Seamus Heaney

Seamus Heaney (2009)

Seamus Justin Heaney ( 'ʃeɪməs' hiːni ; born April 13, 1939 in Tamniaran near Castledawson, northeast of Magherafelt , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland ; † August 30, 2013 in Dublin ) was an Irish writer , poet, literary scholar and translator, who was named after William in 1995 Butler Yeats , George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett became the fourth Irish poet to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature . Heaney's work comprises more than 20 volumes with poems and literary theoretical and critical writings, which have been translated into many languages ​​and have received great international recognition. He has also acted as the editor of numerous widely distributed literary anthologies .

Life

Seamus Heaney was the first of nine children from a Catholic farming family; the father traded in cattle. After the non-denominational elementary school of Anahorish in Toomebridge, Heaney attended from 1951 to 1957 on a scholarship to the Catholic boarding school St. Columb's College in Londonderry , where he learned Latin and the Irish language . With a scholarship, Heaney was able to study English at Queen's University in Belfast from 1957 to 1961 . During this course, Heaney also dealt with the Anglo-Saxon language and literature . His later development and his further progress both as a poet and as a literary scholar and translator were decisively shaped by the basic knowledge and experience acquired during this time. His fellow students at the time included the future Canadian writer George McWhirter and the future Irish literary scholar and writer Seamus Deane .

Marie and Seamus Heaney (1996)

After graduating, Heaney worked as a teacher at St. Thomas Secondary School and St. Joseph College in Belfast and, since 1966, as a lecturer in modern English literature at Queen's University. In the 1970/71 academic year he was a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley . After he announced his resignation from the Belfast University position, Heaney moved with his family to Glanmore Cottage in County Wicklow , Republic of Ireland , where he wrote many of his early poems, and a few years later to Dublin in 1976 , where he taught and Head of the English faculty at Carysfort College , a seminar for teacher training, before he took up a professorship in rhetoric at Harvard University in the USA from 1985 to 2006 after a visiting professorship in 1981 . At the same time he was Professor of Poetry at Oxford University from 1989 to 1994 . In 1996 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of Literature . From 1997 he was also a Saoi with Aosdána , a well-known association of Irish artists.

In 2000, Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Pennsylvania and in 2002 that of Rhodes University .

Heaney, who has lived mostly in the Republic of Ireland since 1972, saw himself in his self-image as Irish and not British, despite his birth in Northern Ireland. Consequently, in 1982 he refused to include his poems in the anthology The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry published by the British Penguin Verlag and justified this in an open letter in 1983 as follows: “ Be advised my passport's green. No glass of ours was ever raised to toast the Queen. »(German analogy:« Please note that my passport is green [i.e. Irish]. We have never raised a glass to toast the [English] queen. »)

As a supporter of the Ireland for Europe citizens' initiative, he was committed to Ireland's approval of the Lisbon Treaty .

Seamus Heaney was married to the teacher Marie Devlin who, like himself, came from a large family that included various artists and writers. Mary Devlin, who in addition to her work as a teacher also worked as a writer and editor, for example an important collection of classic Irish myths and legends ( Over Nine Waves , 1994), had a significant influence on the literary work of her husband and dives directly or indirectly in numerous of his individual poems from the various creative periods. The couple had two sons and a daughter.

In August 2006, Heaney suffered a stroke from which he recovered. Former American President Bill Clinton was one of the visitors during his hospital stay .

Heaney died on August 30, 2013 at the Blackrock Clinic in Dublin at the age of 74 after a brief illness as a result of a fall. After the funeral service in Donnybrook, Dublin on September 2, 2013, he was buried on the same day in the cemetery of St. Mary's Church in his native Bellaghy , Northern Ireland. Heaney's gravestone is engraved with a line from his 1992 poem The Gravel Walks , which he himself quoted in his speech on the occasion of the 1995 Nobel Prize for Literature: “ walk on air against your better judgment ” (German: “run up Clouds, although you know better »).

