Chamber of Deputies (Bavaria)
The Chamber of Deputies was 1819-1919 in addition to the Chamber of Councilors , the second chamber of the Bavarian States General (the parliament of the Kingdom of Bavaria ) and forerunner of today's Bavarian Parliament . King Maximilian I Joseph opened the meeting of the estates on February 4, 1819 in a joint session of both chambers with a speech from the throne. The chambers had been constituted beforehand, the Chamber of Deputies in a first general session on February 1, 1819.
history
After the founding of the German Confederation , the first constitutions were adopted in most of Germany's states. Section 13 of the German Federal Act obliges the states to provide for the establishment of state parliaments in these constitutions. The constitution of the Kingdom of Bavaria of 1818 , which replaced the constitution in force since 1808 , implemented this requirement (as in the other countries) to the effect that a bicameral “ Bavarian Assembly of Estates ” was set up. The Chamber of Deputies was the second of the two chambers.
Convocation and term of office
The Bavarian king called the meeting of the estates. He was obliged to convene them at least every three years. As far as the meeting of the estates met, both chambers were convened, opened and closed at the same time. As a rule, the duration of the session could not be longer than two months. The king had the right to extend, adjourn or dissolve the meeting.
The constitution stipulated that new elections to the Chamber of Deputies should take place every six years. If the king dissolved the assembly of estates, a new election of the Chamber of Deputies had to be made within three months.
The electoral law was changed several times. Election according to class was abolished in 1848, secret elections were introduced in 1881 and direct elections were introduced in 1906 .
1818 to 1848
Composition of the Second Chamber
The choice was neither a universal nor an equal choice : women and the dispossessed were fundamentally excluded. The election to the Chamber of Deputies was made separately according to groups of voters. The individual class sizes were distributed according to the given proportions. The chamber was composed as follows:
- Class - the aristocratic landowners with manorial jurisdiction (one eighth of the deputies)
- Class - the clergy (one eighth)
- Great - the cities and markets with more than 500 families (a quarter)
- Class - the remaining landowners, regardless of whether they were noble or not (half)
- Class - MPs from the universities
The number of MPs was calculated according to the number of families in the kingdom, and one MP was determined for 7,000 families. There were also representatives from the universities, and one deputy was responsible for one university.
The election took place partly directly (in the first two groups), partly indirectly by electors. The prerequisite for exercising active and passive voting rights was property.
Rights of the Second Chamber
The competencies of the chamber were gradually expanded. However, the formation of a government remained the sole responsibility of the king until the November Revolution, without parliament having any influence on the appointment. However, in 1912, Georg von Hertling , a representative of the majority faction, the Center , was appointed Prime Minister for the first time .
Election dates and procedures from 1818 to 1848
The first election was announced on December 2, 1818, after the electoral regulations had been drawn up and the municipal elections had taken place.
Classes I and III could vote at home with an unspecified time for the vote count. The elections of classes IV and V elections did not take place in the cities of a government district as primary elections at a fixed time. Due to the relatively large time difference between the individual votes of a government district and between the government districts themselves, there was no fixed election date. The elections took place within the four-week period.
Termination
Election date start | The End | resolution |
---|---|---|
December 2, 1818 | December 25, 1818 | |
December 17, 1824 | January 20, 1825 | |
December 13, 1830 | January 15, 1831 | |
December 7, 1836 | December 25, 1836 | |
August 24, 1839 | ||
October 10, 1839 | November 20, 1839 | |
October 1, 1845 | November 10, 1845 | |
November 12, 1848 |
- Jump up ↑ New elections brought about by the reorganization of the electoral districts within the scope of the 1837/38 territorial order In: Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections for the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Estates Assembly in Vormärz (1818–1848). , Part I in the series of publications of the historical commission at the Bavarian Academy of Science, Volume 55, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1996, p. 153.
- ^ Dissolution due to the changes in the composition through the new electoral law of June 4, 1848. Government Gazette for the Kingdom of Bavaria 1848 p. 1097 in the Google book search
evaluation
Compared to the estates of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , the delegates had gained in freedom. They were committed to the common good or their conscience and no longer bound by orders and instructions from their voters. The rights of parliament, however, were few compared to today's parliaments. The assembly of estates had no right of initiative and could only accept or reject the royal bills and tax demands. Both chambers of the assembly of estates had equal rights. However, they could comment on the royal ministers and their activities.
1849 to 1919
Composition of the Second Chamber
The number of deputies was calculated according to the population of the kingdom. The law of June 4, 1848 determined one member for every 31,500 inhabitants. In 1906 the number of inhabitants per member was increased to 38,000.
The deputies were no longer elected according to class, but in equal elections by all male citizens who paid a direct tax. The election was made indirectly by electors. From 1906 they were directly elected.
The Chamber was elected for the first time on December 7, 1848 under the new suffrage and met on January 15, 1849.
Presidents and Vice Presidents
1818-1848
First president
|
Second president
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1848-1918
President
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1st Vice President
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2nd Vice President
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literature
- Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Assembly of Estates in Vormärz (1818–1848) Volume = in 2 volumes . In: Series of publications by the historical commission at the Bavarian Academy of Science, Volume 55 . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1996, ISBN 3-525-36048-7 (online at Digitale-sammlungen.de Part I ; Part II ).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Constitutional document of the Kingdom of Baiern of May 26, 1818. Title VII § 22, Law Gazette for the Kingdom of Baiern, 1818 p. 132.
- ^ Constitutional document of the Kingdom of Baiern of May 26, 1818. Title VI § 16, Law Gazette for the Kingdom of Baiern, 1818 p. 126.
- ↑ a b Constitutional document of the Kingdom of Baiern of May 26, 1818. Title VII § 23, Law Gazette for the Kingdom of Baiern, 1818 p. 132.
- ^ Constitutional document of the Kingdom of Baiern of May 26, 1818. Title VI § 13, Law Gazette for the Kingdom of Baiern, 1818 p. 125.
- ^ Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Assembly of Estates in Vormärz (1818–1848). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1996 p. 63.
- ^ Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Assembly of Estates in Vormärz (1818–1848). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1996 p. 153.
- ^ A b Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Assembly of Estates in Vormärz (1818–1848). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1996 p. 156.
- ^ Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Assembly of Estates in Vormärz (1818–1848). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1996 p. 155.
- ^ Josef Leeb: Suffrage and elections to the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Assembly of Estates in Vormärz (1818–1848). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 1996 p. 153 f.
- ↑ until 1873 first president
- ↑ until 1873 Second President , 1873 - 1907 Vice-President
- ↑ Office was only introduced in 1907