Jewish piqued

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As " versippt Jewish were" in the era of National Socialism " Aryan people " means that in so-called mixed marriage lived with a "Jewish person". "Jewish people" were discriminated against; Certain professions and opportunities for advancement were closed to them, they were dismissed from the civil service and from 1943 as "unworthy of military service" to barracked forced labor in special detachments of the Todt Organization .

In anti-Semitic laws, ordinances and edicts, the expression “Jewish misery” is mostly circumscribed so that it could be clearly determined whether “ half-Jews ” ( Jewish mixed race of the first degree ) were also meant in addition to the so-called “full Jews” . Radical anti-Semites agitated against their better legal position and often succeeded in getting their “ German-blooded ” partner married to a “half-Jew” included in persecution measures. Joseph Goebbels intended to exclude those who were married to a “second-degree Jewish half-race” ( quarter Jews ).

Blurring of the term

The first legal definition of the term “non-Aryan” can be found in the First Ordinance for the Implementation of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 11, 1933 ( RGBl. I, p. 195): “Anyone from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, is considered non-Aryan Parents or grandparents. It is sufficient if one of the parents or grandparents is not Aryan. ”This definition was decisive in the first phase of discrimination from 1933 to 1935. The broad interpretation of the term “non-Aryan” had the effect that “half Jews” and “quarter Jews” were stigmatized in the same way as “full Jews”. Correspondingly, the derogatory term “Jewish misplaced” could also be interpreted.

It was not until November 1935 that the first regulation on the Reich Citizenship Act , which followed, ended the indiscriminate discrimination of all “non-Aryans”. "Jewish half-breeds" were legally better off. Until 1937, “Jewish mixed race” remained unmolested in terms of their economic activities and largely spared the professional bans and restrictions directed against “non-Aryans”. “Second degree Jewish half-breeds” were legally equated with the Aryans. Later laws and ordinances, which were directed against "Aryan Versippte", only exceptionally affected those "Aryans" who were married to a "quarter Jew".

Before the Nuremberg Laws (1935)

The first legal regulation that restricted the professional existence of the German-blooded partner of a mixed marriage was issued on June 30, 1933 and concerned civil servant candidates . According to this, anyone who was "married to a person of non-Aryan descent" was not allowed to be appointed as Reich officials. A later marriage with a "person not of Aryan descent" resulted in the dismissal.

On September 6, 1933, the General Synod of the Evangelical Church of the Old Prussian Union passed a church law on the legal relationships of clergy and church officials . Accordingly, clergymen and officials of the general church administration were to be retired who were married to a person of "non-Aryan descent". The "non-Aryan descent" was defined in accordance with the First Ordinance for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service (RGBl. 1933 I, p. 195): It was sufficient if "a parent or a grandparent" was considered "not Aryan". After a protest by the Pastors' Emergency Association , Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller suspended this church law on November 16, 1933 and on December 8, 1933 passed a law on the "legal relationships of clergy and officials of the regional churches", which no longer contained an Aryan paragraph .

Inconsistent definition

In August 1936, Reich Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick defined in a letter to the higher authorities: “Anyone who is married to a Jew (a Jew) within the meaning of Section 5 of the First Ordinance to the Reich Citizenship Act is considered to be Jewish. In the German Civil Service Act of January 26, 1937, applicants who were married to a “half-Jew” were generally excluded: “Only those who are German or related blood and, if married, have a spouse of German or related blood can become a civil servant . If the spouse is a mixed breed of the second degree, an exception can be made. "

Radical anti-Semitic forces within the NSDAP tried to abolish any preferential treatment of the “first-degree Jewish mixed race”. They repeatedly succeeded in including those “Jewish relatives” who were married to a so-called “half-Jew” in discriminatory measures. In a questionnaire distributed by the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin in 1938 , it says, for example: "Anyone whose wife is Jewish or mixed-race is considered to be Jewish." A memorandum from the party chancellery from the spring of 1944 contained the suggestion that "Jewish people", who were married to "half-breeds of the first degree" were not allowed to work independently as merchants, craftsmen or manufacturers after the end of the war.