Literary and literary work

During his studies at Queen's University in Belfast, Heaney took part in regular meetings of Belfast poets under the direction of Philip Hobsbaum, a poet, critic and literary scholar with Polish-Jewish roots well known in the English-speaking world, and began to write poetry himself. His early poems appeared in London and Belfast magazines after 1961. The publication of his first collections of poetry, Death of a Naturalist (1966) and Door into the Dark (1969) established his reputation as a contemporary poet. Above all, his first lyrical collection Death of a Naturalist not only brought him national prestige and a number of prizes and awards, but also made him famous beyond the borders of Ireland.

His poetry, in which he often deals with his homeland, with its history, and in part also with Irish legends and myths, was initially inspired primarily by his view that Irish traditions, rural lifestyles and down-to-earthness with the disappearance of an Irish language of their own would have lost their particular form of expression and would now have to be made to speak again in the special experience of a foreign language, English. Against this background, his primary concern was to revive or to re-establish an original or native Irish literary tradition (“ to found or refound a native tradition ”). However, as a Catholic Irishman, Heaney confronted this primary intention with the fundamental problem that his compatriot Thomas Kinsella described in such a way that an Irish poet had access to the entire English language poetry by using the English language, for example by William Butler Yeats, TS Eliot or Matthew Arnold right up to William Wordsworth or Alexander Pope , but don't feel at home here. This awareness that one's own culture is overlaid and covered by a foreign language and tradition was particularly formative for Heaney. From his point of view, the culture and language of Ireland are incompatible with the idioms and attitudes of English; From this point of view he consequently drafted a clearly defined poetological program, according to which the removal of the over-shaping and foreign infiltration by this other English tradition has to be in the foreground.

For Heanley, the aim is to free one's own world of sensation and one's own consciousness from these superimpositions in order to find a medium that corresponds to the peculiarities of the native local tradition, although there is no other form of expression than that of English. Reinforced by his own experience of life in a politically and religiously deeply divided Irish society full of violence and polarization as well as inner mistrust, Heaney consistently develops himself and his poetic language as the means and organ for transforming English into a new common, genuinely Irish poetic form of expression .

In this respect, Heaney's main intention is not just to focus on what is still visible or preserved as specifically Irish, but in the same way he would like to sharpen awareness of what is absent or buried, as he can find hidden traces of the natives here Believes to find traditions, which, however, first have to be brought out again or made legible. By restricting himself to a regionally limited area accessible to his own experience, Heaney tries to open up new possibilities to track down the Irish part of history in his feelings and experiences and to separate them out. In a certain way, this sets itself apart from the English tradition of describing nature and landscapes. His descriptions of rural life, filtered through his own sensory perceptions and emotions, are by no means to be understood as exclusively provincial, but at the same time aim at general human existence in general.

Heaney's understanding of poetic creation as a process of uncovering or exhuming a lost tradition, as an act of “bringing into light” darkened meanings, is expressed in particular in his “digging” - metaphors that are central to his work and self -image . At the same time he is looking for an integrating image in which all moments of this cultural identity in relation to nature and landscape as well as people, their history and present are included in the poet's subjective experience and made evident. He finds such an image in the "Bog" (moor) as a characteristic feature of the Irish landscape: According to his own statements, he developed the pictorial idea of ​​the moor as a "memory of the landscape or as a landscape that remembers everything that you and." happened in her ”. In «Bog», Heaney also finds images that can convey his own difficult situation, the problems of which go back to the breaks in his own history and which result in the outside world not understanding the irrational drives behind what is happening in Northern Ireland.

The volumes of poetry Wintering Out (1972) and North (1975) reflect Heaney's engagement with the Northern Ireland conflict , but without being able to be called a political poet in the narrower sense, insofar as he puts the ongoing tensions and conflicts in a broader historical framework and with it tries to intertwine the human situation in general. His poems in these collections point to both Irish and English poetry traditions that make Heaney appear in cultural identity as a British and a member of the Catholic minority in Northern Ireland.

While in Wintering Out Heaney's perspective expands to include the present, tribal history and poetry problems, the Field Work collection (1979) expresses the conviction that the goal has been achieved , especially in the Glanmore Sonnet collection . Set out as a poetic short biography, this series of sonnets looks back again from the point of view of what has been achieved on the path covered and the associated efforts.

Heaney's performance as a poet is largely not based primarily on the content of a restored national consciousness, but above all on his determination to make all the steps and moments of this process of restitution imaginative and visually memorable. Thus Heaney's imagination ( "dt. About always moves as" otter of memory in the pool of the moment " Otter of memory in the pool or pools of the moment"), as he himself in the Otter poem in Fieldwork expresses .

After Field Work , Heaney demonstrated his unbroken poetic imagination and productivity with his award-winning collection The Haw Lantern (1987; Die Rosehuttenlaterne , 1995) as well as with Seeing Things (1991) and The Spirit Level (1996, Die Wasserwaage , 1998), whereby he decisively expanded his repertoire of images, subjects and forms of expression.

From the early 1980s, Heaney worked for over a decade and a half in the field day theater group in Derry, founded in 1980 by Irish playwright Brian Friel and actor Stephen Rea . At the same time he worked with the poets Seamus Deane and Tom Paul as well as the singer David Hammond on a literary project that wanted to bring the artistic and intellectual focus of its members into a productive relation to the ongoing political crisis in Ireland. In 1990 Heaney published his first play, The Cure at Troy, based on Sophocles ' Philoctetes . A number of other pieces and pamphlets followed. In 2010 his volume of poetry Human Chain was published .

Heaney's writing was not limited to poetry. In his poetological reflections as a literary scholar, too, he has repeatedly made his concern clear. This is eloquently elaborated and documented in his lecture collections Preoccupations (1980) or The Redress of Poetry (1995; Defense of Poetry , 1996). His multifaceted commitment as an editor of lyrical anthologies and as a promoter of young poets also speaks for his firm conviction that through poetic use of language, vital sensations or sensitivities can be obtained or generated.

From 1973 to 1978, Heaney was also a member of the Republic of Ireland's State Arts Council and was a lecturer, critic and juror in countless poetic competitions and literary conferences for almost his entire life. He was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was recognized for his artistic and literary criticism merits a year after the awarding of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1996 with the Order as a Commandeur of et Ordre des Arts des Lettres awarded.

In addition, Heaney also built a reputation for himself as a well-known translator, in particular through his world-famous translation of the early medieval, Anglo-Saxon heroic epic Beowulf into New English in all stick rhymes . He also translated alongside works by Sophocles 2009, from the middle-Scottish classic of Chaucer influenced poetry The Testament of Cresseid and after Aesop designed fables Seven Fables of the Scottish Makar poet Robert Henryson from the 15th century.

Seamus Heaney Center, Queen's University, Belfast

In February 2004 , the Seamus Heaney Center for Poetry was established at Queen's University in Belfast, where Heaney received his first degree with honors .

In December 2011, Heaney donated all of his priceless literary notes, drafts and manuscripts as a collection to the National Library of Ireland .

Heaney was just as committed to the establishment of an Irish translation center as it already existed in several countries. B. as a European translators college in Straelen . In 2018 his endeavors were posthumously successful; in Dublin , the Trinity Center for Literary and Cultural Translation was inaugurated in a Georgian villa on Fenian Street . The center is organizationally linked to the University of Dublin .

Significant awards

In 1968 he received the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for his work Death of a Naturalist and in 1994 the Horst Bienek Prize for poetry . In 1995 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature . In 2006 he was honored with the TS Eliot Prize . In January 2008, Heaney was awarded the Cunningham Medal, the Royal Irish Academy's highest honor . In 2009 he received the David Cohen Prize for his complete works. After the publication of his poetry collection Human Chain in 2010, Heaney was awarded the Forward Poetry Prize for this anthology , for which he had already been nominated twice. In 2011 Heaney finally received the Irish Book 'Lifetime Achievement Award' for all of his literary work and life's work. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986, the British Academy in 1999, and the American Philosophical Society in 2000. In 2012 he was once again awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize for his entire life's work .

