메뉴 공개. In: Facebook . April 27, 2018, accessed on May 2, 2018 (Korean, original announcement of the Blue House on the Facebook page TheBlueHouseKR): "Article text:" 부산 에서 유년 시절 을 보낸 문재인 대통령 의 대표적인 고향 음식 인 '달고기 구이' 와 김정은 위원장 이 유년 시절 을 보낸 스위스 의 '뢰 스티' 를 우리식 으로 재 해석 한 '스위스 식 감자전' 도 선 보이게 됩니다. ” Caption :“ 삭힌 감자 가루 로 만든 스위스 식 감자전. 김정은 위원장 이 유년 시절 을 보낸 스위스 의 뢰 스티 를 우리식 으로 만들었 습니다. ”“ 
16. ↑ ^{a b} Kim Jong-un, Profiles. In: The New York Times . December 20, 2011, accessed December 23, 2011 . 
17. ^ Rüdiger Frank : North Korea. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-421-04641-3 , p. 81.
18. ↑ North Korea: Dictator Kim is said to have chosen son as his successor. In: Spiegel Online . June 2, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2010 . 
19. ↑ Kim Jong-un at the helm of North Korea's Secret Service. In: NZZ Online. June 24, 2009. Retrieved September 29, 2010 . 
20. ↑ KCNA , September 27, 2010: Kim Jong Il Issues Order on Promoting Military Ranks , quoted on kushibo.com
21. ↑ Kim Jong Un takes on more and more offices - will he soon be head of state? In: Focus Online . September 29, 2010, accessed October 1, 2010 . 
22. ↑ Johnny Erling: The plump dictator. In: Welt Online . Retrieved October 1, 2010 . 
23. ↑ KCNA, December 31, 2011: Kim Jong Un Assumes KPA Supreme Commandership .
24. ↑ North Korea: Kim Jong Il is dead. In: Spiegel Online. December 19, 2011, accessed December 19, 2011 . 
25. ↑ Rodong Sinmun, April 12, 2012, pp. 2 and 3
26. ↑ KCNA , April 13, 2012.
27. ↑ North Korea: "Defend Kim Jong-un to the death". In: diepresse.com . January 1, 2012, accessed January 8, 2012 . 
28. ↑ "Fascist madman": North Korea insults president. In: diepresse.com . January 4, 2012, accessed January 8, 2012 . 
29. ↑ North Korea praises Kim Jong-un as the "genius of geniuses". In: diepresse.com . January 8, 2012, accessed January 8, 2012 . 
30. ↑ Footage on North Korean TV shows Kim Jong Un vowing war if enemies shoot down rocket. In: The Blade , copyright Associated Press. January 8, 2012, accessed April 13, 2013 . 
31. ↑ Surprising New Year's Address: Kim announces “radical change” in North Korea In: Spiegel Online . January 1, 2013 (accessed January 1, 2013).
32. ↑ Jean H. Lee: How the first tweet from North Korea came about. In: The world. 1st of March 2013.
33. ↑ The Sightseeing Tours of Kim Jong Un: All of Papa. In: Spiegel Online . January 4, 2012, accessed January 8, 2012 . 
34. ↑ Andrei Lankov: Purist Pyongyang purges Marx. In: Asia Times. November 2, 2012.
35. ^ N. Korea 'election' records 99.97% turnout . The Nation , March 11, 2014, accessed February 2, 2016 . 
36. ^ North Korea Defense Chief Hyon Yong-chol 'executed'. BBC News, May 13, 2015, accessed May 13, 2015 . 
37. ^ ^{A b} North Korea 'executes' army chief of staff Ri Yong-gil. BBC News, February 10, 2016, accessed February 10, 2016 . 
38. ↑ Kim Jong Uns Aunt apparently dead. Spiegel online, January 6, 2014, accessed on February 10, 2016 (English). 
39. ↑ Death penalty for North Korea's gray eminence. In: spiegel.de. December 13, 2013.