Occupation restriction

Since the autumn of 1935, Joseph Goebbels endeavored to consistently "de-Judaize" the Reich Chamber of Culture . On March 6, 1936, guidelines were issued on the exclusion or non-admission of Jews, which also affected those who were “full Jews and three-quarters Jews”. Already at the end of 1936 Goebbels tightened this guideline in strict confidence by including "all persons married to half and quarter Jews". The "purge" dragged on longer than expected. In 1937 there were still 156 Jewish members in the Reichskunstkammer , mostly art dealers and art journalists. In 1938 Goebbels complained about difficulties at the Reichsmusikkammer . In February 1939, at least 21 “non-full Aryan” and “Jewish whimsical” actors and film actors were still busy with his acquiescence. On May 4, 1943, Goebbels noted in his diary that the Reich Chamber of Culture was “not as de-Jewised as I actually meant it”; however, he did not want to tackle this problem again during the war.

At the end of 1938, the Reichsärzteführer decided until further notice that no German who was married to a Jewish woman or a Jewish mixed race could be appointed as a doctor.

Wehrmacht

"Jewish Versippte" could not achieve a higher rank in the Wehrmacht than that of a sergeant . On April 8, 1940, “Jewish Versippte” who were married to “first degree half-breeds” or even “full Jews” were excluded from the Wehrmacht as a matter of principle, unless they had particularly distinguished themselves. Initially, this decree was only implemented slowly. After all, according to the decree of September 25, 1942, even the previously spared "proven and distinguished" were to be released.

In 1944, proposals for the award of medals and decorations had to include the assurance that the person to be awarded was "purely Aryan and not married to a Jew or a mixed race of the first degree".

Forced labor

In October 1943, the Gau labor offices were commissioned by Fritz Sauckel to organize the forced deployment of the "non-military half-Jews" and the "Aryans married to full Jews". However, men who were " Jewish " who were married to a woman classified as " Jewish mixed race " were also included. These forced laborers were initially to be deployed separately in the Todt Organization camps in France. Many war-important companies complained about their employees and avoided this instruction. In October 1944, Heinrich Himmler then ordered all men who were fit for action from the groups defined in this way to be transferred to construction battalions of the Todt Organization within three days.

Basically, these forced laborers were deployed in separate columns outside of their hometowns. The kidnapping ran under the code name Sonderkommando J and is seen by the historian Ursula Büttner as a victory for the NSDAP's “ race experts ” : “Jüdisch Versippte”, who, despite all the pressures, stuck to their Jewish spouses, were now assigned to the Jews.

