Corps Borussia Breslau to Cologne and Aachen

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Corps Borussia Breslau
coat of arms
country
University
Foundation, endowment
SC (formerly)
Joined the KSCV
Assembly of Deputies in Jena, May 28, 1855
suspension
Reconstitution
SC to Cologne
tape
Circle
   Corps Borussia-Breslau to Cologne and Aachen, Zirkel.jpg
Motto
Virtuti semper corona!
Corporation association
address
Nizzaallee 56
52072 Aachen
Website

The Corps Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen is an association of academics for life. The members refer to themselves as corps brothers. Among Corps students they are called Breslau Prussians or "Auto Prussians".

Federation

The Corps Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen consists of the student union of the same name , in which the student corps brothers are organized as activitas of the active and inactive, and of the no longer studying alumni, the so-called old men . Borussia Breslau belongs to the Kösener Seniors Convents Association (KSCV) with its statutes of the Kösener SC Association that are binding for the Kösener Corps, the so-called Kösener Statutes - starting in 1848 and repeatedly adapted to the social and student trends. The Kosen statutes exclude a general political mandate , binding for every corps with its activitas and its old men. Borussia Breslau belongs to the Green Circle of the Kösener Corps.

The Corps Borussia Breslau is mandatory . The measure consists of a fencing gait and a measure critique. The corps has around 200 members, including around 40 students (mainly in Aachen) and around 160 alumni in Germany and abroad. Borussia Breslau was and is a corps primarily of self-employed people as well as owners and employees of medium-sized companies. The corps community supports its youth so that they can make the transition into the professional world relatively free of conflicts.

Borussia Breslau was founded in Breslau on November 23, 1819 and existed there as a student union until 1935 at the Silesian Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau and at the Royal Technical University of Wroclaw, from 1918 Technical University .
The corps has been accredited at the University of Cologne and the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen since 1951 . Although the corps has been concentrating its corps operations solely on Aachen since 2004, it continues to operate under Borussia Breslau zu Köln and Aachen. It still belongs to the Senioren-Convent SC zu Cologne with guest rights at Corps Hansea Köln and the local Mensuren-Senioren-Convent MSC . In addition, in Bonn the Consenioren-Convent CSC for scales of Kösener senior Convent SC coordinate to Bonn. Morally and spiritually, Borussia Breslau can be traced back to the Silesian student wreath at the Brandenburg University of Frankfurt , which was founded on April 12, 1787 and is the oldest known forerunner of the Corps Borussia Breslau. By the end of the 1880s, basic structures of the togetherness of youth and old age had developed in the academic connections, including in the corps, which have remained unchanged since then, albeit with temporal shifts in the importance of the generations. From 1819 to 2014 Borussia Breslau had around 1,200 corps brothers.

Color

Borussia Breslau is colored. The color of the connection is black-pale red-white on silver percussion . Black and white are the national colors of Prussia , red is the color of the sash of the Silesian Kränzchen in Frankfurt (Oder) . The color is worn in the corps ribbon, in the corps cap and in the corps barrel. The new members, called foxes , wear a black-white-black ribbon with a silver percussion.

coat of arms

Borussia March, 1904

The development of the Borussia Breslau coat of arms can be seen under web links in the attached album.
The coat of arms from 1819 clearly shows that the corps was shaped by German idealism .
Borussia Breslau has two coats of arms . One reads: Our union is only divided by death , a pledge of loyalty already common among student orders at the end of the 18th century, which also occurs at the Silesian Kränzchen in Frankfurt an der Oder. The second coat of arms saying is: Vivant omnes fideles fratres intimo fordere iuncti .

Motto

The motto of Borussia Breslau is Virtuti semper corona! It is already common at the Schlesischer Kränzchen in Frankfurt an der Oder at the turn of the 18th to the 19th century and goes back to the 7th line of the 8th stanza of Friedrich Schiller's Ode to Joy .

Circle

The Borussia Breslau circle , in its current form since 1860, shows the B for Borussia, embedded in the letters v for vivat, c for crescat and f for floreat.

march

The March of Borussia was composed in 1904 on the occasion of the 85th Foundation Festival of Borussia zu Breslau by the then 26-year-old Wroclaw Prussian Dr. Fritz Barchewitz (1878–1945), pianist and conductor.

membership

Commemorative plaque of the city of Wrocław on the former Corphaus in Breslau (spelling mistake: 1819 instead of 1829)

The purpose and idea of ​​the Corps Borussia Breslau are set out in its constitution as follows:

“As a living community, the Corps Borussia Breslau wants to unite its members in mutual respect and trust to create sincere and lasting friendship and - without influencing their political, religious and scientific attitudes - to train them to become honorable, strong and energetic personalities. Every brother in the corps should be open to all values ​​of culture, be distinguished by education of the heart as well as by ability, by individuality and by civil courage. The Corps should shape its members in such a way that they work in an exemplary manner for the human community. "

- Constitution of the Corps Borussia Breslau in Cologne and Aachen, as of May 31, 1980, p. 4.

The young students, the active ones , fight determination gauges . The older students, the inactive ones, serve as advisors to the active ones. The fencing of the determination gauges took place in Wroclaw with a bell bat until 1935 and was done in Cologne with a basket bat from 1951 . The corps brothers are friends for life, after graduation as old men . Every male student at a university that awards academic degrees or trains officers can become a member of Borussia Breslau if he is willing to respect the Constitution of the Corps Borussia Breslau in Cologne and Aachen. The corps boys decide on his admission after consultation with the corps presidium

history

Kränzianer in Frankfurt, in the middle the Silesian Kränzianer, an "ancestor" of the Corps Borussia Breslau and Silesia Breslau (1803/04)

1786 to 1819

The oldest known forerunner of Borussia Breslau is the student wreath at the Alma Mater Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder) . Shaped by German idealism , this original wreath was founded on July 3, 1786 during the lifetime of Frederick the Great by some members of the Masonic student orders. The Silesian Kränzchen , which existed from April 12, 1787 to August 10, 1811, emerged from the original wreath . Entries on students pipes and student studbooks demonstrate the chain of students from the Silesian wreath until the later Corps Borussia Wroclaw. This relationship is also made clear by the motto "virtuti semper corona" borne by both of them.

After the Peace of Tilsit , the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin was founded in 1810 . The Protestant Alma Mater Viadrina in Frankfurt, founded on April 27, 1506, became superfluous. It was merged on August 3, 1811 with the Catholic University of Wroclaw Leopoldina, founded on October 21, 1702, to form the state Universitas litterarum Wratislaviensis in the Prussian province of Silesia . The Kränzians of the Schlesisches Kränzchen from Frankfurt moved or up to Breslau and founded a Landsmannschaft Silesia there, which existed from November 11, 1811 to May 15, 1813. The Silesia had some successor connections, most recently a Teutonia country team , from which the Corps Borussia in Breslau emerged.

Wroclaw Prussians ride through the Kaisertor of the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelms University ( Gustav Adolf Closs , 1911)

1819 to 1933

The Corps Borussia Breslau was donated on November 23, 1819 by 13 former lads from the Landsmannschaft Teutonia, which had been dissolved the day before, and some other students in Breslau.
Borussia adopted the colors black-red-white of Teutonia as well as their motto “virtuti semper corona” and their coat of arms.
Within Borussia there was a Silesia faction that had already existed with Teutonia. This donated the Corps Silesia in Breslau on May 24, 1821 .
With the Corps Silesia , Borussia founded the SC zu Breslau in 1829 (later forcibly dissolved) and finally in 1838 , which joined the association in the year the KSCV was founded in 1848.
As reasons for the foundation of Borussia Breslau, the Constitution of Borussia of 1819 says: “It is necessary to preserve and earn the noble good of academic freedom” and “There follows the need for rules to be set by their content and zealous Obey the academic citizens to remain worthy of their academic freedom ”.

At the time of the Restoration and the Vormärz - before the German Revolution of 1848/49 - with the Karlsbad resolutions and the persecution of demagogues , Borussia had to formally suspend three times; but it continued to exist secretly, 1821–1823, 1824–1829 and 1834–1838. The student youth did not let the state power suppress their self-image.
This self-image is described romantically, also by Breslau Prussia, in the two Muses Almanacs of the University of Breslau from 1842 and 1843 and the Hop Blossoms from 1848 and 1879.
With the emergence of bourgeois club life from 1848 onwards, the old men increasingly identified with their corps . On August 1, 1850, a meeting of all former members of Borussia Breslau took place for the first time, a study remembrance festival at which the old men dated their union among themselves and the active corps. In 1856, the old gentlemen outside of Wroclaw first got together in Berlin. The youth welcomed this; she had recognized that she could achieve "professional and social security" through her old men.

From 1871 onwards, the old gentlemen increasingly had a decisive influence on events in the corps. Only after the student movement of the 1960s did this influence shift again in favor of the youth.

A Breslau Prussian with a compass on the barrel at the former post office in Breslau (ceramic relief by Felix Kupsch , 1929)

Silesia was the most Catholic of the Prussian provinces . Many young Silesians studied Catholic theology and became corps students. Borussia had the most priests, Jesuits and ecclesiastical dignitaries of the Breslau corps in their ranks.
In addition, Breslau had one of the largest Jewish communities in Prussia . The Jewish families in Wroclaw developed an educated Jewish bourgeoisie who sent their sons to the corps. Examples are the Breslau Prussians Robert Dalen , formerly Robert Davidson, who presided over the Kösener Congress oKC in 1865 , Ernst Remak , Georg von Caro , Carl Caro and Georg Heimann . Borussia zu Breslau exemplified the sovereign tolerance of Prussia .
This modernity came to an end in the 1870s with Bismarck's anti-Catholic Kulturkampf and the emergence of racist anti-Semitism , so that in the period that followed Borussia in Breslau there were only a few Catholic and no Jewish activists. The Catholic students joined the Catholic student associations and the Jewish students joined the newly emerging Jewish student associations , such as the mandatory Viadrina zu Breslau from 1886, the first exclusively Jewish association in Germany.

There was increasing demarcation between the student groups, especially in relation to the Catholic student associations as well as to the Jewish student associations.
From the 1860s onwards, as in other social groups, there were occasional student associations, including some corps, to anti-Jewish resolutions based on social, religious, but not yet racist anti-Judaism . But there were also cases to the contrary. For example, the Jewish Prussian from Wroclaw Carl Caro, together with two other corps students from Munich, Tübingen and Würzburg, founded the Corps Rhenania in Strasbourg in 1872 , one of the seven Kösener corps that contradicted the enforcement of the National Socialist Aryan paragraph in 1934 , partly with the consequence of their self-dissolution . In 1877, Carl Caro also performed the comedy he wrote, Auf deutscher Hochschule ~ Schwank, in three acts with the scene of a scale length, first in Würzburg and then in Breslau.

An important student in the corps was Leonhard Zander , Borussiae Breslau a. a. When, beginning with the founding of the empire in 1871, the corps increasingly took on expensive and time-consuming outward appearances, Zander demanded a return to the old corps student ideals of honesty and modesty in his "Memorandum against luxury and pretentiousness" in 1881 . The memorandum was u. a. signed by Otto von Bismarck and Prince Wilhelm, who later became Kaiser Wilhelm II . It changed the life of the corps permanently until today and goes down in the history of the corps students as the "Zander reform movement" .

The Royal Technical University of Wroclaw was founded on October 1, 1910, and from 1918 students became active at Borussia.

In 1929, the circle of Borussia Breslau was immortalized in one of the 20 ceramic decorative medallions by Felix Kupsch at the newly built, brick-expressionist post office in Wroclaw , on the barrel of a student who received his monthly bill, gratefully embracing the mailman. The Breslau postal check office was designed by the Breslau Prussian Lothar Neumann , government builder and later chief post office building officer, see

1933 to 1945

Corphaus in Wroclaw: after an increase in 1910 until reconstruction in 1939 (architect Karl Klimm , 1897 and increase in 1910)

The years 1933 to 1945 are shameful years for Corps Borussia Breslau because of the breach of allegiance to some Corps brothers. In retrospect, it becomes clear what a criminal foundation of lies and human contempt the Hitler regime was based on and that the Corps, like the vast majority of Germans, could not evade this system of national fraud.

During the National Socialist rule in Germany from 1933 to 1945, nine Borussia corps brothers (had to) leave the Corps Borussia Breslau as so-called " Jewish tribes " because of the implementation of the Aryan paragraph .

Between August 30, 1933 and January 9, 1934, the following corps brothers were identified as being of Jewish origin:
Ernst Bail , Rhenaniae Heidelberg , * 1871 † 1951, active in 1892, EK2 1914/18, member of the Reichsrat, maternal grandparents Jews; Friedrich Beyersdorf , Rhenaniae Würzburg , * 1867 † 1937, active in 1887, major suffering from war, one grandparent Jewish; Eberhard Foerster , Palatiae Bonn , * 1865 † 1939, IdC 1919, Rittmeister 1914/18, manor owner, department head of the Prussian Main Chamber of Agriculture, maternal grandmother baptized Christian; Ewald Friedberg , * 1856 † 1939, active 1876, go. Oberregierungsrat, a grandfather of a Christian baptized Jew; Ernst-Heinrich Heimann , * 1896 † 1957, active 1918, lieutenant 1914/18, EK1 and EK2 1914/18, director of the Breslau stock exchange, paternal grandparents Jews, father Georg Heimann baptized Jew; Georg Heimann-Trosien , * 1906 † 1987, active 1920, Fahnenjunker NCO 1918 with EK2, lawyer, federal judge from 1952, paternal grandparents Jews, his father baptized Jew died in 1915; Franz Neubaur , Palatiae Bonn , * 1857 † 1936, active 1877, captain 1914/18, go. Oberregierungsrat, paternal grandmother baptized Christian, just like her parents were Christian baptized Jews; Helmut Stahr , Holsatiae Kiel , * 1910 † 1986, active 1931, specialist in lung diseases; Franz Thilo , Palatiae Bonn , * 1863 † after 1934, active in 1884, captain 1914/18, syndic, district administrator, Jewish grandparents, parents baptized.
With another, young corps brother, active since 1932, the leader of the HKSCV (Kösener Verband) announced on January 9, 1934 " with regard to the particularity of the case " that " - with reservation - no concerns were raised about further membership in the corps "With the" request that you only use this declaration in strict confidence "(father and brother were corps students and unresolved cases. Maternal grandfather converted to Christianity while his father was Jewish). The case was later not discussed, especially since the young man served in observation department 28 from 1935, later with the fighting troops and died on the northeast front in 1944.
Eight of the aforementioned corps brothers (with the exception of the young Helmut Stahr) had served their fatherland loyally throughout their lives, had fought for the German Reich in the First World War and were decorated with peace and war medals. They did not want to stand in the way of the continued existence of the corps and sacrificed their membership of the corps. It was a breach of loyalty to corps brothers, the majority of whom had made a name for themselves in society and who were mostly already old and therefore helpless.

The chairman of the old rulers of the Corps Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen apologized in 1994 for accepting this victim, naming those affected at the ceremony on the occasion of the 175th foundation festival of the Corps in front of an invited public in the coronation hall of the Aachen city hall, at the same place where annually the International Charlemagne Prize in Aachen is awarded.

For a long time after May 8, 1945, there were no answers to the questions that wanted to know what had happened in Germany between 1933 and 1945, until 40 years after the end of the World War, Federal President Richard von Weizsäcker in his historic speech on the 40th anniversary of the end of the war in Europe and the National Socialist tyranny declared May 8th as the day of liberation.

heritage

In the 1870s an envy-driven orientation towards Judaism began. In the 1880s, racially based anti-Semitism began to develop, see anti-Semitic petition 1880/1881. In 1885, for example, the Jewish Karl Emil Franzos was expelled from his Vienna academic fraternity, Teutonia , along with nine other Jewish friars.
After the First World War, anti-Semitism became increasingly fierce, also in the student associations and their old-man associations.

At the Kösener Congress 1920, the association conference of the Kösener Corps, almost all corps, in the sense of a tribute to the anti-Semitic zeitgeist and in contrast to the exclusively Jewish connections, found that § 43 of the statutes of the Kösener SC Association KSCV as follows be interpreted: The Corps is a German-Völkisch association of matriculated students of German-Aryan descent ... but with the restriction that any retroactive force should be excluded . Such resolutions were also passed in other associations. In 1920, for example, the German Nobility Association introduced an Aryan paragraph .

At the Kösener Congress in 1921, this was made more precise by the statement: Here, it is not religion, but descent that is decisive. A half-race should be considered a Jew if part of his four grandparents ....... are of Jewish descent .

In the statutes of the Kösener SC-Verband 1928 (update of the statutes from 1912), discussed and decided on at the 1927 Congress, in "Part C. Basic decisions" that are binding for the corps are newly listed: Art. 3: I The admission of Jews to a corps is excluded. The granting of corps membership in any form is equivalent to admission. II. With each admission the breed test has to go back to the grandparents. Admission is not permitted if there is a Jew among the four grandparents. and Art. 9: In order to ward off the dangers which, beyond corps students, threaten Germans in the broader sense through Judaism, the SC is to be given a completely free hand, in particular with regard to whether Jews are to be satisfied.

There were similar resolutions in the other associations of student associations, e.g. B. in the fraternities. These resolutions in the 1920s - from 1920 onwards - were supported by civil servants whose development lay in the Empire and whose future extended into the National Socialist dictatorship. Most of the student associations and their old-man associations were very much shaped by members who were civil servants or who were preparing to become civil servants in the state. This may be one reason why similar formulations for the definition of Jew as in the Kosen statutes of 1928 can be found in the new formulation of § 43 of the statutes of the Kösener Seniors Convent Association KSCV of July 10, 1933, quote see below, and in Fundamental resolution of July 20, 1933 by the Allgemeine Deutscher Waffenring ADW , to which the KSCV belonged, see quote below, as well as in the Nuremberg Laws of September 15, 1935 . At Borussia Breslau the officials were in a clear minority.
Borussia Breslau disregarded the "fundamental decisions" of the Kosen statutes of 1928 by accepting a corps student with a Jewish ancestor (up to the grandparents) who had already been accepted by his cartel corps in 1929.

fate

The National Socialist requirements of the Führer principle , conformity and exclusion were in contradiction to the corps student ideals of the Convention principle , differentiation , subsidiarity , the principle of tolerance and the bond of life . In line with the National Socialist conformity of society, Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler - as already announced in his political-ideological program " Mein Kampf " - decreed the leader principle in all socially relevant groups, including student associations and thus also in the corps. The synchronization was enforced by high, National Socialist officials, who were often frat students, including students from the Corps.
As early as May 31, 1933, only 10 weeks after the Emergency Act of March 24, 1933 , an association leader of the Kösener Corps was appointed by the superordinate, National Socialist authorities, jointly for the Kösener Seniors Convent Association (KSCV) and the Association of Old Corps Students e. V. (VAC), without a resolution by the KSCV Congress and the VAC Congress of Representatives, only in agreement with their management. Attorney Dr. jur. Max Blunck , Franconiae Jena corps student and National Socialist, became the "Leader of the KSCV and VAC". This was accepted by the members of the KSCV and the VAC without significant contradiction, also by Borussia Breslau, as if it were desired, and where, as in the entire German society, there were also supporters of National Socialism. This was an important step towards bringing the Corps into line.
Like all social groups, the corps were obliged to introduce the principle of leadership into themselves; Borussia Wroclaw, the leader principle has been practiced in either the Aktivitas still with the old men de facto, albeit later - the Old Men's Chairman outwardly sometimes called - after the suspension of the Corps on October 12, 1935 leaders of the old boys' stem called has been.

On June 30, 1933, all 69 Jewish student associations in the German Reich were declared dissolved and their houses were confiscated. All this made the other student associations worry that they would have to suffer something similar, including the loss of the corporation house .

Hitler created an administered, racist anti-Semitism that was based on the folkish , envious anti-Semitism of the 1920s. This institutionalization of anti-Semitism was accepted across the board.
The first important step was the law for the restoration of the civil service of April 7, 1933, through which around 5,000 civil servants who did not comply with the National Socialist Aryan paragraph lost their positions. This law was imitated by all socially significant associations and some regional churches of the German Evangelical Church , including the Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband and the Allgemeine Deutsche Waffenring ADW , to which the KSCV belonged, and on top of that, with the discontinuation of the old civil servant regulation and the front-line combatant privilege , contrary according to the announcement, which suddenly affected many elderly corps brothers who were originally regarded as exceptions.

On July 10, 1933, the association leader Blunck abolished the principle of tolerance of the corps by changing § 43 of the statutes of the KSCV as follows: The corps is an association of enrolled students from the same university, which, in accordance with the National Socialist worldview, connects its relatives in sincere friendship and educates to be representatives of an honorable student spirit and strong character, energetic, dutiful, German men.
Jewish tribes , Jewish relatives or Freemasons cannot be members of a corps . "Jewish tribes" were members with Jewish ancestry, and "Jewish Versippte" were members with wives of Jewish origin. Although the newly established § 43 contradicted the corps student values ​​of tolerance and the bond of life , it was accepted, convinced, overwhelming or formal, also by Borussia Breslau.
Borussia used Blunck's regulation in order not to make desired changes to its own constitution.
At the ADW - 10 days after the revision of § 43 of the Kosen statutes - the fundamental decision of July 20, 1933 was made that a weapons student association will only be recognized if “its members are neither ethnic nor Jewish ”.

There were no corps brothers practicing the Jewish religion at Borussia Breslau, nor were there any “Jewish relatives”, but “Jewish tribes”. On August 30, 1933, a questionnaire was sent to every corps brother jointly by the old gentry and CC of Borussia, in which everyone had to declare on their honor , to the best of their knowledge and belief , 1. that my parents are of Aryan descent and 2. that my wife is of Aryan descent . All corps brothers could answer question 2. with yes. Nine corps brothers could not answer question 1. with yes and were thus affected. They were the corps brothers mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, six of them over 65 years of age and seven soldiers in the war in 1914/18. The corps brothers affected assumed that the exemptions in the Civil Service Act also apply to the Corps: old civil servants and participation in the 1914/18 war.
The answered questionnaires were passed on to the Kösener Seniors Convents Association . On December 11, 1933, even the HKSCV regarded all those affected by Borussia Breslau as exceptional cases. ! In 934, stricter National Socialist requirements for remaining in the corps were introduced, which led to the nine affected corps brothers being deleted from the corps list with their consent, which was reported to the association.
These nine corps brothers left because they wanted to enable the corps to continue to live, especially with the corps house remaining with their Borussia. However, it was tolerated “from above” that those affected continued to take part in corps brother meetings, including official ones, as far as they were able, and that the deceased among them received timely obituaries in the corps newspaper.

The students, including the young Borussia corps brothers, had to take part in training courses and military sports of the SA and SS. This included marching training, small-caliber shooting and throwing clubs (as a replacement for hand grenades) as long as there was no general conscription . In line with its guidelines, the National Socialist regime then pursued the indoctrination of students in so-called comradeships based on the leadership principle, National Socialist training courses and military sports. A suitable accommodation for the Nazi Kameradschaften the regime had the fraternity houses in mind. Here the students should be barracked for better control. It was also thought that the comradeships would replace the traditional student associations in the long run.

Corps coat of arms on wood from 1860 with wrought-iron ring by Lothar Neumann from 1936, top right with the year of the forced suspension 1935. It was lost in 1945

The DC circuit put the student associations and corporate organizations from 1934 under increasing pressure. They should be made docile for integration into the National Socialist German Student Union as the only major student organization. The Kösener Seniors Convents Association (KSCV) could not withstand this pressure in the long term. It therefore decided on September 28, 1935, as the first student association to dissolve itself. On October 13, 1935, the Corps Borussia zu Breslau dissolved itself, officially including its old rule . The Aryan paragraph of the regime was neither the KSCV nor Borussia zu Breslau the reason for the dissolution.

Live on

In fact, Borussia old gentry and corporation house cooperative continued to exist. The corps house remained with the corps brothers. The old rulers of Borussia succeeded in preventing any National Socialist comradeship from using the corp house and so that the corps house was still exclusively available to the corps brothers for meetings in Couleur. This was made possible because in 1938 the majority of the old gentlemen of Borussia joined the old rulers of the comradeship "Yorck" in Breslau, which consisted of the old rulers of the Corps Silesia , as co-financiers. The comradeship Yorck existed since 1937 in the corps house of the Corps Silesia. She had her own circle . The active members of the Yorck Comradeship, called comrades, tried to maintain the traditions of the Kösener Corps students of the old men. Training in racket fencing was compulsory; Scale lengths were not fought. From 1941 the comrades wore Yorck Zipfel with the colors of the Silesia and Borussia at the events of the comradeship . At the sixth foundation festival of the Yorck Comradeship in 1943, the old men were told to wear their corps' ribbon and hat on the Festkommers. Old men from Borussia did not take part. The old rulers of Borussia kept the memory of their suspended corps in their own corp house. There she also celebrated Borussia foundation festivals until 1941. In 1944, the Borussia corps newspaper appeared for the last time in Breslau. In 1945 in May Borussia Breslau lost their home in Silesia. Silesia became Polish.

1948 to 1954

On the occasion of the first post-war foundation festival of the old rulers of Borussia zu Breslau in Hanover on October 2, 1948, the eight old men who had formally left the corps in 1934/35 were reassigned to the Borussia zu Breslau corps list. In 1949, after losing his homeland, the first Borussia zu Breslau Corps newspaper appeared in Hanover.

Band and circle of the joint activities of Borussia Breslau and Holsatia, 1948–1950

In order to find the old gentlemen of Borussia after the loss of their homeland in Wroclaw, Borussia's cartel corps Holsatia suggested a deepening of the relations between the old gentlemen of Holsatia and Borussia. This enabled the old men to join the old men of the other corps as members without recording the band. Some corps brothers did that. A joint committee of five recommended that the seven young members of the student sailing community Holsatia (SSG Holsatia), founded in Kiel in 1947 , who were secretly active in the Holsatia, which was reconstituted in 1947, should be listed as joint active members of the two old rulers. On the occasion of a Christmas bar in Kiel in 1948, in the presence of old men from both corps, the seven SSG members were awarded the red-white-red Holstein band with Borussia's black as a percussion . In public they wore black sailing hats with red, white and red stripes. In the H of Holsatia's circle , B for Borussia was inserted in the upper right corner. The active ones played scales and from 1950 they fought optional. As the corps began to emerge again and again everywhere, the old rulers of Holsatia and Borussia decided to go their own way again. In May 1950 they agreed that Holsatia would reintroduce the old colors, that the old rulers of Borussia would lend the Prussian ribbon to some members of the Holsatia who had worn the black percussion and that Holsatia would sign a relationship agreement to support Borussia in its reconstitution . The agreement was signed by Bernhard Sprengel for Holsatia and Kurt Härtel for Borussia.

The active Corps Borussia Breslau was reconstituted on April 21, 1951 in Münster . On October 9, 1951, the seat of the Corps Borussia Breslau was relocated to the University of Cologne. Many Silesians had found a new home in the Rhineland after 1945. In 1950 Cologne took over the sponsorship of the former Breslau. The University of Cologne cultivated the tradition of Wroclaw Silesian Friedrich-Wilhelms University since 1,951th In order to maintain the connection between students of the humanities and engineering sciences in accordance with the Breslau tradition - also with a view to a contemporary old manhood - a branch of the Corps was operated in Aachen at the local Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, the RWTH Aachen , from November 1951 . The first young Wroclaw Prussians in Aachen attended Corps Montania zu Aachen, WSC. On July 31, 1954, Aachen was declared the second official location of the Corps, and the Corps was named Borussia Breslau zu Köln und Aachen. The Corps Silesia , Corps Lusatia Breslau and Corps Marcomannia followed the same path .

Since 1954

Borussia Breslau celebrated 50 years of every foundation festival in Aachen and Cologne, 1954 to 2004, below the town hall in Breslau and above the cathedrals in Aachen and Cologne

For almost 50 years Borussia Breslau has successfully maintained an active corps operation in Cologne and Aachen, with two corps houses and a corps bus. Corpsman's conventions and events took place alternately on the weekends in Cologne and Aachen. In the 1990s, student interest in student associations in Cologne waned. Borussia Breslau increasingly concentrated on Aachen, especially since RWTH Aachen University began to introduce humanities faculties in addition to the technical faculties. Since 2004 there is only one corp house in Aachen.

The West German student movement of the 1960s influenced Borussia Breslau. The Corps found its way back to the agility that characterized it before the 1870s. In 1969, Borussia celebrated the ceremony on the occasion of their 150th foundation festival in the Auditorium Maximum of RWTH Aachen with a speech by Rector Herwart Opitz , while not far away the International Center Humboldt House of RWTH Aachen was occupied by revolting students. In 1969, Borussia Breslau's “Big Walk” from the Cologne Corpshaus to the Aachen Corpshaus took place over 75 km for the first time. It is an event by Wroclaw Prussians of all generations, which takes place at irregular intervals on a voluntary basis, until today. In 1970/71, the young Corps brothers ran Gallery 63 in Borussia's corp house, where young artists could present their works. In 1972 Borussia Breslau introduced the corporate presidency as the executive body of the Solemn Corps-Convent FCC . The corp presidium is made up of equal numbers of active and old men, chaired by the chairman of the old man. The Constitution of Borussia Breslau says:

“The corporate presidency has to ensure permanent coordination between the CC and the AHV to secure the cohabitation. The corporate presidium should, free of partial interests of the active or the old men, reflect the diversity of the generations, living spaces and interests in its composition and, according to the guiding principles of the corps, ensure the unity and unity of the corps brothers internally and externally. "

- Constitution of the Corps Borussia Breslau in Cologne and Aachen, as of May 31, 1980, p. 22
Ceremony for the 189th Foundation Festival in the Aula Leopoldina of the University of Breslau in 2008

1974 Borussia Wroclaw decided in a roll-call of all survey Corp brothers about maintaining Bestimmungsmensur to promote self-assessment and friendship. The approval was given by a qualified majority across the generations. From 2006 to 2009 the “Quo Vadis, Borussia?” Commission met with representatives from all generations of Borussia. The Corps' answers to the challenges of globalization were developed. The following topics were in the foreground: strength in competition, ability to work in a team, leadership quality, openness to other cultures, recruiting young people also among students from abroad and added value through networking.

Frequent visits by Wroclaw Prussians in Wroclaw make the connection between Borussia Breslau and their former home Wroclaw clear. In 2008, Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen celebrated their 189th foundation festival in Breslau. The ceremony took place in the historic Aula Leopoldina of the University of Wroclaw with speeches by the rectors Professor Dr. have. Leszek Pacholski from the University of Wroclaw and Professor Dr. have. inż. Tadeusz Luty from the Technical University of Wroclaw .

Corp houses

Wroclaw

Until 1879, the Wroclaw Prussians met in the Kretscham "Zum Walfisch", "Zum green Kürbis", "Zum Goldenen Baum", "Villa Nova" or in coffeehouses and inns like "Zur Hoffnung" and "Zum Storch". From 1879 they met in a courtyard building of the "Weberbauer Brewery", where they had their own pub , with the Corps Marcomannia in the same building. They also met in the Princely Hall of the Schweidnitz cellar .

Borussia's corp house in Breslau (2019)

In 1897 Borussia moved into its first corp house in Breslau, Neue Gasse 6 (today ul.Nowa 6), a new building near the Liebichshöhe according to the plans of the architect Karl Klimm in the style of historicism , one-storey with the character of a villa (built under the direction of the architect master mason Heinrich Simon ), See illustrations. It was the first house of its kind in Wroclaw.
The corp house was supposed to promote the cohesion of the corps brothers, above all through bars with the old men from Breslau and the surrounding area - five days a week and as a Sunday morning drink. The corp house did not have living spaces, but lounges and a ballroom over two floors, all of which were paneled. The corp house was also the figurehead of a self-confident old man, shaped by Wilhelminism until the 1930s. In 1910 a second floor was added to the corp house to create a stately building, also based on plans by Karl Klimm.
In 1934, in the neighboring house at Neue Gasse 4, a floor was rented on the mezzanine floor and connected to the corp house in order to do justice to the camaraderie prescribed by the Nazi regime through shared apartments. The corp house was called the comradeship home; only corps brothers lived there. In 1939 a ceiling was drawn in in the ballroom and in the other common rooms to create living spaces according to plans by Lothar Neumann .
The corp house remained undestroyed during the battle for the fortress of Breslau at the end of the Second World War ; inside, however, it was devastated. Today it is used as a residential and office building, among other things caring for the Polish scouts, and is frequented by the Breslau Prussians.

Cologne and Aachen

Corp House in Aachen (2005)

In 1955, a two-room apartment in the Ubierring 21 building in Cologne was rented as a corps apartment.

In 1957 Borussia Breslau in Aachen at Nizzaallee 63, on Lousberg acquired a gracefully elegant, middle-class row house in the late Art Nouveau style (1910), the former residence of the Aachen cloth manufacturer and bibliophile Dr. Alexander Schippen (1899–1975), and moved into it as the Aachen corp house. It was a 15-minute walk from the Technical University. The house was sold in 2003.

In 1967 Borussia Breslau in Cologne moved into their newly built Cologne corp house in Cologne-Lindenthal Amalienstraße 5, within walking distance of the university. The house was sold in 2001. A sequoia tree planted in the garden of the Corphaus in 1983 is reminiscent of Borussia in Cologne.

In 2004 Borussia Breslau moved into the now, newly built Aachener Corpshaus in Nizzaallee 56, on a property with old trees also on Aachener Lousberg, 20 minutes' walk from the Technical University.
The corp house shows the colors of Borussia Breslau with its black roof, red paint and white windows.

Conditions

Cartel Corps

Friendly Corps

Wroclaw Prussia

Only deceased Wroclaw Prussians are listed in alphabetical order. Abbreviations see below.

Wroclaw Prussia on the Rhine (1959)

Abbreviations
MdHdA = Member of the House of Representatives = Member of the Prussian House of Representatives
MdHH = Member of the Manor House = Member of the Prussian Manor House
MdR = Member of the Reichstag (German Empire) or the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
MdRR = Member of the Reichsrat (Weimar Republic)

Holder of the Klinggräff Medal

The Klinggräff Medal of the Stifterverein Alter Corpsstudenten was awarded to:

  • Hendrik Hoeck (2004)
  • Michael Skorianz, formerly of Erz, (2014), also recipient of the “Willy Korf Award for Young Excellence”.

literature

  • Alfred Methner, Georg Lustig: History of the Corps Borussia in Breslau . Wroclaw 1911.
  • Heinrich Bonnenberg , Hermann Sternagel-Haase, Alfred Methner, Georg Lustig: History of the Corps Borussia in Breslau. The first 100 years 1819–1919 , 2nd revised and expanded edition. Cologne 1984.
  • Hermann Sternagel-Haase: History of the Corps Borussia zu Breslau , Volume II: 1919–1951, Cologne 1987.
  • Leopold Biermer: Contributions to the development history of the Corps Borussia Breslau, now on Cologne and Aachen , Uelzen, 1969.
  • Paulgerhard Gladen : The Kösener and Weinheimer Corps. Their presentation in individual chronicles , Hilden, 2007, ISBN 3-933892-24-4 , pp. 38–39.
  • Hans-Joachim Weber: Memories of Corporations in Breslau. A postcard from 1911 for the centenary of the University of Wroclaw . Einst und Jetzt 11 (1966), pp. 91-104.

Web links

Commons : Corps Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ on August 1, 2014: 39 students + 167 alumni = 206 members.
  2. ↑ Detlef Grieswelle: On the sociology of the Kösener Corps 1870–1914 in Christian Helfer; Muhammed Rassem (ed.), Student and university in the 19th century (= studies on the change in society and education in the nineteenth century ) Vol. 12, Göttingen 1975, pp. 362 and 365.
  3. ^ Ernst Hans Eberhard : Handbook of the student liaison system. Leipzig, 1924/25, p. 28.
  4. ^ Heinrich Bonnenberg , Hermann Sternagel-Haase, Alfred Methner, Georg Lustig: History of the Corps Borussia zu Breslau, The first 100 years 1819–1919, Second revised and expanded edition , Aachen / Cologne 1984.
  5. ^ Hermann Sternagel-Haase: History of the Corps Borussia zu Breslau, Volume II: 1919–1951 , Cologne / Aachen 1987.
  6. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the "Aryan question" in student associations , Nomos, 2015, p. 44.
  7. ^ Kurt Härtel, Herrmann Sternagel-Haase, Klaus Schimmelpfennig: Directory of the members of the Corps Borussia Breslau with a small chronicle 1819–2013 , Bochum, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b Pictures in Commons .
  9. ↑ Parts of the coat of arms from the poem An die Freude by Friedrich Schiller eighth stanza: Firm courage in severe suffering (in the coat of arms: VIRTUS), help where innocence weeps, oaths sworn for eternity (in the coat of arms: EGE), truth against friend and foe (in Coat of arms: VERITAS), male pride in front of royal thrones , - brothers, if it be good and blood - the crowns of merit (motto: VIRTUTI SEMPER CORONA), downfall of the brood of lies!
  10. ↑ in the coat of arms as UBTNDT
  11. ^ Contributions to the history of the Breslau fraternity on page 292 the coat of arms of Teutonia 1818.
  12. ↑ German: May all loyal brothers live, who are united by an intimate bond. The motto also goes back to the student orders and wreaths, but without the words omnes fideles , which were added after the years of political persecution, the 1820s and 1830s of the Restoration , in memory of all corps brothers who were loyal to each other and to their union to have.
  13. ↑ often only noted as vsc
  14. ↑ in German: live, grow and bloom
  15. ^ Corps Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen: Mp3 version of the march , accessed on January 3, 2017.
  16. ^ Heinrich Bonnenberg et al., Festmarsch, dedicated to the Corps Borussia zu Breslau by Dr. Fritz Barchewitz 1904, reprint 2014.
  17. ↑ See below under chapter "Since 1954", third paragraph.
  18. ↑ Günter Bäro: Festkommers for the foundation of the Frankfurter Kränzchen 225 years ago, Berliner Märker, Breslauer Prussians and Silesians met in Frankfurt (Oder) , Deutsche Corpszeitung CORPS, edition 4/2011, p. 21.
  19. ^ Contributions to the history of the Breslauer Burschenschaft , p. 156 f., 197, 292 ff. In Schlesische Provinzialblätter published in 1867.
  20. ↑ Winkel, Gustav Gotthilf ; Kösener SC. Calendar. Paperback for the Kösener Corps student , 28th edition, Leipzig 1925, p. 10.
  21. ↑ The Constitution of Borussia from 1819 , Constitutions of Corps III, EINST UND JETZT, special issue 1988, p. 17.
  22. ↑ Student Muses Almanac for the year 1842 Contains poems by students in Breslau in 1841 (probably editor of the Breslau Prussian Christian Ankelein), Leopold Freund, Breslau 1842.
  23. ↑ Muses Almanac of the University of Breslau on 1843 - edited by Dr. Freytag , Bei Leopold Freund (The editor is the Wroclaw Prussian Gustav Freytag )
  24. ↑ Hop-blooms, Flanders and Brabants dedicated to cheerful drinkers , Breslau: Selbstverl. 1848, and 2nd edition with annex, Breslau: Köhler, 1879.
  25. ↑ Detlef, Grieswelle: On the sociology of the Kösener Corps 1870–1914 in Christian Helfer; Muhammed Rassem (Ed.), Student and University in the 19th Century (= Studies on the Change in Society and Education in the Nineteenth Century ) Vol. 12, Göttingen 1975, p. 365.
  26. ↑ https://www.google.de/maps/@51.107241,17.043716,3a,37.5y,14.88h,105.05t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sII60lxdxbKAYgJKdfFd3sQ!2e0
  27. ↑ a b c d e is a Jew whose mother is Jewish; Jewish means to be obliged to the 613 Mitzvot . Anti-Semitism declared someone a Jew if a grandparent is Jewish.
  28. ^ Till van Rahden: Jews and other Breslauer (= critical studies on historical science . Volume 139). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000.
  29. ↑ a b Catholic is anyone who was baptized Catholic.
  30. ↑ Michaela Neuber and Matthias Sticker, The equal and Jewish connection system , chapter: Corporations in Breslau - Viadrina in the KC , EINST UND JETZT, Volume 61, Yearbook 2016 of the Association for Corps Student History Research, 2016.
  31. ↑ a b Jürgen Herrlein, On the "Aryan question" in student associations , Nomos, 2015, p. 46.
  32. ↑ Harriet, EJ: The Unfinished Beloved: Olga Waissnix & Arthur Schnitzler . Amalthea Signum Verlag, 2015, ISBN 978-3-902998-68-2 ( page 86 ).
  33. ↑ Carl Caro: '' Auf deutscher Hochschule ~ Schwank in three elevators '' (with a scale length on the stage), printed and published by Stohel'schen Buch- und Kunsthandlung, Würzburg, 1877, new edition by Heinrich Bonnenberg, self-published by Borussia Breslau, 2016.
  34. ↑ Bernhard Stephan: The new postal check office in Breslau , Silesian monthly books, 1929, page 355; http://www.dbc.wroc.pl/dlibra/plain-content?id=6439
  35. ↑ Lothar Neumann: Das Postscheckamt in Breslau , Deutsche Bauzeitung, 65th year., 1931, page 61: http://delibra.bg.polsl.pl/Content/13795/no9_10.pdf
  36. ^ Hans Koepf : German architecture. From Roman times to the present , Dt. Specialist magazine and specialist book publisher, 1956.
  37. ↑ https://www.google.de/maps/@51.107629,17.045273,3a,75y,295.44h,93.74t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sT5-8s27ikSqRH-27pn_12w!2e0
  38. ^ Correspondence between Corps Borussia Breslau and the leader of the HKSCV (Kösener Verband), August 30, 1933 to January 9, 1934, available at the Institute for Higher Education at the University of Würzburg in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hochschulkunde e. V.
  39. ^ Heinrich Bonnenberg , speech on the occasion of the ceremony for the 175th foundation festival of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen in the coronation hall of the Aachen town hall on June 17, 1994 , Corps newspaper of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen, Cologne / Aachen, issue 87 (1994) , P. 46.
  40. ↑ Iris Berben, Jerusalem , Corso 40, Verlagshaus Römerberg GmbH, 2015.
  41. ^ Wilhelm Marr , Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum , Bern, Rudolph Costanoble, 1879