40. ↑ Why Uncle Chang Had to Die. In: spiegel.de. December 24, 2013.
41. ^ UPI: North Korea officially confirms Hyon Yong Chol's execution . United Press International , accessed June 27, 2015
42. ^ NK leader had vice premier executed with gun: sources. Yonhap News Agency, August 12, 2015, accessed August 12, 2015 . 
43. ^ North Korea vice-premier Choe Yong-gon 'executed'. BBC News, August 12, 2015, accessed August 12, 2015 . 
44. ↑ Christoph Neidhart: Suddenly party congress. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung . May 1, 2016.
45. ↑ Kim Jong Un dismisses security minister. In: time online . 3rd February 2017.
46. ↑ UN General Assembly slams Pyongyang's human rights record. In: Chinapost Taiwan. May 4, 2011, accessed March 20, 2012 . 
47. ↑ North Korea's Kim Jong Un wages defector crackdown. In: Los Angeles Times. January 5, 2012, accessed March 20, 2012 . 
48. ↑ N. Korea`s killing of 3 would-be defectors. In: The Dong-A Ilbo. January 4, 2012, accessed March 20, 2012 . 
49. ↑ Boomerangs Usually Come Back. In: Daily NK . January 11, 2012, accessed March 20, 2012 . 
50. ^ Harsh Punishments for Poor Mourning. In: Daily NK . January 11, 2012, accessed March 20, 2012 . 
51. ^ North Korea 'under martial law' . The Daily Telegraph . January 31, 2013. Accessed January 31, 2013.
52. ↑ В КНДР в преддверии ядерных испытаний введено военное положение ( Russian ) RIA Novosti . January 31, 2013. Accessed January 31, 2013.
53. ↑ "Break the cross, cut your throat" . T-Online March 12, 2013
54. ^ N. Korean leader threatens strike on South island , Agence France-Presse . March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved on April 2, 2013. 
55. ↑ North Korea proclaims "state of war" , faz.net of March 30, 2013.
56. ↑ UN passes sanctions despite North Korea threat of 'pre-emptive nuclear attack' . NBC News . March 7, 2013.
57. ↑ Spiegel 15/2013, cover story, Kim Jong Bumm, North Korea's crazy nuclear warrior, pages 87, 90
58. ↑ tagesschau.de Fragile Balance of Terror Interview with Hanns Günther Hilpert from March 8, 2013.
59. ^ Korean conflict: No more panties from Kaesong spiegel.de from April 4, 2013.
60. ^ Threats from North Korea: USA set up missile defense on Pacific island spiegel.de of April 4, 2013.
61. ↑ North Korea restores first telephone connection to the south , reuters.com from June 7, 2013.
62. ↑ tz.de: North Korea's ruler calls on the army to be ready for combat , accessed on February 24, 2015
63. ^ World War Parade in Moscow: Ban is coming - Kim is not. In: Spiegel Online . April 30, 2015, accessed June 9, 2018 . 
64. ↑ afp / tan: World War II commemoration : 87-year-old represents Kim Jong-un in Moscow. In: welt.de . May 4, 2015, accessed October 7, 2018 . 
65. ↑ USA prohibits travel to North Korea. Tagesschau from July 21, 2017
66. ^ Nicola Smith: Trump administration bans US travel to North Korea following the death of Otto Warmbier. The Daily Telegraph of July 21, 2017
67. ^ North Korean slave workers in Poland: EU "powerless". In: derStandard.at. Retrieved February 2, 2018 . 
68. ↑ spiegel.de: Nuclear weapon button always on the desk
69. ↑ Trump reacts to Kim's threat: "My nuclear weapon button is bigger than his" . In: Spiegel Online . January 3, 2018 ( spiegel.de [accessed June 13, 2018]).
70. ↑ Kim Jong Un visited China. tagesschau.de , March 28, 2018, accessed April 16, 2018 . 
