Adam von Trott zu Solz

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Adam von Trott zu Solz 1943

Friedrich Adam von Trott zu Solz (born August 9, 1909 in Potsdam , † August 26, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee ) was a German lawyer , diplomat and resistance fighter against National Socialism .

Adam von Trott zu Solz was an opponent of the National Socialist regime from the beginning and has been demonstrably committed to its overthrow since 1939 at the latest. He also developed far-reaching ideas for a free common Europe in the future. Trott belonged to the core of the Kreisau Circle resistance group around Helmuth James Graf von Moltke and Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg . In close cooperation with Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , he was involved in the conspiracy of July 20, 1944 .

Family and origin

The manor house in Imshausen, the headquarters of the Imshausen branch of the von Trott zu Solz family, is now owned by the Adam von Trott Imshausen eV foundation

Adam von Trott zu Solz came from a family of the ancient Hessian nobility , which is documented as having been resident in today's Hersfeld-Rotenburg district since 1253 . The family headquarters are in the villages of Solz and Imshausen , which today belong to the town of Bebra .

For generations, members of the von Trott zu Solz family emerged in state or state service. Adam's father, August von Trott zu Solz , also entered the civil service after completing his legal training, as he - like his son later - was expressly committed to the common good. In 1905 August von Trott rose from the district president in Kassel to the senior president of the Prussian province of Brandenburg in Potsdam . In 1909 August von Trott zu Solz was appointed Prussian minister of culture in the cabinet of Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg . He held this office until 1917. Until 1919 he held the office of chief president in Kassel.

Adam von Trott's mother was Eleonore von Trott zu Solz, b. von Schweinitz (1875-1948). Her father, General Hans Lothar von Schweinitz , was ambassador in Vienna and St. Petersburg . Her mother, the American Anna Jay, was a direct descendant of John Jay , one of the founding fathers of the United States . US President George Washington named Jay first chairman of the Supreme Court . The Anglo-Saxon character of Eleonore von Trotts was particularly evident in the nature of her social and ecumenical commitment.

Childhood and Adolescence (1909–1927)

Memorial plaque for Trott on the old building of the municipal high school in Hann. Münden
Adam von Trott with his father August von Trott zu Solz

Adam von Trott zu Solz was born in Potsdam in 1909 as the fifth of eight children. Since his father became Prussian Minister of Education shortly before his birth, the family moved to Berlin soon after . Adam von Trott spent the first eight years of his life there. From 1915 he attended the preschool of the Royal French Gymnasium on Berlin Reichstagufer 6. His further schooling was determined by several changes: After the family moved to Kassel , Trott came to the Wilhelms-Gymnasium there . When his parents moved to Imshausen after his father retired in the summer of 1919, he was taught privately for two years and then attended the Friedrichs-Gymnasium in Kassel.

Since there was a lack of trust between him and his retired parents, his parents gave him to Hannoversch Münden at the beginning of the following school year in April 1922 . Adam von Trott attended the municipal high school there until he graduated from high school and lived in the alumnate of the Loccum monastery . During this time he began to discover art, music and especially literature for himself. Both then and later, his enthusiasm for sporting activities was limited by a weak heart. For a time he joined a splinter group of the youth movement , the Nibelungen, the Bund für Jungwandern , but resigned at the end of 1924 because the content of the Bund did not convince him.

Student days and first experiences abroad (1927–1931)

Adam von Trott as a student in Göttingen 1927/28

At the age of 17 Adam von Trott graduated from high school in spring 1927. In continuation of the family tradition, he decided to study law . After a first semester at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich , he moved to the Georg August University in Göttingen for the next three semesters . There he became a member of the Corps Saxonia at the request of his father , to which he however distanced himself after a good year.

A private stay of several weeks in Geneva in autumn 1928 turned out to be a turning point for the 19-year-old Trott . Here his interest in politics was aroused. As the seat of the League of Nations and numerous other international organizations, Geneva was a center for events of all kinds of international politics. The possibilities of international cooperation and worldwide efforts for peace that Trott observed here determined his political goals. His first stay in England, and thus the beginning of his great affection for this country, followed in early 1929. After stints in Liverpool and London , Adam von Trott spent a trimester as a visiting student at Mansfield College, Oxford . He was impressed by the British people's sense of political reality and found an important role model in the British Labor movement.

After his return, Trott continued his law studies in Berlin at the Friedrich Wilhelms University . In addition, he specifically sought contacts with workers and took part in discussions in socialist circles. He was concerned about social hardship, growing unemployment and other negative effects of the global economic crisis. In order to better prepare for his exams, Trott returned to Göttingen for the 1930 summer semester. He continued to be concerned about political radicalization, especially the rise of the National Socialists . In the Reichstag elections in September 1930 he elected the SPD , having just become eligible to vote . He shared its principles and most likely hoped that it would stabilize the Weimar Republic .

In December 1930 Adam von Trott passed his legal traineeship examination and received his doctorate six months later with a dissertation on Hegel's state philosophy and international law at the University of Göttingen. Immediately afterwards he began his traineeship at the district court in Nentershausen near Bebra, but interrupted it in October 1931 because he had been given leave of absence for two years of additional studies in England.

As a Rhodes scholarship holder in Oxford (1931-1933)

Adam von Trott in Oxford , where he studied from 1931 to 1933

During his exams, Trott had successfully applied for a Rhodes scholarship to study at Oxford. As a justification, he stated that he wanted to “further develop his political knowledge” and learn more about the emergence of the Labor Party from the trade union movement and its integration into British state life.

From October 1931 Trott studied in Oxford at Balliol College , which was regarded as a political forge, the so-called Modern Greats , a fixed combination of the subjects philosophy, politics and economics. Adam von Trott found this study cycle, which he completed after two (instead of the usual three) years with the Bachelor of Arts exam, to be very profitable: In addition to imparting general political education, it would also include the ability to judge and criticize as well as practical Sense of politics promoted. Trott was a member of several clubs and societies in Oxford, including the Oxford Union Society, famous for its parliamentary culture of debate, the internationally oriented Bryce Club, the philosophical Jowett Society, which even elected him its president, and - in accordance with his special interest - the University Labor Clubs. In addition, he maintained contacts with lecturers and students from various colleges, from which a number of friendships developed. Mahatma Gandhi , whom Trott experienced at a discussion event right at the beginning of his time in Oxford , made a great impression on him . In London , Adam von Trott met two well-known thinkers of the Labor movement in Harold Laski and Richard Henry Tawney and, in Sir Stafford Cripps, an aspiring Labor politician who became his friend and political mentor in the following years.

Regardless of his studies abroad, Trott remained an observer of the political crisis in Germany. In the late summer of 1932 he took part in socialist working groups in Berlin that were looking for ways to push back the National Socialists. In the circle of the Neue Blätter for Socialism, he met Carlo Mierendorff , a member of the SPD Reichstag, who was particularly committed . Returning to England, Trott tried to establish contacts between this group and representatives of the British Labor Party and also publicly promoted the German Social Democrats .

Adam von Trott learned of Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor from an evening newspaper in Oxford. According to his friend Charles Collins, he immediately recognized the “terrible disaster” that had now befallen Germany and that his own future prospects had “fundamentally changed”. An open opposition , according to Collins, had regarded Trott as unrealistic for a long time, but considered it necessary to assemble opponents of the regime.

Legal traineeship (1933–1936)

Adam von Trott as a trainee lawyer

After his exams in Oxford, Trott continued his legal traineeship training in politically completely changed Germany at the local court in Rotenburg an der Fulda , at the regional court in Hanau and at the public prosecutor's office in Kassel. For the obligatory legal internship, which he completed between December 1934 and April 1935, he chose a law firm in Berlin run by Jewish lawyers. This was followed by further traineeships at the Kassel Great District Court, in the administration of a Hamburg shipping company and at the Kassel Higher Regional Court . For two months he also had to take part in a trainee camp at Jüterbog introduced by the National Socialists on political-ideological and military drill .

