Fritz Julius Kuhn

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Fritz Julius Kuhn (1938)

Fritz Julius Kuhn (born May 15, 1896 in Munich ; † December 14, 1951 there ) was a German-American chemist and head of the " American German Confederation " in the United States before the Second World War . The German-born Kuhn was a naturalized American and a staunch supporter of National Socialism , whose ideas he sought to popularize in the United States. Due to the style and content of his politics, he soon came into conflict both with the general public in the USA and with the appeasement- minded National Socialist USA politics. Imprisoned since 1939 for forgery and embezzlement, he was interned in 1943 as an " enemy alien " and deported to Germany at the end of 1945 .

Live and act

Living in Germany and emigration

Kuhn was born to Georg Kuhn and Julia Justyna Beuth. During the First World War he received the Iron Cross as a lieutenant in a machine gun division. In 1919 he became a member of the Epp Freikorps . In 1921 he joined the NSDAP . He then finished his studies at the Technical University of Munich and earned a diploma as a chemist . Kuhn later claimed that he took part in the 1923 Hitler coup ; however, this cannot be confirmed by swelling. According to Kuhn, his brother Max was a judge at the Reichsgericht during the Nazi era . This cannot be proven either.

According to Kuhn's own account, he married his wife Elsa in Munich in March 1923. According to another account, the marriage took place later in Mexico , where he emigrated in 1923. In May 1927, the couple moved to the United States with their Mexican-born daughter Waltraut , where their son Walter was born. After a short stay in New York , the Kuhns settled in Detroit . Kuhn soon applied for American citizenship, which he finally received in 1934. Until the beginning of 1937, Kuhn worked for the Ford Motor Company of the industrialist Henry Ford, known as anti-Semitic .

As leader of the "American German Confederation"

Kuhn speaks in a "Bund" camp
“Bund” parade in front of Kuhn

After Hitler came to power, Kuhn renewed his dormant German NSDAP party membership in 1933 and the following year in Detroit he became a member of the Friends of New Germany (FONG) founded in 1933 , a National Socialist organization of German-Americans , where he was "Ortsgruppenleiter" of Detroit. However, due to negative public reactions in America, the organization lost the support of the German parent party NSDAP at the end of 1935. As a reaction to this and the investigations of the Committee for Un-American Activities , which began in March 1934, the FONG renamed itself to the Amerikadeutscher Bund in 1936 at Kuhn's suggestion . In March 1936, at a meeting in Buffalo, NY, Kuhn was elected "Federal Head" of the organization.

Kuhn wanted to expand the organization, whose members had so far been mostly newly immigrated Germans and which was previously run by a group with Reich German passports, into a large political movement of Americans of German descent. In October 1936 he stated programmatically: “We belong to the large community of all Germans in this world. Other citizenship papers do not let us lose our German character. We stay what we are, namely Germans in America, American Germans, because we did not become Americans. "

Under his leadership, a separate “Ordnungs-Dienst” (OD) and a youth organization based on the Hitler Youth (“Youth Division”) were created. The members were trained in several training camps run by Kuhn, the largest of which were "Camp Siegfried" on Long Island and "Camp Nordland" in Andover (NJ) .

Kuhn also leaned programmatically on the German model. In 1936 he declared the creation of a "defensive front against Marxist, communist and Jewish arrogance" to be the most important task of the Federation. Kuhn became publicly known primarily through his anti-Semitic attacks. In early 1938, he declared that the United States must remove Jews from all high government, financial, and educational positions.

In January 1937, Kuhn gave up his work as a chemist and became a full-time, paid “leader” of the “Bund”.

Relationship to the Third Reich

Fritz Kuhn at the "Bund" headquarters in New York (1938)

As early as 1935, the NSDAP / AO and the main office of the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle had distanced themselves from Kuhn and his group in order to avoid foreign policy tensions with the USA. Undeterred by this, a delegation from the “Bund”, headed by Kuhn, traveled to the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936 , where Kuhn was received by Adolf Hitler. The photo taken was immediately disseminated by Kuhn in the USA, which was generally taken as evidence of Hitler's support. In "boundless self-confidence" Kuhn believed that Hitler would appoint him Nazi leader "all of America". But the impression was deceptive. The German National Socialists and in particular the Foreign Office (AA) distrusted the US organization and its leader, which had become a burden in foreign policy, as they noticeably disrupted the German-US-American relationship. Hitler later stated that it was a mistake to have yourself photographed with Kuhn. That is "regrettable, but hardly his fault, since it was during the Olympics where you were photographed with all kinds of people."

Kuhn traveled to Europe again in February 1938, where he allegedly met with Joseph Goebbels , Hermann Göring and the Belgian Rexist Léon Degrelle . He declared that Goebbels and Göring had received him warmly and had given him carefully worked out instructions for further “Bund” activities. The German ambassador to the United States, Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff, questioned Kuhn's portrayal because he had a directive from Berlin that forbade the “Bund” from using National Socialist emblems and forbidding German citizens from membership in the organization. When asked, the Foreign Office told Dieckhoff that Kuhn had met neither Goebbels nor Göring, but had only been received by the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle, where it was explained to him that the Reich leadership could not approve of the way he ran the Bund. The Foreign Office came to the conclusion that Kuhn had - as in other cases - deviated from the truth in order to strengthen his position with his supporters. Inevitably, Kuhn now also denied the meeting.

When the German ambassador publicly transmitted the prohibition directive to the American State Department on March 1, 1938 , Kuhn responded stubbornly: "We do not take orders from anyone, whether from Germans or anyone else." From this point on, however, he refrained from attending events of the "Bunds" to show the German swastika flag . In terms of content, he now propagated a “German bloc”, “which no longer needs to be brought into line by Germany” and had the goal of “the vital areas of influence for the 100 million Aryan Americans who, to an ever greater extent, were dictatorship of a small racially alien minority are subject "to regain.

Kuhn's image in public

Fritz Kuhn (1938)

To the American public and his party members, Kuhn stylized himself as "the American counterpart to the Führer ". Kuhn was tall and well built. In public he avoided wearing his high-diopter glasses as often as possible . He spoke English with a heavy accent but considered himself a dynamic speaker. Since he consciously tried to imitate Hitler's style, he appears to many more as a clown than as a leader, according to the historian Sander A. Diamond .

Kuhn, who liked to appear in public in uniform, was so notorious that he was used in several penny books as the "villain" and asked about him in puzzles. The tabloid press followed his provocative demeanor, his scandals and excessive alcohol for years. In 1938 newspapers reported nationwide about the rumor that the married Kuhn wanted to marry one of his lovers, about Kuhn's rabble after a traffic accident and about the fact that in the summer of 1939 he had to plead guilty to the charges of drunkenness and obscenity. "They are terribly after me," wrote Kuhn to one of his lovers, "I am public enemy number 1."

Public disputes

Fritz Kuhn (center) at a "Bund" event (1938)
Fritz Kuhn (1938)

In the mid-1930s, many US citizens believed that the National Socialist German Reich would try to infiltrate the USA with the “Bund” functioning as the fifth column (“Nazi Storm Troopers”). The provocative behavior of Kuhn and his completely exaggerated statements about the size and influence of his organization reinforced this feeling of threat, as did the numerous reports of "un-American activities" of the group. From the summer of 1936, not only the American Jews, but also the American Legion , trade unions, religious associations, the authorities of several states as well as numerous MPs and senators were in sharp opposition to Kuhn and the "Bund" as part of an alleged Nazi International . Looking back, Martin Dies , chairman of the House Committee on Un-American Activities in the late 1930s, wrote to President Roosevelt : "We have always believed that the American-German Volksbund was Hitler's vanguard in trying to invade this country."

