Chinese Indonesian surname and Motorjet: Difference between pages
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A '''motorjet''' is a rudimentary type of [[jet engine]] which is sometimes referred to as ''thermojet'', a term now commonly used to describe a particular and completely unrelated [[pulsejet]] design. At the heart the motorjet is ''always'' an ordinary piston engine (hence, the term ''motor''), but instead of (or sometimes, as well as) this driving a [[propeller]], it drives a [[Gas compressor|compressor]]. The compressed air is channeled into a [[combustion chamber]], where [[fuel]] is injected and ignited. The high temperatures generated by the combustion cause the gases in the chamber to expand and escape at high pressure from the [[exhaust]], creating a thermal reactive force that drives the engine. |
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A large number of [[China|ethnic Chinese]] people have lived in [[Indonesia]] for many centuries. Over time, many of these have adopted names that better match the local language. |
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[[Image:WRDK.svg|thumb|300px|Illustration showing main components of motorjet powered aircraft. The propeller is absent on some designs.]] |
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Motorjet engines provide greater thrust than a propeller mounted on a piston engine; this has been successfully demonstrated in a number of different aircraft. |
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Motorjet research was nearly abandoned at the end of [[World War II]] as the [[turbojet]] was a more practical solution to jet power as it used the jet exhaust to drive a [[gas turbine]], providing the power to drive the compressor without the additional weight of a piston engine that generated no thrust. |
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==Colonial era to 1965== |
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During the Dutch colonial era until Japan invasion in 1942, the Dutch administration recorded Chinese names in birth certificates and other legal documents using an adopted spelling convention that was based primarily on [[Hokkien_(linguistics)|Hokkien]] ([[Min_(linguistics)|Min]]), the language of the majority of Chinese immigrants in the Dutch East Indies. The administrators used the closest Dutch pronunciation and spelling of Hokkien words to record the names. A similar thing happens in Malaya, where the British administrators record the names using English spelling. Compare Lim (English) vs. Liem (Dutch), Wee or Ooi (English) vs. Oey (Dutch), Goh (English) vs. Go (Dutch), Chan (English), vs. Tjan (Dutch), Lee (English) vs. Lie (Dutch), Leung or Leong (English) vs Liong (Dutch). |
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*In 1908 [[France|French]] inventor [[René Lorin]] proposed using a piston engine to compress air that would then be mixed with fuel and burned to produce pulses of hot gas that would be expelled through a nozzle to generate a propelling force.<ref>{{cite book | last = Reithmaier | first = Larry | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Mach 1 and Beyond | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | date = 1994 | location = | pages = p. 74 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0070520216}}</ref> |
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Hence, Lin (林, Mandarin) is spelled Liem in Indonesia. Chen (陈) is Tan, Huang (黄) is Oey, Wu (吴) is Go, Guo (郭) is Kwee, Yang (杨) is Njoo. And so on. Further, as Hokkien romanization standard did not exist then, some romanized names varied slightly. For example, 郭 (Guo) could sometimes be Kwik instead of Kwee, and Huang is sometimes Oei instead of Oey. |
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*The first application of the motorjet principle was by [[Henri Coandă]] in his [[Coanda-1910]] aeroplane (1910). |
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The spelling convention survived well into Indonesian independence (1945) and sovereignty acknowledgment by the Dutch government (1949). It is even still used today by the Chinese-Indonesian diaspora in Europe and America, by those Chinese-Indonesians courageous or famous enough during Suharto's regime to keep their Chinese names (e.g., [[Kwik Kian Gie]], [[Liem Swie King]]), or by those too poor to bribe Indonesia's civil court bureaucracy. |
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*In 1917, O. Morize of Chateaudun, France, proposed the Morize ejector scheme in which a reciprocating engine drove a compressor supplying air to a liquid fueled combustion chamber which discharged into a convergent-divergent tube and ultimately out into the atmosphere. |
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The Indonesian government changed the Latin spelling twice, first in 1947 (Ejaan Suwandi), and again in 1972 (Ejaan Yang Disempurnakan, literally "Perfected Spelling"). According to the Suwandi system of spelling, "oe" became "u", so Loe is often spelt Lu. Since 1972, Dutch-style "j" became "y", meaning Njoo is now spelt Nyoo. |
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*The term "motor jet" was established in a patent filed in Britain by J.H. Harris of Esher, U.K., in 1917. |
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==1965 to 2000== |
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After [[Suharto|Soeharto]] came to power, his regime created many [[Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia|anti-Chinese legislations in Indonesia]]. One of them was [[127/U/Kep/12/1966]] which mandated that ethnic Chinese living in Indonesia adopt Indonesian-sounding names instead of the standard three-word or two-word Chinese names. The Chinese Indonesian community was politically powerless to oppose this law. The Suharto regime wrongly but intentionally cast the ethnic Chinese as supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), which he brutally defeated in a power struggle to succeed Sukarno's government in 1965-1970. By doing so, the Suharto regime - a coalition of the Golkar bureaucrats and the armed forces - extracted unofficial taxes from wealthy Chinese businesspeople in exchange for protection from occasional but deadly [[pogrom]]s, such as the [[Jakarta Riots of May 1998]]. |
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*It was next explored by [[Secondo Campini]] in the early 1930s, although it was not until 1940 that an aircraft (the [[Campini Caproni CC.2]]) would fly powered by his engine. Campini established the misnomer '''''thermojet''''' at this time to describe his motorjet. |
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Chinese Indonesians have been quite creative in adopting Indonesian-sounding names. Some adopt western names as first names, such as Jonny or Albert, and Javanese names for the family names. The adopted Javanese names were often based on their phonetics, but it was not always the case. Although two Chinese individuals shared the same Chinese surname, they may adopt different Indonesian-sounding names. For example, one with the surname 林 (Lin) may adopt "Limanto", and the other may adopt "Halim" as Indonesian-sounding names. "Limanto" and "Halim" both contain "lim" that corresponds to the 林 surname (Mandarin: Lin, Hokkien: Liem or Lim = forest). Some translated their names. For example, the famous 1966 political activist come businessman Liem Bian Koen translated Lin to old Javanese "wana", meaning forest, and added the male-suffix "ndi", resulting in the new clan name Wanandi. |