Despite considerable pressure, Trott refused to adapt to the new regime. He returned blank forms with which he was supposed to commit himself to join the professional association of the Bund National Socialist German Jurists and the NSDAP . Because of his negative attitude towards the regime, which was also discussed in a training certificate, Adam von Trott was not taken on as a government trainee, and his admission to the assessor examination was in jeopardy for a long time.

An article in the Manchester Guardian about anti-Semitic persecution in German courts, among others, led Trott to write a letter to the editor in February 1934, which did not confirm this allegation. He realized too late that he was exposing himself to the misunderstanding that he wanted to relativize or even deny the persecution of Jews in Germany. Any racism was alien to him. After 1933 he not only maintained his previous friendships with Jews, but also made other Jewish friends. Among these were him Wilfrid and Julie Braun-Vogelstein particularly close. Trott helped the racially and politically persecuted in many ways and did not shy away from personal risks.

In Berlin, Adam von Trott made contact with opponents of the regime of various stripes, from the conservative Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin to socialist and communist underground fighters, whom he also actively supported.

In 1935 Trott published a selection of Heinrich von Kleist's journalistic and political writings . Both with the compilation of the texts and in his ambiguous introduction, Trott emphasizes the need to fight for freedom and human rights and rejects "submission to any order, as it were because of order [...]".

In October 1936 Trott passed his assessor exam. Since he did not want to emigrate, but wanted to escape further political pressure for a while, he postponed a professional decision. Instead, he applied to the British Rhodes Foundation to be allowed to spend the third year he was entitled to in Beijing . Trott connected it with the intention of collecting material in China for a habilitation thesis on the Chinese concept of sovereignty. His application was granted, and in the spring of 1937 he traveled to China via the USA , where he was preparing for his research stay for several months.

In the Far East (1937–1938)

Adam von Trott zu Solz around 1938

When Adam von Trott arrived in China in August 1937, he was caught in the middle of the Sino-Japanese War that had just broken out . Despite the adverse circumstances and many obstacles, he persevered in China and tried to pursue his studies in Beijing as best he could. In addition, he wrote political memoranda about the war and its expected consequences. He received object lessons on several trips around the country, as well as to Japan , Korea and Manchuria . His stay in the USA and Asia broadened Trott's political horizons and gained a global perspective.

The death of his father in October 1938 led Adam von Trott to return to Germany early. In the following months he looked in vain for a suitable job without joining the NSDAP.

Between War and Peace (1939-1940)

Use in England against the war (June 1939)

"The service of the rights of the individual - of 'people', as the natural rights activists say - in connection with and in conflict with all external orders and obstacles is far more important to me than the service of the 'state', which has become arbitrary."

- Adam von Trott zu Solz

Hitler's expansion course, which Trott considered extremely dangerous, motivated him to take a political initiative. With his long-time friend, the left-wing opposition politician and appeasement opponent Sir Stafford Cripps, he discussed ways of averting war in London in June 1939. At the same time Adam von Trott managed to talk to the British Foreign Minister Lord Halifax in Cliveden , the seat of the Astor family ( David Astor was one of his Oxford university friends) . Halifax, to whom he had revealed himself to be an opponent of the regime, also arranged for him to meet with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain . In a semi-fictional report on these conversations written especially for Adolf Hitler, Trott pointed out that the British government would not tolerate a German attack on Poland , but would consider it a reason for war. However, like others of this kind, his warning went unheeded.

USA (1939-1940)

Because of the specialist knowledge he acquired in China and his experience in the Sino-Japanese War, the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR) in New York, whose director Edward C. Carter he had previously met in the United States, wanted to recruit Adam von Trott as a research assistant. Thanks to the support of the IPR and a provisional position in the Foreign Office, he was allowed to travel to the USA despite the start of the war in September 1939. While Trott gained recognition from the IPR and was elected a permanent member of its International Secretariat, the FBI suspected him of espionage for the National Socialist regime. As a result of the long-term observation, however, the FBI certified that he intended to "overthrow the current regime in Germany". In 1939, after his return from China, Trott joined the emerging German resistance movement. Among his colleagues was Helmuth James von Moltke. Regardless of the high risk, Trott made active efforts to publicize the goals and problems of the German revolutionary movement in the United States and discussed the coup plans with knowledgeable German exiles. Although American and British friends urgently warned him not to do so, Trott did not let himself be deterred from returning to Germany. As a justification, he stated that he "could not remain inactive in relation to the criminal activities of the Nazi regime"

Foreign Service (1940–1944)

Adam von Trott (second from right) with his staff in the Foreign Office. From left: Alexander Werth , Hans Felix Richter and Josias von Rantzau

After an adventurous journey through Japan, China and Siberia back in Berlin, Trott accepted an offer from the German Foreign Office and from July 1, 1940 became a research assistant in the information department. Instead of the contractually promised "expert activity in questions of the Far East and the United States" he was appointed as head of unit , responsible for propaganda and counter-propaganda in Great Britain, the USA and the Far East. Trott did not like this work at all, but the position proved to be a suitable basis for his work in the resistance. In the Foreign Office he had a wide range of unsuspicious information and contact options, and he was allowed to travel to neutral countries. To camouflage himself, he joined the NSDAP at the end of June 1940, at the time already an active resistance fighter.

Although Trott was head of the department, Trott was only taken on as a permanent research assistant on July 1, 1941. He succeeded in relinquishing the unpleasant responsibility for Great Britain and, after the USA entered the war, also for this country, and only kept that for East Asia. After the information and culture department was merged to form the cultural policy department in spring 1943, this remained his portfolio.

Since June 1941, Trott was additionally entrusted with the supervision of the Indian politician in exile Subhas Chandra Bose and at the same time with the management of the special unit India . Bose had sought refuge in Berlin in order to gain support in his struggle for Indian independence. Since the German government did not share this goal, Trott had the delicate task of accompanying the headstrong Indian "on a path of bitter disappointment" and organizing his propaganda activities. Adam von Trott's skill in dealing with Bose earned him a good reputation with his superior, State Secretary Wilhelm Keppler . Without knowing anything of Trott's role in the resistance, Keppler pushed through his promotion to legation secretary and then to legation councilor in 1943 .

Marriage and family

Adam von Trott with his fiancee, Clarita Tiefenbacher, 1940

In June 1940 Adam von Trott married Clarita Tiefenbacher, 22, the daughter of a Hamburg lawyer. He introduced his future wife to his mother with the following words: "[...] she understands what is most important to me in life and will help me to fight for it". Clarita von Trott zu Solz knew that she was marrying a resistance fighter. She supported her husband whenever possible, but was also very concerned about the danger to his life to which he was constantly exposed. As a precaution, he did not share details that would have incriminated her if she had been arrested.

In 1942 the daughter Verena was born in Berlin and in 1943 the daughter Clarita in Imshausen.

In the resistance (1939–1944)

Gut Kreisau . On the estate of the Moltke family in Kreisau , three meetings of the circle named after it took place
Trott in Switzerland, April 1942

Since 1939 Adam von Trott established a dense network of resistance contacts among civilians and the military in Germany. In the Foreign Office he was supported by individual employees on occasion, but there was no “resistance cell” in the true sense of the word - contrary to what was repeatedly claimed in the post-war period - however. In the Foreign Office, Trott used his position to target people of the German resistance to form. For example, he got his friend Curt Bley of the left-wing socialist Red Shock Troop , whom he knew from earlier joint work on the Neue Blätter for Socialism , a job at the legation in Rome or in Copenhagen. Trott and his colleague Hans Bernd von Haeften found the center of their conspiratorial activity in the Kreisau district . This resistance group - later named after the Moltke family estate in the Silesian Kreisau - was initiated in 1940 by Helmuth James von Moltke and Peter Graf Yorck von Wartenburg. With its core members, including Trott, the circle was part of the overthrow movement. However, there was no agreement among the Kreisauers on the question of the assassination attempt, which Trott considered inevitable. The focus of the group lay in the development of programmatic drafts for the future after the end of the National Socialist regime, in which Trott was also involved. Adam von Trott was even more interested in creating a lasting peace order in Europe than in the internal reorganization. As early as 1939 he had sketched far-reaching European political ideas in the USA and detailed them in two papers written in Switzerland in 1941 and 1943.