71. ↑ Kim offers to visit Seoul 'any time if you invite me': South Korea . April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
72. ^ Koreas make nuclear pledge after historic summit . In: BBC .
73. ↑ USA-North Korea Summit , tagesschau.de, accessed on June 12, 2018
74. ↑ Friederike Böge, Patrick Welter: Trump crosses the border with North Korea. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . June 30, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 . 
75. ↑ Choi He-suk: Trump, Kim hold historic DMZ meeting. In: The Korea Herald . June 30, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 . 
76. ↑ Andreas Ross: A small step for Trump - and for humanity. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . June 30, 2019, accessed June 30, 2019 . 
77. ↑ It still exists , faz.net, October 17, 2014, accessed on April 27, 2020.
78. ↑ Kim Jong Un cyst was removed , n-tv.de, October 28, 2014, accessed on April 27, 2020.
79. ↑ Kim Jong Un is off the cane , stern.de, November 5, 2014, accessed on April 27, 2020.
80. ↑ Kim Jong-un 'Got Married' chosun.com, October 31, 2011.
81. ↑ sister, wife, companion? faz.net, July 12, 2012
82. ↑ Lee Young-jong: Is Hyon the new first lady of NK? . koreajoongangdaily.joins.com, July 9, 2012
83. ↑ Simon Crerar: Lil 'Kim and the married pop star: North Korean leader's mystery girl news.com.au, July 11, 2012
84. ↑ Herald Sun: Kim Jong-Un married to mystery woman Ri Sol-Ju heraldsun.com.au, July 25, 2012
85. ↑ Kim Jong Un got married spiegel.de, July 25, 2012
86. ↑ ^{a b c} North Korea leader Kim Jong-un married to Ri Sol-ju BBC News, July 26, 2012
87. ^ N. Korean leader's wife visited S. Korea in 2005: spy agency Yonhapnews, July 26, 2012
88. ↑ International guesswork around Baby Kim welt.de, September 9, 2013
89. ↑ Kim Jong-uns Sister Act faz.net, February 8, 2018
90. ↑ Policy of détente Kim Jong Un invites South Korean President Moon to Pyongyang spiegel.de, February 10, 2018
91. ↑ Kan Huss, Clay Frost: North Korea's First Family: Mapping the personal and political drama of the Kim clan . msnbc.com. Retrieved January 20, 2013.
92. ↑ Holly Yan: The world's most mysterious family tree: Kim Jong Un's secretive dynasty is full of drama, death , CNN. 16th February 2017. 
93. ↑ According to the official biography he was born in 1942.
94. ↑ According to the official biography, he was born in 1982.
95. ↑ Not known for certain.
96. ↑ Kim Jong Un Named Sexiest Man Alive on The Onion website , accessed November 28, 2012
97. ^ Onion: We Just Fooled the Chinese Government . on CNN
98. ↑ London hairdresser 'targeted by North Korean embassy officials over Kim Jong-un discount'. London Evening Standard, April 15, 2014, accessed May 13, 2015 . 
99. ↑ Dennis Rodman: North Korea's Kim Jong Un is an 'awesome guy' 'and his father and grandfather were' great leaders' . Daily News . March 1, 2013.
100. ↑ Rodman Worms His Way Into Kim Jong Un Meeting ABC News, March 1, 2013
101. ↑ Ex-basketball star meets North Korea's head of state. Rodman: "Kim Jong Un is a great guy". In: RP-Online. March 1, 2013, archived from the original on March 4, 2013 ; accessed on April 23, 2019 (original website no longer available).  
102. ↑ Villasanta Arthur: Kim Jong Un Net Worth: How Is North Korea's Leader Spending His Billions? . In: International Business Times . 23 May 2019.
103. ↑ Dennis Rodman: North Korean leader Kim Jong-un is a 'good-hearted kid' . In: The Guardian , November 2, 2013. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. 

Note: This article places the family name before the person's first name. This is the usual order in Korean. Kim is the family name here, Jong-un is the first name.