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*[[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]] engineer [[Eastman Jacobs]] was actively pursuing thermojet research in the early 1940s for a project that came to be known as [[Jake's jeep]] but which was never completed as turbojet technology overtook it. |
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The Indonesianized names - basically Hokkien syllables with western or Indonesian prefix or suffix - resulted in so many exotic sounding names, that people can tell accurately whether a person is an Indonesian Chinese based only on his/her name. |
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*Japanese engineers developed the [[Tsu-11]] motorjet engine to power [[Ohka]] [[kamikaze]] aircraft as an alternative to the [[solid-fuel rocket]] engines that these aircraft were then using. |
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==2000 to today== |
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After Soeharto resigned as president, the ethnic Chinese in Indonesia are again allowed to use their original names. Most no longer care and keep the Indonesian names. Some revert to Chinese names. Some decide to re-adopt the original Hokkien names of their grandparents or to use the more standard [[pinyin]] romanization, pronunciation and spelling. |
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*The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 (N)]] designed in 1944 used a piston engine to drive both a propeller at the nose of the plane, and a motorjet compressor leading to a jet exhaust at the tail. Between 10 and 50 I-250 (a.k.a. MiG-13) aircraft were produced, serviced, and flown by the Soviet Navy through 1950. |
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==Examples of Chinese names and their Indonesian versions== |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |
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![[Chinese surname]] |
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![[Hokkien dialect]] |
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!Example of Adopted Indonesian-sounding Names |
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| 陈 ([[Chen]]) |
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| Tan, Tjhin |
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| Tandubuana, Tanto, Hertanto, Hartanto, Tanoto, Tanu, Tanutama, Soetanto, Cendana, Tanudisastro, Tandiono, Tanujaya, Santoso, Tanzil, Tanasal, Tanadi, Tanusudibyo, Tanamal, Taniwan, Tanuwidjaja, Tanuseputro, Tanaya, Tanjaya, Tandika |
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|- |
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| 郭 ([[Guo]]) |
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| Kwee, Kwik |
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| |
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|- |
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| 韩 ([[Han]]) |
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| Han |
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| Handjojo, Handaya |
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|- |
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| 黄 ([[Huang]]) |
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| Oei, Oey<!-- , Ng (吴 Wu?)--> |
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| Wibowo, Wijaya, Winata, Widagdo, Winoto |
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|- |
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| 江 ([[Jiang]]) |
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| Kang/Kong |
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| Kangean |
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|- |
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| 李 ([[Li]]) |
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| Li, Lie, Lee |
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| Lijanto, Liman, Liedarto, Rusli, Lika |
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|- |
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| 梁 ([[Liang]]) |
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| Nio |
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| |
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|- |
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| 林 ([[Lin]]) |
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| Liem, Lim |
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| Halim, Salim, Limanto, Limantoro, Limijanto, Wanandi, Liemena, Alim, Limawan |
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|- |
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| 劉/刘 ([[Liu]]) |
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| Lau, Lauw |
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| Mulawarman, Lawang, Lauwita |
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|- |
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| 陆 ([[Lu]]) |
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| Liok, Liuk |
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| Loekito, Loekman |
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|- |
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| 吕 ([[Lü]]) |
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| Loe, Lu |
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| Loekito, Luna, Lukas |
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|- |
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| 司徒 ([[Situ]]) |
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| Sieto, Szeto, Seto, Siehu, Suhu |
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| Lutansieto, Suhuyanli, Suhuyanly |
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|- |
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| 苏 ([[Su]]) |
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| Souw, So, Soe |
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| Soekotjo, Soehadi, Sosro, Solihin, Soeganda |
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|- |
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| 王 ([[Wang]]) |
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| Ong, Wong |
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| Onggo, Ongko, Wangsadinata, Wangsa, Radja, Wongsojoyo, Ongkowijaya |
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|- |
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| 温 ([[Wen]]) |
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| Oen, Boen, Woen |
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| Benjamin, Bunjamin, Budiman, Gunawan, Basiroen, Bunda, Wendi, Unang, Boentaran |
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|- |