A procedure aimed at revoking Kuhn's US citizenship failed in the fall of 1937. Nevertheless, the investigation against Kuhn continued. In 1938, Kuhn was questioned by the New York State McNaboe Inquiry Committee . He stated that "all Jews without exception are enemies of the United States." The New York Rabbi Emanual J. Jack then sued him for defamation for three million dollars, but to no avail . A questioning of Kuhn by Congressman Samuel Dickstein in September 1938 also had no consequences for him.

Also in 1938 the extremely successful “ The March of Time ” documentary “ Inside Nazi Germany ” was released, which vividly portrayed the situation in Germany and the worldwide threat posed by National Socialism. The film also contained a large amount of material about Kuhn and the Amerikadeutschen Bund that was recorded with Kuhn's consent. When Kuhn saw the cut material, he was horrified: "If Hitler sees the film, I am ruined." Kuhn organized protests against the work and tried in vain to obtain a ban through legal action.

In May 1939, Kuhn also went against the film "Confessions of a Nazi Spy" ( " Confessions of a Nazi Spy "), directed by Anatole Litvak ago by the production company Warner Bros. , a five-million-dollar lawsuit for "injury of German reputation ”threatened:“ We are loyal Americans, our organization serves to uphold the American constitution. ”The lawsuit was withdrawn in November 1940 by Kuhn, who had meanwhile been imprisoned.

New York event 1939

New York Event (1939)
Security service deployment (1939)

In February 1939, the “Bund” held a “Pro-America” rally in New York's Madison Square Garden in honor of George Washington , which was secured by 2,000 police officers, as there were repeated riots and street fights between Bundlers and counter-demonstrators at past events came. Standing in front of a ten-meter portrait of Washington, Kuhn compared Hitler to the co-founder of the United States and sharply attacked President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In his speech he called him "Frank D. Rosenfeld" and referred to Roosevelt's New Deal as a "Jew Deal". He predicted to an audience of around 22,000 that the “Bund” would have more than a million members in the coming year. The rally attracted considerable public attention at home and abroad.

Kuhn's party "Ordnungs-Dienst", which was represented by 3,000 men at the event, took action in the style of the SA against troublemakers, including the well-known journalist Dorothy Thompson . One demonstrator in particular caused a stir when he tried to storm the stage by shouting "Down with Hitler" when Kuhn attacked the Jews in his speech. The German press then claimed that "an attack had been carried out by the Jews" on Kuhn.

Law enforcement and expatriation

In early 1939, Virginia Cogswell, known as Georgia Peach, attempted to profitably market diaries of her affair with Kuhn. Cogswell (aka Virginia Overshiner, Patterson, Stark, von Frieberger, Seegar, Gilbert, Kahn and Raymond) was a gossip column size of the time. The "fiancée" Kuhns was nine times married and supposedly the former Miss America 1925, but in reality only winner of a beauty contest in Atlanta ( Georgia ).

New York Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia took advantage of the press hype and rumors about Kuhn's financial irregularities and initiated a prosecutor's investigation. It revealed that Kuhn had embezzled over $ 14,000 in proceeds from the last large meeting at Madison Square Garden, with which he had supported two of his loved ones, among others. As a result, Kuhn was arrested on May 26, 1939 and charged with forgery and aggravated theft, but was provisionally released on bail of $ 5,000. The followers of Kuhn remained loyal to him and elected him again in July 1939 as the leader of the union.

In August 1939, Kuhn was questioned for two days by the Dies Committee , a new committee of inquiry into “un-American activities”. He denied any correspondence between his policies and those of the NSDAP and declared that the “Bund” membership lists had been destroyed on his instructions. At the request of the committee, Kuhn was imprisoned again in September 1939 for "risk of escape". The supporters of the American German Confederation also raised the new bail, which was increased to $ 50,000.

In November the trial against Kuhn took place, in which Virginia Cogswell, described as a bit plump, also appeared as a witness. Kuhn had verifiably paid medical bills for them with “federal” funds. To everyone's surprise, Cogswell, who was later convicted of drug abuse (using illegally acquired medical prescriptions), declared that she had not had an affair with Kuhn, but had been put on him on behalf of the "government" as a kind of "unofficial spy ". During the trial, Kuhn's numerous pompous letters to another lover named Florence Camp (nickname: "My Camp") were made public, in which he also promised marriage to the "heavenly sent golden angel". When asked about this, Kuhn defended himself: “That was just fun”.

On December 6, 1939, Kuhn was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison for forgery and embezzlement. Kuhn was "politically finished", stated the foreign policy " Ribbentrop Office " in a circular in Germany . Fortunately, no German authorities were affected. His sentence was first served in the notorious Sing Sing Detention Center, where he was kept separate from the other prisoners for his own safety. He was later moved to the Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora, NY . In June 1941, his appeal was denied on the grounds that he was a public safety hazard. In early 1943, his US citizenship was revoked.

After serving his sentence, he was interned as an " enemy alien " in various camps in Texas and New Mexico from June 1943 and after the end of the war he was expelled as "dangerous to the public peace and security of the United States".

Post-war Germany

In the arbitration chamber proceedings (1949)

Kuhn's wife Elsa had already returned to Germany with the children in 1938, but came back to America for the trial with son Walter to support her husband. They were also interned as "enemy aliens" in February 1943 and repatriated in February 1944 in an exchange procedure with Germany. In April 1945 Elsa Kuhn, who had also appeared as a speaker for the "Bund" in the USA, and daughter Waltraut were briefly captured by US troops near Nuremberg and questioned. In July, son Walter, who as a child was only a member of the youth organization of the "Bund", heard by a French unit.

Kuhn was deported to Germany on September 17, 1945 along with 715 other "incorrigible Germans" via Ellis Island and interned in the Hohenasperg fortress , from which he was released on April 25, 1946 to join his family in Munich. Arrested again in the spring of 1947, he fled the Dachau internment camp in February 1948 by mingling with visitors. The investigation revealed that Kuhn had again promised marriage to a woman, this time to a 32-year-old German civilian employee of the US armed forces.

In April 1948, Kuhn was sentenced in absentia to ten years in prison in an arbitration chamber . On June 16, 1948, he was arrested by the German police while trying to register a chemical laboratory in the French occupation zone . Presented to the Munich police chief Franz Xaver Pitzer , said Kuhn, who was asked about his past: "Who could have guessed that it would all end like this?"

At the beginning of 1949 an appellate chamber reduced Kuhn's sentence to two years, which was considered to have been served due to the previous imprisonment, so that he was finally released on February 22, 1949. Kuhn grinned at the verdict and declared that he would never found any organization again. When he saw the American author and trial witness John Roy Carlson , he yelled, "Get the communists out of here."

In April 1949 newspapers reported that Kuhn was seriously ill, and in 1950 there were rumors of a failed suicide attempt . His death on December 14, 1951 went unnoticed. He was remembered by the American public as "a careerist who tried to make money by serving Hitler".

literature

  • Sander A. Diamond: The Nazi Movement in the United States. 1924-1941. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press, 1974 ISBN 0-8014-0788-5
  • Richard Goldstein: Helluva Town. The Story of New York City During World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster (Free Press), 2010 ISBN 978-1-4165-8996-9
  • Cornelia Wilhelm: Movement or Association? National Socialist People's Policy in the USA. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998 (Transatlantic Historical Studies; 9) [also: Univ. Diss. Munich 1993] ISBN 3-515-06805-8

media

Web links

Commons : Fritz Kuhn and German American Bund.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Sander A. Diamond: On the typology of the American-German Nazi movement. In: VfZ 23 (1975), pp. 271-296 ( PDF ).
  2. ^ Klaus Kipphan: German Propaganda in the United States, 1933-1941. Heidelberg 1971, p. 63.
  3. ^ A b c Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities. House of Representatives, Seventy-fifth Congress, third session-Seventy-eighth Congress, second session, on H. Res. 282, Appendix - Part VII, First Section. Washington 1943, pp. 62-64.
  4. ↑ a b 22,000 Nazis Hold Rally In Garden. In: New York Times. February 21, 1939; Murphy Spoke Before Bund In Kuhn Says. In: Evening Independent. August 17, 1939, pp. 1f .; Fist Fight Avertet Narrowly. In: San Jose News. August 12, 1939, pp. 1f .; Bund Leader Kuhn Testifies Brother Is High Berlin Judge. In: Christian Science Monitor . August 16, 1939.
  5. ↑ Kuhn Pays $ 5 Fine On Plea Of Guilty. In: New York Times. July 21, 1939.
  6. ^ A b Cornelia Wilhelm: Movement or Association? National Socialist People's Policy in the USA. Stuttgart 1998, p. 292.
  7. ^ A b Joseph F. Dinneen: Kuhn - America's Would-be Hitler. In: Canadian Jewish Chronicle. Aug 20, 1937, p. 16.
  8. ^ Stefan Reinbold: American Nazi. Fritz Kuhn and the American-German Confederation. In: G / Geschichte , No. 01/2018, pp. 32–35, here p. 34.
  9. ↑ a b c Cornelia Wilhelm: Movement or Association? National Socialist People's Policy in the USA. Stuttgart 1998, pp. 158-168.
  10. ^ Nazi Group Here Changes Its Name. In: New York Times. April 1, 1936.
  11. ^ A b c d Francis MacDonnell: Insidious Foes. The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front. Princeton (NJ) 1995, pp. 43-45.
  12. ↑ Fritz Kuhn: What are we? In: German wake-up call and observer. October 7, 1936.
  13. ↑ Leland V. Bell: In Hitler's Shadow. The Anatomy of American Nazism. Port Washington (NY) 1973, pp. 19-27; Photos of the "Nordland" opening in the Pittsburgh Press v. July 29, 1937 .
  14. ^ Bund Chief Scores Jews. In: New York Times. February 8, 1938.
  15. ↑ cf. LaVern J. Rippley: The German-Americans. Boston 1976, pp. 196-213.
  16. ^ Photo with Hitler and picture of the 1939 New York event in Life. November 6, 1939, p. 22.
  17. ^ Alton Frye: Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere. 1933-1941. New Haven, London 1967, p. 88.
  18. ↑ a b Kuhn Group Defies Reich Ambassador. In: New York Times. March 2, 1938; German translation by user: Tvwatch .
  19. ^ Documents On German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945. From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Volume IV, Washington D. Series 1951, Doc. No. 500 (letter from Dieckhoff to AA dated November 8, 1938), Doc. No. 508 (letter from AA to Dieckhoff of December 15, 1938); Asks Deportation Of A Bund Leader. In: New York Times. April 26, 1938.
  20. ^ Arrest of Nazi Camp Chiefs Caused by US War Veterans. In: Montreal Gazette. May 6, 1938; Band Here to Quit Displaying Nazi Flag To Avert Insults and Possible Rioting. In: New York Times. April 29, 1938.
  21. ↑ see and hear in The March of Time -Outtakes Story RG-60.0699, Tape 316; Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive at USHMM , courtesy of NARA, File Num 1094 (speech January 5, 1938).
  22. ↑ a b c Lois H. Gresh, Robert Weinberg: The science at Indiana Jones. Weinheim 2008, pp. 175-177.
  23. ↑ Scott's scrapbook. In: Lewiston Evening Journal. May 5, 1938.
  24. ^ Trouble. In: Time. December 4, 1939; German translation by user: Tvwatch ;
    To Wed “Fuehrer”. In: Reading Eagle. July 22, 1937; Husband No. 3 Wills $ 100,000 To Beauty. In: Pittsburgh Press v.12. January 1938; Fritz Kuhn Arrested. Bund Leader Called Disorderly After Traffic Violation. In: New York Times. October 28, 1938;
    No Limelight, please! . In: The Evening Independent. August 7, 1939.
  25. ^ Court Bars Nazi Bund Activities In Lake Co., Ind. In: Chicago Tribune. February 26, 1938.
  26. ^ Arnd Krüger : The Olympic Games of 1936 and the world opinion. Bartels & Wernitz, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-87039-925-2 .
  27. ^ Suit On Citizenship Against Kuhn Fails. In: New York Times. October 30, 1937;
    Facing sample. In: Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. December 15, 1937.
  28. ↑ Martin E. Marty: Modern American Religion. Volume 2: The Noise of Conflict, 1919-1941. Chicago 1991, pp. 261 f .;
    Slander Suit Against Leader of the German Bund. In: The Lewiston Daily Sun. June 29, 1938; Trial of the Jews against Fritz Julius Kuhn. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive )     Info: The     @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / webopac0.hwwa.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Deutsche La Plata-Zeitung (Buenos Aires) No. 90 v. Chr. June 30, 1938 (facsimile in the HWWA ); Dickstein Debates With Kuhn On Nazis. In: The New York Times. September 26, 1938.
  29. ↑ Michael E. Birdwell: Celluloid Soldiers. The Warner Bros. Campaign Against Nazism. New York, London 1999, p. 30 (German translation by user: Tvwatch ); Kaspar Monahan: Time's 'Nazi Movie' Is Storm Center. In: Pittsburgh Press. January 25, 1938.
  30. ↑ Quote: Marta Mierendorff: William Dieterle. The Plutarh of Hollywood. Berlin 1993, p. 121; Heiko R. Blum : My second home, Hollywood. German-speaking film artist in the USA. Berlin 2001, p. 28; Kuhn Discontinues Suit Against Film Company. In: Hartford Courant. November 23, 1940.
  31. ^ A b c Richard Goldstein: The Fuehrer of Yorkville. In: Ders .: Helluva Town. The Story of New York City During World War II. New York 2010, pp. 207-211.
  32. ↑ Seven Are Injured at Nazi Rally. In: New York Times. April 21, 1938; Mob Breaks Up Bund Rally! In: Pittsburgh Press. October 5, 1938; 5,000 Protest Bund Meeting. Source Near Riot. In: Chicago Tribune. October 17, 1938.
  33. ^ Documents On German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945. From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Volume IV, Washington D. Series 1951, Doc. No. 527 (letter Consul General to AA dated February 27, 1939); Photos of the Isadore Greenbaum attack: It Can Happen Here. In: Life. March 6, 1939, p. 23; German press reaction: Hamburger Tageblatt ( Memento of the original from November 29, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / webopac0.hwwa.de archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . No. 53 v. February 22, 1939 (facsimile in the HWWA ); The National Socialist Community 1939, p. 154.
  34. ↑ s. Dorothy Killgallen's column Killgallen  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / news.google.de   in: Miami News. January 13, 1939; Miss America 1925 Through With Men. Sues No. 8 For Divorce After Three Days. In: The Pittsburgh Press. October 7, 1937; Former 'Georgia Peach' Married For Ninth Time. In: Lewiston Daily Sun. February 15, 1938; Husband No. 9 Turns Out To Be Father Of Three. In: Pittsburgh Press. February 17, 1938.
  35. ↑ on the course of the trial and conviction see Documents On German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945, From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. Volume VIII, Washington D. Series 1954, Doc. No. 431 (letter consul general to AA dated December 8, 1939); s. a. Klaus Kipphan: German Propaganda in the United States. 1933-1941 . Heidelberg 1971, p. 88.
  36. ^ Warren Grover: Nazis in Newark. New Brunswick (NJ) 2003, p. 259; Fritz Kuhn Arrested Near Reading for Theft of Bund Cash. In: Philadelphia Record. May 26, 1939; German-American Bund Re-elects Kuhn as Chief. In: Christian Science Monitor. July 5, 1939.
  37. ↑ Photos of the survey in The Palm Beach Post v. August 26, 1939  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / news.google.de  
  38. ^ Acts to Hold Kuhn If He Tries Flight. In: New York Times. August 30, 1939; This Fears Kuhn Will 'Run Away'. In: Ellensburg Daily Record. August 29, 1939.
  39. ↑ Kuhn's Friend Says She 'Spied' On Bund. In: New York Times. November 18, 1939; Short message in Life. November 27, 1939, p. 24 ; "Georgia Peach" on Jam on Dope. In: Los Angeles Times. September 7, 1941.
  40. ^ Robert Edwin Herzstein: Roosevelt and Hitler. Prelude to War. From New York 1989, p. 283.
  41. ↑ Kuhn Admits Love Notes To 'Heaven-sent Blonde'. In: Pittsburgh Press. November 22, 1939.
  42. ↑ Helmut Heiber (edit.): Files of the party chancellery of the NSDAP. Vol. 1, part 1. Munich 1983, p. 478.
  43. ^ Kuhn In Sing Sing. In: New York Times. December 7, 1939; Kuhn Is Sent Up The River To Sing Sing. In: Times Daily. December 6, 1939; Kuhn Sent To Dannemora. In: New York Times. February 8, 1940; Kuhn to Remain in Jail Two Years More. In: New York Times. June 9, 1941; Kuhn Facing Denaturalization Proceedings. In: Schenectady Gazette. January 2, 1943.
  44. ^ Fritz Kuhn Once Confined in Camp At Kennedy, Texas. In: Victoria Advocate. May 17, 1945; Fritz Kuhn Is Ordered Deported To Germany. In: Montreal Gazette. September 6, 1945; Sander A. Diamond: The Nazi Movement in the United States. 1924-1941. Ithaca (NY) 1974, p. 349.
  45. ↑ Kuhn Denies Fund Thefts. In: Los Angeles Times. November 22, 1939; Mrs. Kuhn And Son Seized By The FBI. In: New York Times. February 13, 1943; Fuehrer's family hero. In: National Republic 30/31 (1942/43), p. 44; Yanks Arrest Wife Of Fritz Kuhn. In: Evening Independent. April 16, 1945; Son of Bundist Fritz Kuhn Seized by French Troops. In: Chicago Tribune. July 3, 1945.
  46. ↑ Kuhn Departs Today, On Way To Germany. In: New York Times. September 15, 1945; Deportees, POW's Head For Germany; Fritz Kuhn Is Deported. In: New York Times. September 16, 1945.
  47. ^ Fritz Kuhn Freed From Prison. In: Salt Lake Telegram. April 25, 1946 ( PDF ).
  48. ^ Fritz Kuhn Mysteriously Escapes From Dachau as He Awaits Trial. In: New York Times. February 5, 1948; Kuhn's Wife Not Interested In Divorce. In: Reading Eagle. February 9, 1948.
  49. ^ Fritz Kuhn Arrested In Munich. In: Schenectady Gazette. June 18, 1948; German translation by user: Tvwatch ; Fritz Kuhn Recaptured. Faces 10-year sentence. In: Los Angeles Times. June 18, 1948; Fritz Kuhn, Bund Leader, Recaptured. In: Ellensburg Daily Record. June 17, 1948.
  50. ^ Fritz Kuhn Freed By German Court. In: Lewiston Daily Sun. February 23, 1949; German translation by user: Tvwatch ; Kuhn and Carlson can be seen (silently) in the film Decision Board Trial: Fritz Kuhn ; at the Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive at USHMM , courtesy of NARA (9:08 min.).
  51. ↑ News in brief in St. Petersburg Times. April 29, 1949; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 19, 1950.
  52. ↑ Bund Leader Fritz Kuhn Goes to Death Unnoticed. In: Los Angeles Times. February 1, 1953; Fritz Kuhn Death Revealed In 1951. In: New York Times. v. February 2, 1953.
  53. ↑ The Borderline Of Treason. In: Times-News. Jan. 23, 1952 (published at the same time in numerous other American newspapers).
personal data
SURNAME Kuhn, Fritz Julius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-American chemist, head of the "American-German Confederation"
DATE OF BIRTH May 15, 1896
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH December 14, 1951
Place of death Munich