Adam von Trott considered the overthrow of the regime to be the primary task of the resistance, which he had persistently pushed for for years. Between 1940 and 1944 he managed to arrange eleven business trips to Switzerland , four to Sweden and one to Turkey . In the occupied Netherlands , Trott risked four meetings with Dutch resistance fighters. Everywhere Adam von Trott tried to establish contact with the Allies in various ways in order to secure the coup in foreign policy. Willem Adolf Visser 't Hooft , the general secretary of the World Council of Churches in Geneva, provided him with important support . In May 1942 Visser 't Hooft was able to take a memorandum of the resistance to London and present it there to Trott's friend Stafford Cripps. Cripps presented the paper to Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Although Churchill assessed the memorandum as "encouraging", it was not answered in accordance with his directive of "absolute silence" with regard to all attempts at contact from Germany. Strict compliance with this directive and in January 1943 by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed and Churchill demand for the unconditional surrender (Unconditional Surrender) Germany and her allies prevented the success of all other, always highly risky efforts Trott and his associates. Thus, the resistance fighters remained in the dark about the behavior of the Allies in the event of a coup in Germany.

Although Trott had seen several unsuccessful attempts at the coup d'état and knew the weakness of the German resistance, he set new hopes on Count Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg. Together with the social democrat Julius Leber , he was one of Stauffenberg's closest civilian employees. On Lebers recommendation, Trott sought out the young socialist Willy Brandt in his exile on his last trip to Stockholm in June 1944 , informed him of the impending coup and asked him to “make himself available to the new government”.

On the eve of July 20, 1944, Stauffenberg visited Trott in his private apartment in Berlin-Dahlem and was encouraged by him to carry out the assassination attempt and the coup the following day.

July 20, 1944 and its consequences

Judgment against conspirators on July 20 before the People's Court, August 15, 1944. Adam von Trott was sentenced to death for high treason and treason
Adam and Clarita von Trott zu Solz at their last meeting, Pentecost 1944

The failure of the assassination attempt and coup and the loss of his friend Stauffenberg hit Adam von Trott hard. Nevertheless, it is said that, with his own certain death in mind, he considered the decision to act right: “It is good that people have found each other who have at least dared to try to break this tyranny. That remains a historical fact. "

Adam von Trott was arrested on July 25, 1944. He refused to flee as a possible way out because he feared that this would lead to revenge on his family.

Adam von Trott at the hearing before the People's Court

After endless interrogations, including the use of torture, Adam von Trott was arrested by the People's Court on August 15, 1944 , presided over by Judge Roland Freisler, along with Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorff , Bernhard Klamroth , Hans Georg Klamroth , Egbert Hayessen and Hans Bernd von Haeften Sentenced to death for high treason and treason .

On August 14, 1944, on the eve of his sentencing, he wrote to his wife Clarita:

“You will know that it pains me most that I may no longer be able to provide our country with the special powers and experiences that I had developed in me in an almost too one-sided concentration on its foreign policy assertions among the powers that be. […] It was all an attempt, rising out of the reflection and strength of our homeland, whose love I owe my father, to preserve its right, which remains unchangeable in all modern changes and aggravations, and its deep, indispensable contribution against the encroachment of foreign powers and attitudes and to represent. That is why I always rushed back from a foreign country with all its temptations and possibilities with restlessness and eagerly to where I felt called to serve. [...] A sower does not like to leave budding seeds to others for further processing, because there are still so many storms between the seeds and the harvest. "

Eleven days after the trial before the People's Court, Adam von Trott zu Solz was secretly executed on August 26, 1944 at the age of 35 in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison.

collective punishment

Clarita von Trott zu Solz was taken into kin custody after her husband was arrested. She was arrested on August 17, 1944 and imprisoned together with other women by resistance fighters in Berlin-Moabit prison. A few days earlier, her daughters Verena (then 2.5 years) and Clarita (9 months) had been picked up in Imshausen and taken to an unknown destination. They were taken to an SS children's home in Bad Sachsa , where they were cared for under a new name, together with other children of resistance fighters. In October 1944 Clarita von Trott zu Solz was released from prison without giving any reason. The children also returned to Imshausen a short time later.

After the war, Clarita von Trott zu Solz completed a medical degree and later worked as a psychoanalyst. She lived in Berlin until her death in March 2013.

memory

Memorial for Adam von Trott above Imshausen
Memorial plaques at Theaterplatz 5 in Göttingen

The memory of Adam von Trott zu Solz has been kept alive by the Adam von Trott Imshausen Foundation since 1986 . In the Imshausen manor there is now a conference and meeting place run by the foundation, which also reminds of Trott's life and work. Clarita von Trott zu Solz was honorary chairwoman of the foundation until her death. A cross and a memorial stone above the village of Imshausen are dedicated to Adam von Trott. The memorial stone bears the inscription: ADAM VON TROTT, 1909–1944. EXECUTED WITH FRIENDS IN THE FIGHT AGAINST THE PORTERS OF OUR HOME. PRAY FOR YOU. YOUR EXAMPLE HEARTS.

On September 28, 1958, the foundation stone was laid for the Adam-von-Trott-Siedlung on the Warteberg near Kassel , which was completed in 1964. Mainly refugees from the Sudetenland found new accommodation here. There is a memorial stone near the settlement with the inscription: HE DIED FOR FREEDOM

In Hann. The station forecourt was named after him in Münden . The explanation on the street sign reads: ADAM VON TROTT ZU SOLZ. RESISTANCE FIGHTER IN NATIONAL SOCIALISM

His birthplace in Potsdam, which is now part of the Brandenburg Ministry of the Interior, received a plaque in 2009 on the occasion of his 100th birthday. In Weende (Göttingen) , on January 22nd, 2016, a street was named Adam-von-Trott-Weg, which until then had been named Rudolf-Stich-Weg after the Göttingen doctor and honorary citizen . Because of Stich's Nazi past, the Weende local council had unanimously decided to rename. The newly built student dormitory of the Evangelical Academy Berlin, in Berlin-Wannsee, Am kleine Wannsee 20, was called “Adam-von-Trott-Haus” in the 1960s until it was sold and demolished. The Foreign Office in Berlin named a meeting room after Adam von Trott in 2017. The Adam von Trott School in Sontra is named after him. On July 20, 2019, Foreign Minister Heiko Maas spoke at a memorial service for the assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 at the Adam von Trott memorial in Imshausen . Adam von Trott zu Solz is one of the executed corps students who were honored at the Plötzensee memorial 70 and 75 years after the assassination attempt . The following spoke: Wolfgang von der Groeben (2014) and Rüdiger Döhler (2019).

Publications

  • Impressions of a German Student in England. In: The World's Youth. 5th year, 1929, p. 135 ff.
  • Hegel's State Philosophy and International Law. Dissertation . V&R, Göttingen 1932.
  • Young socialism in England. In: New papers for socialism. 4, 1933, pp. 106-107.
  • Moeller van den Bruck. In: Frankfurter Zeitung. July 15, 1934.
  • Heinrich von Kleist. Political and journalistic writings. Selected and introduced by Adam von Trott. Protte, Potsdam 1935. (New edition: Edition Hentrich, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-89468-159-4 )
  • Bernard Bosanquet and the influence of Hegel on the English political philosophy. In: Journal for German Cultural Philosophy. 4, 1938, pp. 193-199.
  • The struggle to shape power in the Far East. In: Journal for Foreign Public Law and International Law. 9, 1939.
  • The Far East 1940. In: Yearbook for Foreign Policy. 7th year, 1941, pp. 110–125.