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| 吳/吴, 武, 伍, 仵, 烏, 鄔 ([[Wu]]) |
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| 吴 (Go, Gouw, Goh, Ng) |
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| Gondo , Sugondo, Gozali, Wurianto, Gunawan, Gotama, Utama, Widargo, Sumargo |
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|- |
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| 许 ([[Xu]]) |
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| Kho, Khouw, Khoe |
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| Kosasih, Komar, Kurnia, Kusnadi |
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|- |
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| 謝 ([[Xie]]) |
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| Cia/Tjia |
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| Tjiawijaya, Sjiariel, Tjhia, Sieto, Sinar, Sindoro |
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|- |
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| 杨 ([[Yang]]) |
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| Njoo, Nyoo, Jo, Yong |
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| Yongki, Yoso, Yohan |
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|- |
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| 叶 ([[Ye]]) |
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| Yap/Jap |
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| |
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|- |
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| 曾 ([[Zeng]]) |
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| Tjan |
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| Tjandra, Chandra, Chandrawinata, Candrakusuma |
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|- |
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| 张 ([[Zhang]]) |
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| Thio, Tio, Chang, Theo, Teo |
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| Canggih, Setyo, Setio, Sulistio, Kartio |
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|- |
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| 郑 ([[Zheng]]) |
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| Te, The |
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| Suteja, Teja, Teddy, Tedjokumoro, Tejarukmana, Tejawati |
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|} |
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== |
==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* [[Chinese Indonesian]] |
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* [[Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia]] |
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* More examples on Indonesian-sounding names [http://www.fib.ui.ac.id/index1.php?id=view_news&ct_news=75] (In Indonesian) |
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==External links== |
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[[Category:Indonesian names]] |
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* [http://www.angelfire.com/art/jetengine A motorjet history and research webpage] |
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{{Aviation lists}} |
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[[id:Nama Tionghoa]] |
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[[Category:Jet engines]] |
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[[Category:Motorjet engines| ]] |
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{{engine-aircraft-stub}} |
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[[ar:ماطور نفاث]] |
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[[de:Thermojet]] |
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[[es:Termorreactor]] |
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[[it:Motoreattore]] |
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[[ja:モータージェット]] |
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[[pl:Motorjet]] |
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[[pt:Termojato]] |
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[[tr:Termojet]] |
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[[zh:熱噴射引擎]] |
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Revision as of 02:31, 14 October 2008
A motorjet is a rudimentary type of jet engine which is sometimes referred to as thermojet, a term now commonly used to describe a particular and completely unrelated pulsejet design. At the heart the motorjet is always an ordinary piston engine (hence, the term motor), but instead of (or sometimes, as well as) this driving a propeller, it drives a compressor. The compressed air is channeled into a combustion chamber, where fuel is injected and ignited. The high temperatures generated by the combustion cause the gases in the chamber to expand and escape at high pressure from the exhaust, creating a thermal reactive force that drives the engine.
Motorjet engines provide greater thrust than a propeller mounted on a piston engine; this has been successfully demonstrated in a number of different aircraft.
Motorjet research was nearly abandoned at the end of World War II as the turbojet was a more practical solution to jet power as it used the jet exhaust to drive a gas turbine, providing the power to drive the compressor without the additional weight of a piston engine that generated no thrust.
- In 1908 French inventor René Lorin proposed using a piston engine to compress air that would then be mixed with fuel and burned to produce pulses of hot gas that would be expelled through a nozzle to generate a propelling force.[1]
- The first application of the motorjet principle was by Henri Coandă in his Coanda-1910 aeroplane (1910).
- In 1917, O. Morize of Chateaudun, France, proposed the Morize ejector scheme in which a reciprocating engine drove a compressor supplying air to a liquid fueled combustion chamber which discharged into a convergent-divergent tube and ultimately out into the atmosphere.
- The term "motor jet" was established in a patent filed in Britain by J.H. Harris of Esher, U.K., in 1917.
- It was next explored by Secondo Campini in the early 1930s, although it was not until 1940 that an aircraft (the Campini Caproni CC.2) would fly powered by his engine. Campini established the misnomer thermojet at this time to describe his motorjet.
- NACA engineer Eastman Jacobs was actively pursuing thermojet research in the early 1940s for a project that came to be known as Jake's jeep but which was never completed as turbojet technology overtook it.
- Japanese engineers developed the Tsu-11 motorjet engine to power Ohka kamikaze aircraft as an alternative to the solid-fuel rocket engines that these aircraft were then using.
- The Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 (N) designed in 1944 used a piston engine to drive both a propeller at the nose of the plane, and a motorjet compressor leading to a jet exhaust at the tail. Between 10 and 50 I-250 (a.k.a. MiG-13) aircraft were produced, serviced, and flown by the Soviet Navy through 1950.
Notes
External links
 | This article about aircraft engines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |