Gustav Struve

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Gustav Struve Signature Gustav Struve.PNG

Gustav Karl Johann Christian von Struve or after relinquishing his title of nobility in 1847 Gustav Struve (born October 11, 1805 in Munich , † August 21, 1870 in Vienna ) was a German lawyer and publicist in the Grand Duchy of Baden . As a radical democratic politician in the March Revolution , he advocated a federal-republican state in the sense of the Greater German Solution .

Life

Struve came from Magdeburg and was a son of the Russian diplomat Johann Gustav von Struve (1763-1828). His grandfather Anton Sebastian von Struve (1729–1802) was initially the Russian envoy to the Perpetual Diet in Regensburg , of which he became president. From 1806 to 1817 Gustav Struve lived in Stuttgart , where he also attended high school. From 1817 to 1822 he was a student at the high school in Karlsruhe. He then studied law at the Georg August University of Göttingen and the Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg . In 1822 he joined the Old Göttingen Burschenschaft, after its dissolution in 1824 the Corps Bado-Württembergia Göttingen and in 1825 the Old Heidelberg Burschenschaft . In 1827 he entered the civil service of the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg and was assigned as an attaché to the Oldenburg legation at the Bundestag (German Confederation) in Frankfurt am Main . After the death of his father in March 1828, he was called back to Oldenburg and received an assessor position at the Jever regional court . Since his views offended in diplomatic circles, Struve was initially happy to start a new career in the judiciary, but was not happy here either. He asked to be released from civil service and tried to take up academic activity in Göttingen and Jena . In 1833 he settled as a lawyer in Mannheim, Baden , where his exams were only partially recognized and he was only able to become a higher court advocate in 1836.

After Struve had published several legal works from 1831 to 1843, he dealt more intensively with phrenology from 1843 to 1845 . He wrote a manual and two other books on the subject and was editor and editor of the magazine for phrenology and editor of the magazine for Germany's universities (Heidelberg). He was the leading head of the Progress (student movement) .

In Baden he got into politics due to the conservative politics of the Blittersdorf Ministry . He supported the liberal MPs in the Baden Chamber with journalistic commitment. In doing so, he turned increasingly to radical democratic and early socialist positions. From mid-1845 to the end of 1846 he was editor of the Mannheimer Journal . During this time he was exposed to the interference of state censorship.

Amalie Struve, b. Siegrist

On November 16, 1845, he married Elise Ferdinandine Amalie Düsar , the daughter of a language teacher from Mannheim. The marriage, which was not " befitting " at that time , led to a falling out with his family. This and his attitude towards life reform, which he shared with his wife, prompted the couple to convert from the Protestant denomination to the German-Catholic Church that existed at the time , which aimed to unite Catholicism , Protestantism , Judaism and modern science. Furthermore, Struve dropped his title of nobility in 1847 . These drastic private changes in Gustav Struve's life demonstrate the strong influence, also in terms of content, that his wife , who was unusually self-confident for the time and associated with the early women's movement , had on him and retained throughout his life.

In the Baden Revolution

The demands of the people in Baden on September 12, 1847 in Offenburg

It was the time of Vormärz , the years between the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the beginning of the March Revolution in 1848, when the reactionary Metternich system of restoration prevailed, against which Struve increasingly turned. On March 31, 1848, for example, he submitted a motion to the pre-parliament, which contained essential features of democratic politics.

Together with Friedrich Hecker , Struve was one of the leading figures in the Baden revolution . Both belonged to the radical democratic and anti-monarchist wing of the revolutionaries, which was strongly represented in Baden in the popular political associations founded in many places.

The demands of the People's Assembly in Offenburg on March 19, 1848

As early as January 1847, Struve had developed the idea for a meeting of the determined friends of the constitution in a letter to the editor of the republican newspaper Seeblätter in Constance, Joseph Fickler . On September 12, 1847, constitutional friends from all over Baden met in the Salmen restaurant in Offenburg for a people's assembly. The highlight of the meeting was a speech by Hecker, in which he presented 13 demands of the people. In the first section of his remarks, he called for the restoration of the Baden Constitution, which has so often been violated by the government, and then dealt with the further development of the rights of the people. On February 27, 1848, Hecker and Struve addressed a short version of the urgent demands to the deputies to Carlsruhe :

  1. Arming the people with free election of officers
  2. Unconditional freedom of the press
  3. Jury courts modeled on England
  4. Immediate creation of a German parliament.