Works

English editions

• Blackberry Picking.
• Mid term break.
• Eleven Poems. Festival Publications. Queen's University, Belfast 1965.
• Digging. Faber & Faber, 1966.
• Death of a Naturalist. Faber & Faber, 1966.
• A Lough Neagh Sequence. Phoenix Pamphlets Poets Press, Manchester 1969.
• Door into the Dark. Faber & Faber, 1969.
• Boy Driving His Father to Confession. Scepter Press, Surrey 1970.
• Night drive. Richard Gilbertson, Devon 1970.
• Servant boy. Red Hanrahan Press, Detroit 1971.
• Wintering Out. Faber & Faber, 1972.
• The Fire i 'the Flint: Reflections on the Poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 1975.
• North. Faber & Faber, 1975.
• Field work. Faber & Faber, 1979.
• Selected Poems 1965-1975. Faber & Faber, 1980.
• An open letter. Field Day, 1983.
• Station Iceland. Faber & Faber, 1984.
• The Haw Lantern. Faber & Faber, 1987.
• New Selected Poems 1966-1987. Faber & Faber, 1990.
• Seeing things. Faber & Faber, 1991.
• with Rachel Giese (photo): Sweeney's Flight. Faber & Faber, 1992.
• The Spirit Level. Faber & Faber, 1996.
• Opened Ground: Poems 1966-1996. Faber & Faber, 1998.
• Electric Light. Faber & Faber, 2001.
• District and Circle. Faber & Faber, 2006.
• Human chain . Faber & Faber, London 2010, ISBN 978-0-571-26922-8 .

Translations

• Beowulf. A New Verse Translation . WW Norton, New York City 2001, ISBN 0-393-32097-9 . (First edition, Faber and Faber , London 1999.)

German editions

• North. North . Poems. English and German. Translated from English by Richard Pietraß . Afterword by Wolfgang Wicht. Reclam, Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-379-00150-3 .
• The rose hip lantern. The Haw Lantern. Poems. English and German. Translated from English by Giovanni Bandini and Ditte König. Hanser, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-446-15333-0 .
• Selected poems. Translated from English by Giovanni Bandini, Ditte König and Richard Pietraß. Hanser, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-446-18284-5 .
• Defense of poetry. Oxford lectures. Translated from English by Giovanni Bandini and Ditte König. Hanser, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-446-18750-2 .
• The spirit level. Poems. English and German. Translated from English by Giovanni Bandini and Ditte König. Hanser, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-446-19297-2 .
• Electric light . Poems. English and German. Translated from English by Giovanni Bandini and Ditte König. Hanser, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-446-20141-6 .
• Poetry album 283 . Märkischer Verlag, Wilhelmshorst 2009, ISBN 978-3-931329-83-9 .
• Michael Krüger (Ed.): The blackbird from Glanmore. Poems 1965-2006. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, ISBN 978-3-596-19135-2 .

Literature (selection)

• Blake Morrison : Seamus Heaney. Methuan , London 1982.
• Elmer Andrews (Ed.): The Poetry of Seamus Heaney. Columbia University Press , New York 2000, ISBN 0-231-11926-7 . (First edition 1993)
• Neil Corcoran: The Poetry of Seamus Heaney. A critical study. 2nd Edition. Faber and Faber, 1998, ISBN 0-571-17747-6 .
• Helen Vendler: Seamus Heaney. Harvard University Press , Cambridge (Mass.) 2000, ISBN 0-674-00205-9 .
• Ashby Bland Crowder and Jason David Hall (Eds.): Seamus Heaney: Poet, Critic, Translator. Palgrave Macmillan , Basingstoke 2007, ISBN 978-0-230-00342-2 .
• Bernard O'Donoghue (Ed.): The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney. Cambridge University Press , 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-54755-0 .
• Eugene O'Brien: Seamus Heaney as Aesthetic Thinker: A Study of the Prose (Irish Studies). Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (New York) 2016, ISBN 978-0-8156-3460-7 .
• Eugene O'Brien (Ed.): The Soul Exceeds its Circumstances: The Later Poetry of Seamus Heaney. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame (Indiana) 2016, ISBN 978-0-268-10020-9 .