Documents and memories

literature

Web links

Commons : Adam von Trott zu Solz  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 11 f.
  2. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 28 and 48.
  3. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 72 ff.
  4. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 121 u. 129.
  5. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 160 and 168 and Clarita von Trott zu Solz: A biography. Berlin 2009, p. 70.
  6. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 166.
  7. ↑ Adam von Trott's report on the first year of study at Oxford. 1932, quoted from Benigna von Krusenstjern: "that it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 197.
  8. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 202 and 208 f.
  9. ^ Report by Charles Collins, quoted from: Hans Rothfels: Trott and the foreign policy of the resistance. Documentation. In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 12, 1964, p. 311.
  10. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 237.
  11. ^ Heinrich von Kleist: Political and Journalistic Writings. Selected and introduced by Adam von Trott, Berlin 1935.
  12. ↑ Adam von Trott zu Solz, introduction. In: Heinrich von Kleist, Berlin 1935, p. 10.
  13. ^ Letter from Adam von Trott to his father dated February 13, 1933, quoted from Clarita von Trott zu Solz: Adam von Trott zu Solz. A biography. Berlin 2009, p. 86.
  14. ↑ FBI report to President Roosevelt, quoted from: Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 402.
  15. ↑ Trott's statement in an interview with Julie Braun-Vogelstein, quoted from Julie Braun-Vogelstein: What never dies . Stuttgart 1966, p. 389.
  16. ↑ Employment contract of June 1, 1940, Political Archive of the Foreign Office, AvT personal file
  17. ↑ AvT membership card, Bundesarchiv Berlin (formerly Berlin Document Center), NSDAP-Gaukartei and Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 411.
  18. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 428 ff.
  19. ^ Letter from Adam von Trott to his mother Eleonore von Trott from April 9, 1940, quoted from: Clarita von Trott zu Solz: Adam von Trott zu Solz. A biography. Berlin 2009, p. 236.
  20. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: The resistance fighter Adam von Trott zu Solz and the Foreign Office. In: Jan Erik Schulte, Michael Wala (Ed.): Resistance and the Foreign Office. Diplomats against Hitler. Munich 2013, p. 174.
  21. ↑ Dennis Egginger-Gonzalez: The Red Assault Troop . An early left-wing socialist resistance group against National Socialism. Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2018, pp. 44, 310ff., And 390.
  22. ↑ Willy Brandt: Memories. Frankfurt 1989, p. 137.
  23. ^ Report by Wilhelm Melchers, quoted from: Wilhelm Haas: Contribution to the history of the emergence of the Foreign Service of the Federal Republic of Germany. Bremen 1969, p. 404.
  24. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 509.
  25. ↑ Clarita von Trott zu Solz: Adam von Trott zu Solz. A biography. Berlin 2009, p. 321.
  26. ↑ Benigna von Krusenstjern: "That it makes sense to die - to have lived". Adam von Trott zu Solz. 1909-1944. Biography. Göttingen 2009, p. 518.
  27. ^ Gessler, Philipp: The children of July 20. In: The daily newspaper. July 20, 2004.
  28. ↑ Foundation Adam von Trott: Clarita von Trott's Ninetieth .
  29. ↑ Göttinger Tageblatt: Foreign Office reminds of resistance fighters
  30. ↑ http://adam-von-trott-schule.de/. Retrieved July 30, 2019 (German).
  31. ↑ Heiko Maas commemorates resistance members of July 20 in Imshausen. July 20, 2019, accessed July 30, 2019 .
  32. ↑ 1944–2019 - in memory of July 20, 1944 . Corpszeitung der Saxonia Göttingen, No. 178, November 2019, pp. 45–50.
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on June 14, 2008 in this version .
personal data
SURNAME Trott zu Solz, Adam von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Trott zu Solz, Friedrich Adam von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer, diplomat and resistance fighter against National Socialism
DATE OF BIRTH August 9, 1909
PLACE OF BIRTH Potsdam
DATE OF DEATH August 26, 1944
Place of death Berlin-Plötzensee