At the beginning of March men of the opposition met in Heidelberg to discuss revolutionary developments in the German lands. Struve said that he could see no salvation for Germany as long as 34 princely families ruled over it. Only the federal republic modeled on the North American Free States could ensure the unity and at the same time the freedom of Germany . A people's assembly in Offenburg on March 19, 1848 demands in a u. a. von Struve and Hecker signed a declaration on a revision of the Baden constitution and a German parliament.

Entry of a column of rioters under Gustav Struve in Lörrach on April 20, 1848 on the way to support the Hecker platoon in the battle of Kandern. (Oil painting by Friedrich Kaiser )

At the Heckerzug

Disappointed by the work of the preliminary parliament, Hecker saw the only possibility of implementing a republican form of government in Baden in a violent overthrow. On April 12, 1848, Hecker proclaimed the republic in Constance in the presence of Struve . Then he recruited irregulars to march with them to the state capital Karlsruhe. He refused direct help from the German Democratic Legion of the revolutionary poet Georg Herwegh, which was advancing from Alsace , because patriots could have viewed this as foreign interference. Struve moved from Donaueschingen via Stühlingen to the Klettgau to recruit irregulars. On April 18, in the forest between Kadelburg and Tiengen, he met a group who wanted to see Hecker in Tiengen. He ordered the crowd to Kadelburg, probably to take in more newcomers whom he expected from Joseph Weißhaar from Hohentengen. Colonel Weisshaar called for forced evictions and the confiscation of public funds. Struve was persuaded and there was a customs robbery in Kadelburg . In the battle on the Scheideck near Kandern in the Black Forest, the Hecker platoon met regular troops, who drove the poorly armed militants to flight. Hecker and Struve then fled to Switzerland.

During the Struve Putsch

Republican Government Gazette No. 1, signed by Gustav Struve. Call of the provisional revolutionary government in Lörrach as part of the "Struve uprising", September 1848
Gustav Struve (1805–1870), lawyer and publicist in the Grand Duchy of Baden. As a radical democratic politician in the March Revolution, he advocated a federal-republican state in the sense of the Greater German Solution. Inscription above the entrance: Gustav Struve proclaimed the German Republic here on September 21, 1848. Location. Old Town Hall, Untere Wallbrunnstr. 2, 79539 Loerrach, Germany
Inscription above the entrance: Gustav Struve proclaimed the German Republic here on September 21, 1848.

Coming from Basel on September 21, 1848, Struve moved into Lörrach with 50 men . On the market fountain he raised the red flag of the revolution and promised in a speech to the German people from the balcony of the town hall: prosperity, education, freedom for all! Finally, to the cheers of the population, Struve proclaimed a German Republic ( Struve Putsch ). The Struves train to Karlsruhe, popularly known as the Struwwelputsch , with about 4,000 militants only came as far as Staufen, where 800 Grand Ducal soldiers beat him and his armed supporters decisively in the battle for Staufen . When he and his wife Amalie tried to cross the Rhine at Wehr, they were captured.

On March 30, 1849, a jury court in Freiburg sentenced Gustav Struve and Karl Blind to a sentence of eight years in prison for attempted high treason, which was converted into five years and four months of solitary confinement. The judgment did not allow an appeal, but a nullity appeal, which was also submitted by the lawyer of the convicted, Lorenz Brentano . On April 2, the prisoners were transferred to Rastatt . After the military mutiny broke out in the Rastatt fortress , they were brought to the Bruchsal penitentiary on the night of May 11th to May 12th , where they were liberated by the revolutionaries the following night.