Web links

Commons : Seamus Heaney  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Seamus Heaney in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Seamus Heaney  in the German Digital Library
• Seamus Heaney in the Internet Movie Database (English)
• Seamus Heaney in the nndb (English)
• Seamus Heaney in the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (English)
• Seamus Heaney - Recordings of Poems - Heaney's poems as audio recordings on Poetry Archive
• Seamus Heaney Poems - Collection of Heaney's famous poems on Famous Poets and Poems
• Information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award ceremony for Seamus Heaney (English)
• Interview in The Guardian on Nov. 8, 2008 (english)
• Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ See Poet Seamus Heaney dies aged 74 . In: BBC News. August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
2. ↑ See information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award to Seamus Heaney (English) and Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation . Retrieved on August 4, 2018. See also Jürgen Schlaeger: Heaney, Seamus. In: Eberhard Kreutzer, Ansgar Nünning (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon of English-speaking authors. 631 portraits - from the beginning to the present. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01746-X (special edition Stuttgart / Weimar 2006, ISBN 3-476-02125-4 ), pp. 266–268.
3. ↑ welt.de
4. ↑ James C. McKinley Jr .: Seamus Heaney, Irish Poet of Soil and Strife, Dies. from: nytimes.com , August 30, 2013, accessed August 30, 2013.
5. ↑ See information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award ceremony for Seamus Heaney (English). Retrieved on August 2, 2018. See also Wolfgang Wicht: Afterword. In: north. North. Poems. Reclam, Leipzig 1987, p. 109.
6. ↑ See information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award ceremony for Seamus Heaney (English). Retrieved August 4, 2018. See also Thomas David: IN CONVERSATION: SEAMUS HEANEY: Do poems save our souls, Mr. Heaney? . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. December 23, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
7. ^ Henri Cole, Interview with Seamus Heaney: The Art of Poetry No. 75 . In: The Paris Review . 144, Fall 1997, accessed May 12, 2014.
8. ↑ See information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award to Seamus Heaney (English) and Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation . Retrieved on August 4, 2018. See also Jürgen Schlaeger: Heaney, Seamus. In: Eberhard Kreutzer, Ansgar Nünning (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon of English-speaking authors. 631 portraits - from the beginning to the present. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01746-X (special edition Stuttgart / Weimar 2006, ISBN 3-476-02125-4 ), pp. 266–268. and Wolfgang Wicht: epilogue. In: north. North. Poems. Reclam, Leipzig 1987, p. 109. Cf. also the information on the website of the Royal Society of Literature SEAMUS HEANEY MRIA 1939–2013 - A VERY SPECIAL ACADEMICIAN and on the website of Aosdána Seamus Heaney . Retrieved August 7, 2018.
9. ↑ See the information on the pages of the University of Pennsylvania Nobel Laureate Seamus Heaney to Deliver the Commencement Address at The University of Pennsylvania and Rhodes University, archived as a PDF file in the Internet Archive at web.archive.org . Retrieved August 7, 2018.
10. ↑ See Fiona Keating's obituary: Irish Nobel Prize Poet Seamus Heaney Dies Aged 74 in the International Business Times of October 1, 2013. See also My Passport's Green: Seamus Heaney, Irish Poet, 1939-2013 on Big Think . Retrieved August 10, 2018. Both sources contain the text of Heaney's quotation from his 1983 open letter.
11. ↑ Barbara Klimke: This diffuse fear of Europe. In: Berliner Zeitung. September 30, 2009 ( online version )
12. ↑ See information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award ceremony for Seamus Heaney (English). Retrieved August 4, 2018.
13. ↑ See Nobel winner Seamus Heaney recalls secret visit from Bill Clinton . In: Irish Central. July 19, 2009. See also A life of rhyme . In: The Guardian . August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
14. ↑ See Poet Seamus Heaney dies aged 74 . In: BBC News. August 30, 2013. Accessed August 30, 2013. See also the obituary by Ronan McGreevy: Tributes paid to 'keeper of language' Seamus Heaney in the Irish Times of August 30, 2013 and by Margalit Fox: Seamus Heaney, Irish Poet of Soil and Strife, Dies at 74 . In: The New York Times . August 30, 2013. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
15. ↑ Cf. the obituary in the Irish Times HEANEY, Seamus: Death notice of August 30, 2013 and the obituary ibid Seamus Heaney laid to rest in Bellaghy - Poet buried in Co Derry after requiem mass in Dublin of September 2, 2013. Retrieved on August 10, 2018.