  42. ↑ Otto Mühlwerth: One Hundred Years of fraternity Teutonia Vienna . Horn 1968.
  43. ^ Till van Rahden: Jews and other Breslauer (= critical studies on historical science. Volume 139), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2000.
  44. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the “Aryan Question” in student associations , Nomos, 2015, page 48.
  45. ^ [Protocol on the] Kösener Congress 1921, Frankfurt am Main 1921, pp. 17-18.
  46. ↑ Winkel, Gustav Gotthilf ; Kösener SC calendar. Paperback for the Kösener Corps student , 28th edition, Leipzig 1925, On page 9 you can find the sentence: Since the Kösener congresses of 1920 and 1921 the Kösener SC has been based on Aryan .
  47. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the “Aryan Question” in student associations , Nomos, 2015.
  48. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the “Aryan Question” in student associations , Nomos, 2015.
  49. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the "Aryan question" in student associations , Nomos, 2015, pp. 366 and 377.
  50. ↑ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf , Chapter 12, subsection Nationalization of the Masses , Section 9, p. 378.
  51. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the “Aryan Question” in student associations , Nomos, 2015, p. 48.
  52. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the “Aryan Question” in student associations , Nomos, 2015, p. 81.
  53. ^ Hermann Sternagel-Haase, Corps Borussia Breslau 1919–1951 , Cologne / Aachen 1987, p. 85.
  54. ^ Peter Longerich: Politics of Destruction. An overall presentation of the National Socialist persecution of the Jews . Munich 1998, ISBN 3-492-03755-0 .
  55. ↑ Borussia-Mitteilungen, No. 4, Volume I, Breslau in November 1933, p. 5 (Borussia Breslau archive)
  56. ↑ Borussia-Mitteilungen, 1st year, No. 4, Breslau in November 1933, p. 5 (Borussia Breslau archive)
  57. ^ Correspondence between Corps Borussia Breslau and the leader of the HKSCV (Kösener Verband), August 30, 1933 to January 9, 1934, available at the Institute for Higher Education at the University of Würzburg in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hochschulkunde e. V.
  58. ^ Correspondence between Corps Borussia Breslau and the leader of the HKSCV (Kösener Verband), August 30, 1933 to January 9, 1934, available at the Institute for Higher Education at the University of Würzburg in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hochschulkunde e. V.
  59. ^ Correspondence between Corps Borussia Breslau and the leader of the HKSCV (Kösener Verband), August 30, 1933 to January 9, 1934, available at the Institute for Higher Education at the University of Würzburg in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hochschulkunde e. V.
  60. ^ Hermann Sternagel-Haase, Corps Borussia Breslau 1919–1951 , Cologne / Aachen 1987, p. 89.
  61. ↑ Corps-Zeitung of Borussia zu Breslau, Issue 43, 1944, p. 8.
  62. ^ Hermann Sternagel-Haase: History of the Corps Borussia zu Breslau , Volume II: 1919–1951, Cologne 1987, p. 104 below.
  63. ↑ Manuel Weskamp, ​​Peter-Philipp Schmitt, In Opposition mit Band und Schläger , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Society, May 29, 2013, http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/verbindungen-im-dritten-reich-in -opposition-with-tape-and-bat-12199887.html
  64. ↑ Jürgen Herrlein, On the “Aryan Question” in student associations , Nomos, 2015, p. 866.
  65. ↑ [Kurt] Härtel I, Preussenzeitung 1952, in: Sternagel-Haase, pp. 116-120.
  66. ↑ http://www.montania.de/de/
  67. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from July 10, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rwth-aachen.de
  68. ^ Corps newspaper of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen, Cologne / Aachen, issue 63, 1970, p. 14.
  69. ^ Corps-Zeitung of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen, Cologne / Aachen, issue 67, 1974, p. 4.
  70. ^ Heinrich Bonnenberg , Reformatting , Corps-Zeitung of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen, Cologne / Aachen, Issue 99, 2006, p. 45.
  71. ↑ Quo Vadis, Borussia? , Corps newspaper of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen, Cologne / Aachen, issue 100, 2007, p. 136.
  72. ↑ http://www.kulturwerk-schlesien.de/m_2431 [ Tradition of the alma mater continues to be granted (Schlesischer Kulturspiegel 46/2001)]
  73. ↑ Jörg Naumann: Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen celebrated 189th foundation festival in the hometown of its establishment , Deutsche Corpszeitung CORPS, edition 3/2008, p. 21.
  74. ↑ https://international.uni.wroc.pl/en/welcome-rector/contact-0
  75. ^ Tadeusz Luty in the Polish Wikipedia.
  76. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from June 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portal.pwr.edu.pl
  77. ^ The Breslauer Kretschmereien , Festschrift on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the revolt of Prussia against Napoleon, Breslau, 1913.
  78. ↑ Heinz Gelhoit: The corporations in Breslau 1811-1938 , Hilden, 2009, p. 122.
  79. ↑ http://dolny-slask.org.pl/5558511,foto.html
  80. ↑ http://dolny-slask.org.pl/521572,Wroclaw,Siedziba_Komendy_Choragwi_Dolnoslaskiej_ZHP.html
  81. ↑ Heinrich Bonn mountain et.a .: history of the Corps Borussia to Wroclaw - The first 100 years from 1819 to 1919 , Aachen / Cologne, 1984, p 281st
  82. ↑ en: Olga Drahonowska-Małkowska
  83. ↑ http://www.verlagfaste.de/sites/default/files/kulturmagazin/K_192_Leseprobe_2.pdf
  84. ↑ a b Corps-Zeitung of Borussia Breslau zu Cologne and Aachen, Cologne, issue 51, 1958, p. 16.
  85. ↑ Jörg Naumann: Borussia Breslau is building a new house in Aachen , Deutsche Corpszeitung CORPS, issue 4/2004, p. 22.
  86. ↑ Chronology of the Ruhr Association ( Memento of the original dated December 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , see 1973.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ruhrverband.de
  87. ↑ German biography: http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz66284.html
  88. ↑ http://www.lvr.de/de/nav_main/derlvr/organisation/ehrungen/rheinlandtaler_2/rheinlandtaler_3.jsp
  89. ^ Heinrich Bonnenberg , Hermann Sternagel-Haase, Alfred Methner, Georg Lustig: History of the Corps Borussia zu Breslau, The first 100 years 1819-1919, 2nd revised and expanded edition , Aachen / Cologne 1984, p. 185.
  90. ↑ http://www.thyssenkrupp-steel-europe.com/en/presse/pressrelease.jsp?cid=2778074
  91. ↑ CORPS Magazin, The Klinggräff Medal means top performance , 3/2014, p. 40.