During the military uprising

After the Baden garrison of the Rastatt fortress solemnly fraternized with parts of the revolutionary militia on May 9, 1849, invoking loyalty and love for the people , Grand Duke Leopold fled on the night of May 13, first across the Rhine to the Germersheim fortress and then in Alsace to Lauterburg . In the eyes of many, he paved the way for a republic. Then the moderate liberal politician Lorenz Brentano formed a provisional republican government on June 1, 1849, in which Struve, who had been liberated from the fortress of Rastatt during the May uprisings, was expressly not involved as an avowed left-wing radical. Together with other like-minded people such as Johann Philipp Becker , Samuel Erdmann Tzschirner and Maximilian Dortu, he founded the Club of Resolute Progress as an opposition to the Brentano government , which continued to rely on a limited monarchy as provided for in the imperial constitution and opened the door to negotiations with the old regime did not want to strike. Struve was only elected to the revolutionary parliament in a by-election on June 18 in the Engen constituency, which had been in session since June 10.

To ward off the advancing troops of the German under the leadership of Prussia Prince William, the future I. Kaiser Wilhelm , Brentano called the Polish Revolution General Ludwik Mieroslawski . The revolutionary army, reinforced by the people's armed forces , braced itself in vain against the overwhelming strength of the Prussian troops. On June 24th, the revolutionary government had to leave Karlsruhe and flee to Freiburg. There there was a final break between the supporters of the imperial constitution and the radical republicans, so that Brentano secretly fled to Switzerland on the night of June 29, 1849. Struve and other radicals stayed in Freiburg until the beginning of July, when they too fled from the Prussians who were advancing on July 7th and crossed the border into Switzerland. With the suppression of the third Baden uprising and the handover of the Rastatt fortress to the Prussian troops on July 23, 1849, the Baden revolution finally failed.

Stay in the United States

After Gustav Struve had been expelled from Switzerland for continued agitation, he and his wife, who had always actively fought and agitated him during the revolution, went first to France and finally to the USA via England in 1851. Here, too, he worked as a journalist for his republican goals, but because he published in German, he soon got into financial difficulties. His weekly German viewers by Gustav Struve, which he published on July 9, 1851, he had to discontinue after 39 issues. He finally found a financial supporter in the German brewery Biegel. As a result, he - constantly benefiting from the critical remarks of his wife - resumed the work he had begun in Rastatt fortress detention on world history written from a socialist perspective . He published the first volume in 1860.

Struve had initially led an apolitical life in the United States, but in 1860 he supported the Republican presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln by helping to win the German-born population of New York State , who had previously been more inclined to the Democrats, for the Republican Party. After Lincoln's election victory, Struve took part in the Civil War on the Union side by joining the 8th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Ludwig Blenker , whom he knew from the battle near Waghäusel , as a soldier at the age of 55 . In his memoirs he writes: I took part in all the hardships and dangers which our regiment endured in the years 1861 and 1862. I was especially there when the German brigade stopped on the day of the Battle of Bull-Run (July 21, 1861) until the morning of the following day, when all the regiments around them hurried away in wild flight . When Felix zu Salm-Salm was to take command of the 8th NY Infantry, Struve saw in him only the hated Prussian officer under whom he did not want to serve. So Struve - now a captain in the Union Army - took his leave at the end of November 1862.

Return to the Old World

On February 18, 1862, his wife Amalie died in New York giving birth to their second daughter. When the Grand Duchy issued an amnesty for the participants in the 1848/49 revolution in the same year, Struve returned to the Old World in May 1863, especially since he had always seen his task as fighting despotism in Europe. He first settled in Stuttgart and later in Coburg , where he resumed his writing activities. The United States appointed him - after the intercession of Friedrich Kapp - as consul for trade relations with the Thuringian Forest , although the start of his activity failed because the Grand Duke of Saxony-Meiningen refused the exequatur - his consent - on November 14, 1863. In Coburg he worked with Feodor Streit and was again sentenced to prison terms for her journalistic activities.