16. ↑ Michael McHugh: 'Walk on air against your better judgment' inscribed on Seamus Heaney headstone. In: News Irish News. August 14, 2015, accessed August 21, 2015 .  The poem The Gravel Walks , first published in 1992, was included in Heaney's anthology The Spirit Level . Farrar, Straus and Giroux , New York 1996, ISBN 0-374-97525-6 , and as paperback Faber and Faber , London 1996, new edition 2013, included. On the meaning of the poem from Heaney's own point of view, cf. the interview by Hyung W. Kim of October 8, 2008: 15 Questions with Seamus Heaney on The Harvard Crimson : “Fifteen Minutes (FM): Back to your Nobel lecture. You recited a line from your poem, where the narrator says, 'Walk on air against your better judgment. You offered this line as an instruction to yourself and all who listened. What does that mean? ' - SH: A person from Northern Ireland is naturally cautious. You grew up vigilant because it's a divided society. My poetry on the whole was earth-hugging, but then I began to look up rather than keep down. I think it had to do with a sense that the marvelous was as permissible as the matter-of-fact in poetry. That line is from a poem called 'The Gravel Walks,' which is about heavy work — wheeling barrows of gravel — but also the paradoxical sense of lightness when you're lifting heavy things. I like the in-betweenness of up and down, of being on the earth and of the heavens. I think that's where poetry should dwell, between the dream world and the given world, because you don't just want photography, and you don't want fantasy either. “Retrieved August 10, 2018.
17. ^ Jürgen Schlaeger: Heaney, Seamus. In: Eberhard Kreutzer, Ansgar Nünning (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon of English-speaking authors. 631 portraits - from the beginning to the present. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01746-X (special edition Stuttgart / Weimar 2006, ISBN 3-476-02125-4 ), p. 266f. See also information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award to Seamus Heaney and Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation . Retrieved August 4, 2018.
18. ^ Jürgen Schlaeger: Heaney, Seamus. In: Eberhard Kreutzer, Ansgar Nünning (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon of English-speaking authors. 631 portraits - from the beginning to the present. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01746-X (special edition Stuttgart / Weimar 2006, ISBN 3-476-02125-4 ), p. 267. See also Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation . Retrieved August 4, 2018.
19. ↑ See information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award to Seamus Heaney (English) and Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation . Retrieved August 4, 2018. See also Dennis O'Driscoll: Heaney in Public. In: Bernard O'Donoghue (ed.): The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2008, pp. 56-72, published online 2009, available as an abstract at Heaney in Public . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
20. ^ Jürgen Schlaeger: Heaney, Seamus. In: Eberhard Kreutzer, Ansgar Nünning (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon of English-speaking authors. 631 portraits - from the beginning to the present. Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, ISBN 3-476-01746-X (special edition Stuttgart / Weimar 2006, ISBN 3-476-02125-4 ), p. 267. See also Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation and information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award to Seamus Heaney (English). Retrieved August 4, 2018.
21. ↑ Cf. Seamus Heaney 1939–2013 on Poetry Foundation and information from the Nobel Foundation on the 1995 award to Seamus Heaney (English). Retrieved on August 4, 2018. For the dating of the year of origin of Heaney's Beowulf transmission, see the information in WorldCat on Beowulf: a new verse translation Author: Seamus Heaney on worldcat.org . Retrieved August 5, 2018.
22. ↑ See The Seamus Heaney Center For Poetry on Poetry Ireland . See also the official website, The Seamus Heaney Center For Poetry . Retrieved August 9, 2018.
23. ↑ See Seamus Heaney declutters home and donates personal notes to National Library . In: Irish Independent . December 21, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
24. ↑ Message on the VdÜ website; in English: , Literary translation brings the world to Ireland and Ireland to the world , Irish Times , April 25, 2018th
25. ↑ See First poet to win Cunningham Medal . In: The Irish Times . January 29, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
26. ^ The Guardian : Seamus Heaney wins £ 40,000 David Cohen prize for literature
27. ↑ See Seamus Heaney wins £ 10k Forward poetry prize for Human Chain . In: The Guardian . October 6, 2010. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
28. ↑ See Seamus Heaney receives lifetime achievement award on: BBC News Northern Ireland, November 18, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
29. ^ Deceased Fellows. British Academy, accessed June 9, 2020 . 
30. ^ Member History: Seamus Heaney. American Philosophical Society, accessed September 26, 2018 . 
31. ↑ See SEAMUS HEANEY - Lifetime Recognition Award 2012 on the official website of the Griffin Trust For Excellence in Poetry . Retrieved August 9, 2018.