literature

  • Ursula Büttner: Share the plight of the Jews. Christian-Jewish families in the Third Reich. Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-7672-1055-X .
  • Beate Meyer: "Jewish mixed race". Racial policy and experience of persecution 1933–1945 . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933374-22-7 .
  • Wolfgang Peter: Wehrmacht and the persecution of the Jews . In: Ursula Büttner (Hrsg.): The Germans and the persecution of Jews in the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-596-15896-6 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Printed as Document VEJ 1/32 in: Wolf Gruner (Ed.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933–1945 (source collection): Volume 1: German Reich 1933–1937 , Munich 2008, ISBN 978- 3-486-58480-6 , pp. 137f.
  2. ↑ Ursula Büttner: Share the plight of the Jews. Christian-Jewish families in the Third Reich. Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-7672-1055-X , p. 16.
  3. ↑ Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vocabulary of National Socialism , 2nd edition Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019549-1 , p. 340.
  4. ^ Dieter Maier: Labor deployment and deportation. The involvement of the labor administration in the National Socialist persecution of the Jews in the years 1938-1945. Publications of the House of the Wannsee Conference Memorial, ed. by Wolfgang Scheffler / Gerhard Schoenberner, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-89468-127-6 , p. 205 / Ursula Büttner: Sharing the plight of the Jews. Christian-Jewish families in the Third Reich. Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-7672-1055-X , pp. 32-33.
  5. ↑ Reichsgesetzblatt 1933, I, p. 434: Justification of the civil servant relationship § 1a (3)
  6. ↑ Document VEJ 1/75 in: Wolf Gruner (Ed.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 (source book): Volume 1: German Empire from 1933 to 1937 , Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3- 486-58480-6 , pp. 239-241.
  7. ↑ Rolf Hensel: Steps to the scaffold. The Berlin City School Council and Lord Mayor of Görlitz Hans Meinshausen. Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-428-83690-1 , p. 88.
  8. ↑ § 25 (1) in the German Civil Service Act of January 26, 1937
  9. ↑ Andrea Löw (edit.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 (source collection) Volume 3: German Reich and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, September 1939 – September 1941 , Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3- 486-58524-7 , p. 502 (VEJ 3/202)
  10. ↑ Peter T. Walther: "Aryanization", Nazification and Militarization. The Prussian Academy of Sciences in the “Third Reich” . In: Wolfram Fischer (Ed.): The Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin 1914–1945 (= Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences: Research Reports, Vol. 8). Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-05-003327-4 . P. 95.
  11. ↑ Ursula Büttner: Share the plight of the Jews. Christian-Jewish families in the Third Reich. Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-7672-1055-X , p. 65.
  12. ^ Peter Longerich: Heinrich Himmler. Biography. Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-88680-859-5 , p. 355.
  13. ↑ Ralf Georg Reuth: Joseph Goebbels Tagebücher , 3rd edition Munich 2003, ISBN 3-492-21414-2 , vol. 3, p. 966 with note 48.
  14. ↑ Peter Longerich: Joseph Goebbels. Biography. Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-88680-887-8 , p. 355.
  15. ↑ Quoted from Peter Longerich: Joseph Goebbels. Biography. Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-88680-887-8 , p. 356.
  16. ↑ VEJ 2/180. In: Susanne Heim (edit.): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 (collection of sources) Volume 2: German Reich 1938 - August 1939. Oldenbourg, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-486-58523- 0 , p. 511.
  17. ↑ Beate Meyer: "Jewish mixed race". Racial policy and experience of persecution 1933–1945 . 2nd Edition. Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933374-22-7 , p. 85.
  18. ↑ Wolfgang Peter: Wehrmacht and the persecution of the Jews . In: Ursula Büttner (Hrsg.): The Germans and the persecution of Jews in the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-596-15896-6 , p. 197 / document VEJ 3/66 in Andrea Löw (edit): The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 (source collection) Volume 3 : German Empire and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, September 1939-September 1941 , Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-58524-7 , p. 194.
  19. ↑ Ursula Büttner: Share the plight of the Jews. Christian-Jewish families in the Third Reich. Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-7672-1055-X , pp. 52-53.
  20. ↑ Joseph Walk (ed.): The special right for the Jews in the Nazi state. 2nd edition Heidelberg 1996, ISBN 3-8252-1889-9 , p. 404.
  21. ^ Dieter Maier: Labor deployment and deportation. The involvement of the labor administration in the National Socialist persecution of the Jews in the years 1938-1945. Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-89468-127-6 , p. 217.
  22. ↑ Wolf Gruner: The closed labor deployment of German Jews. On forced labor as an element of persecution 1938 to 1943. Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-926893-32-X , p. 327.
  23. ↑ Beate Meyer: The 'Sonderkommando J'. Forced labor of the "Jewish Versippten" and the "Mischlinge first degree" in Hamburg. In: Herbert Diercks (Ed.): Forced Labor and Society . Bremen 2004, ISBN 3-86108-379-5 (Contributions to the History of National Socialist Persecution in Northern Germany, No. 8), p. 104 / Document VEJ 11/171.
  24. ↑ Ursula Büttner: Share the plight of the Jews. Christian-Jewish families in the Third Reich. Hamburg 1988, ISBN 3-7672-1055-X , p. 66.