Struve had already become a vegetarian in 1832 through reading Jean-Jacques Rousseau's novel Émile and became one of the founders of the vegetarian movement in Germany in the 1960s. In 1868 he founded a vegetarian association "with like-minded people" from Stuttgart and the surrounding area, which still exists today. In 1869 his dietary work Vegetable Food was published , the basis of a new worldview that had a lasting influence on the vegetarian movement and in which Struve justified the renunciation of meat with a quote from Plutarch borrowed from Rousseau. At the age of 62 he married his second wife Katharina Zentner (née Kölig). Struve died in Vienna on August 21, 1870 . He was buried in the Vienna Central Cemetery.

Fonts

  • First attempt in the field of German federal law, concerning the constitutional settlement of disputes between German federal members . Kaiser, Bremen 1830
  • Positive legal investigation of the federal legal provisions relating to the press, and description of the means to achieve their freedom . JJ Bohné, Cassel 1834, digitized
  • About the positive legal law in its relation to spatial relationships . Carlsruhe 1834
  • About the death penalty, treatment of prisoners, etc. Responsibility with special regard to the draft penal code for the Grand Duchy of Baden . Karl Groos, Heidelberg 1843, digitized
  • Phrenology in and outside Germany . Karl Groos, Heidelberg 1843 digitized
  • Atlas to explain the doctrine of the functions of the brain. (Twelve of Gall's panels). With German, French and English texts . Edited by Gustav von Struve and Dr Eduard Hirschfeld . Karl Groos, Heidelberg 1844, digitized
  • Gallery of famous men of the nineteenth century . Julius Groos, Heidelberg 1845, digitized
  • Manual of Phrenology . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1845, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  • Correspondence between a former and a current diplomat . J. Bensheimer, Mannheim 1845, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  • Pieces of files of the censorship of the Grand Ducal Baden Government Council of Uria-Sarachaga. A recourse to the audience . Self-published, Mannheim 1845, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10602189-8
  • Political letters . J. Bensheimer, Mannheim 1846
  • Letters about Church and State. In addition to the continuation of the against the author because of his… . Mannheim 1846, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  • The public law of the German Confederation . 2 volumes. J. Bensheimer, Mannheim 1846 First part digitized Second part digitized
  • Pieces of files of the Mannheim censorship and police. Second recourse to the audience . Self-published, Mannheim 1846 digitized
  • Principles of Political Science . Self-published, Mannheim
  • Poems . 2nd edition. Götz, Mannheim 1847
  • The persecution of the Jews by Emicho. Tragedy in 5 acts . 2nd edition. Mannheim 1847
  • German diplomacy against the German people. A collection of important files. To understand the past and to warn about the future . Wilhelm Friedrich, Wiesbaden 1848
  • The basic rights of the German people . JU Walser, Birsfelden 1848 digitized
  • History of the three popular uprisings in Baden . Jenni, Sohn, Bern 1849, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  • The new time. A folk calendar for the year I. (From March 21, 1850 to March 20, 1851 of the old days.) Edited by Gustav von Struve. M. Schläpfer'schen Buchhandlung, Herisau 1849 digitized
  • The Union before the judgment seat of common sense . Gustav Struve, New York 1855
  • History of the Modern Age . Gustav Struve, New York
    • First book. From the year 1517 to 1648 . New York 1856 digitized
    • Second book. From 1648 to 1789 . New York 1857 digitized
  • World history . 9 volumes and a supplement. Gustav Struve, New York 1853/1864
  • This side and the other side of the ocean. Informal booklets to convey the relationship between America and Germany . F. Streit's publishing house, Coburg
  • War. 2 booklets. Löw Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1866
  • Brief guide for emigrants with special regard to North America, the British colonies, Mexico, the South American republics, Brazil and Australia . Buchner bookstore, Bamberg 1867 digitized
  • Gustav Struve and Gustav Rasch : Twelve fighters of the revolution . Wegener, Berlin 1867
  • Vegetable food, the basis of a new worldview. Self-published. In commission in the bookstore of Karl Aue, Stuttgart 1869 Digitized
  • Soul life, or the natural history of man . Greaves, Berlin 1869
  • A prince's childhood love. Drama in five acts . Wallishausser'sche Buchhandlung, Vienna 1870 digitized
  • Mandaras' walks. Schwan & Götz, Manhatten 1843; Third edition. D. v. Struve, Leipzig 1906, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  • Gustav and Amalie Struve: Freedom and Humanity. Selected program fonts . Zsgest. and introduced by Peter Hank. Edition Isele, Eggingen 2003 (library of European freedom movements for the memorial for the freedom movements in German history in the Federal Archives 2) ISBN 3-86142-216-6

literature

  • Moritz Wilhelm von Löwenfels: Gustav Struve's life, based on authentic sources and notes shared by himself . Helbig et al. Scherb, Basel 1848 digitized
  • Court proceedings against Gustav Struve and Karl Blind before the jury court in Freiburg (started March 20th (1849)) . FX Wangler'sche Buchdruckerei, Freiburg im Breisgau 1849 digitized
  • Christian Gottlieb Abt: Leopold von Baden against Gustav von Struve or: How should political processes be judged? A handbook for German jury members Verlag des Verfassers, Darmstadt 1849, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10396081-4
  • A member of the suburb of the patriotic association of Baden: The republican party of Baden and its leaders judged and judged in the written legacy of Hacker, Struve and Brentano . Mannheim 1849
  • LB: Gustav von Struve Badische Biographien (editor Friedrich von Weech), Part 2, Heidelberg 1875, pp. 331–339 online in the Baden State Library
  • Karl Wippermann :  Gustav von Struve . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 36, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1893, pp. 681-687.
  • Theodor Paul: Gustav Struve. The famous journalist and political agitator from 1848. A memorial . Kruhl, Hirschberg in Silesia 1900
  • Kark Ackermann: Gustav v. Struve with special consideration of its importance for the prehistory of the Baden Revolution . Hahn, Mannheim 194 (Heidelberg, Phil. Diss. April 23, 1914)
  • Jürgen Peiser: Gustav Struve as a political writer and revolutionary . phil. Diss. Frankfurt / M. 1973
  • Matthias Reimann; The treason trial against Gustav Struve and Karl Blind . The first jury trial in Baden . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1985 ISBN 3-7995-6027-0
  • Mathias Tullner: Gustav von Struve. Champion for the Republic . In: Helmut Bleiber u. a. (Ed.): Men of the Revolution of 1848 . Volume 2. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-05-000285-9 , pp. 245-272
  • Michael Kunze : An alley for freedom - dream and life of a German revolutionary . Kindler, Munich 1990 biographical with extensive bibliography
  • Gerfried Kunz: Gustav von Struve and phrenology in Germany . University of Mainz, 1994 (dissertation).
  • Jürgen Peiser: Struve, Gustav (from) . In: Manfred Asendorf, Rolf von Bockel (eds.): Democratic ways. German résumés from five centuries . JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 1997, ISBN 3-476-01244-1 , pp. 633-634.
  • Peter Hank: Gustav Struve - The Forgotten Visionary . WO-Verlag, Freiburg 1998 ISBN 3-9806099-0-1
  • Jutta Limbach : Critical citizen loyalty is the lifeblood of democracy. About Friedrich Hecker, Gustav Struve and the revolution of 1848 . In: Frankfurter Rundschau 1998, No. 83, p. 7 ISSN  0940-6980
  • Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Sub-Volume 5: R – S. Winter, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8253-1256-9 , pp. 556-559.
  • Ansgar Reiss: Radicalism and Exile. Gustav Struve and Democracy in Germany and America . Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2004 ISBN 978-3-515-08371-3 (Transatlantic Historical Studies 15)
  • Babette Tonndorf: Criminal defense in the early stages of the reformed criminal process. The high treason proceedings against the Baden insurgents Gustav Struve and Karl Blind (1848/49) . BWV, Berliner Wiss.-Verlag, Berlin 2006 ISBN 3-8305-1129-9 (Zugl .: Hagen, Fernuniv., Diss., 2005)
  • Martin Stolzenau: A republican life against censorship and princely rule. Gustav von Struve was born 200 years ago. Started as an assessor in Jever . In: Frisian homeland. Mettcker, Jever 2005, p. 352
  • Daniel Nagel: From Republican Germans to German-American Republicans. A contribution to the identity change of the German forty-eight in the United States 1850–1861. Röhrig, St. Ingbert 2012.
  • Babette Tondorf: March Revolution of 1848 and the Consequences: Two Fighters for the Republic The lawyers Gustav Struve (1805–1870) and Laurentius Brentano (1813–1891) . In: Anwaltsblatt , 2016, 890
  • Returned from exile . In: The Gazebo . Issue 29, 1865, pp. 453–455 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  • Gustav Struve, The Gazebo 1863 . In: The Gazebo . Issue 13, 1863, pp. 208 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).

Web links

Commons : Gustav Struve  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Gustav Struve  - Sources and full texts
Wikiquote: Gustav Struve  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ s. Löwenfels p. 8
  2. ^ Helge Dvorak: Biographical Lexicon of the German Burschenschaft. Volume I: Politicians. Sub-Volume 5: R – S. Winter, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8253-1256-9 , p. 556.
  3. ^ A b Horst Bernhardi: Corps Bado-Württembergia zu Göttingen 1824 to 1829 . Once and Now, yearbook of the Association for Corps Student History Research, special issue 1960, pp. 28–35, here p. 34
  4. ↑ s. Löwenfels p. 9 only 22 years old
  5. ↑ s. Löwenfels p. 12
  6. ↑ Web page by Udo Leuschner "Die Presse der Stadt Mannheim" on Mannheimer Intelligenceblatt - Mannheimer Tageblätter - Mannheimer Tageblatt - Mannheimer Journal
  7. ↑ Familysearch, accessed August 27, 2013
  8. ^ History of the three popular surveys in Baden. Bern 1849, page 10
  9. ^ Gustav Struve: History of the three popular surveys in Baden 1848/1849 ; Freiburg, 1980, p. 67 f., Quotation: “In order to establish contact with the Hecker band as quickly as possible, the Weisshaar-Struve column, about 700 strong, moved the following morning, Maundy Thursday, April 20 , to Loerrach. There should be rest. "
  10. ↑ Willy Real: The Revolution in Baden 1848/49 (Stuttgart, 1983), Fig. 3 (between pp. 64 and 65)
  11. ^ Emil Müller-Ettikon, The village of Kadelburg and its past , 1964, p. 92 ff.
  12. ↑ Legal proceedings against Gustav Struve u. Karl Blind before the jury in Freiburg . Freiburg 1849, p. 100, Textarchiv - Internet Archive
  13. ↑ Passenger List .
  14. ↑ s. Tear p. 210
  15. ↑ Gustav Struve, Diesseits und Jenseits des Oceans, F.Streit's Verlagsbuchhandlung Coburg 1864, page 14
  16. ^ Ansgar Reiss: Radicalism and Exile. Gustav Struve and Democracy in Germany and America. Wiesbaden, 2004 p. 39
  17. ^ Stuttgart Vegetarian Association, later Vegetarian Society Stuttgart. In the meantime it has become part of the Vegetarian Association of Germany. Retrieved on August 27, 2013 ( Memento of the original from May 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.vebu.de
  18. ^ Robert Jütte ; History of Alternative Medicine. From folk medicine to today's unconventional therapies. CH Beck, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-406-40495-2 , p. 155.
  19. ^ Gundolf Keil : Vegetarian. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 34, 2015 (2016), pp. 29–68, here: p. 48.
  20. ↑ Gustav Struve's grave in the Find a Grave database
personal data
SURNAME Struve, Gustav
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Struve, Gustav von; Struve, Gustav Karl Johann Christian von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German politician and radical democratic revolutionary
DATE OF BIRTH October 11, 1805
PLACE OF BIRTH Munich
DATE OF DEATH August 21, 1870
Place of death Vienna