Thebaine and Chusquea: Difference between pages
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = ''Chusquea'' |
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| image = Chusquea quila.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''[[Chusquea quila]]'', inflorescence |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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{{chembox |
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
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| ImageFile = Thebaine skeletal.svg |
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]] |
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| IUPACName = 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4,5a-epoxy-<br/>3,6-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan |
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| ordo = [[Poales]] |
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| OtherNames = Paramorphine |
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| familia = [[Poaceae]] |
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers |
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| subfamilia = [[Bambusoideae]] |
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| Abbreviations = |
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| tribus = [[Bambuseae]] |
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| subtribus = [[Chusqueinae]] |
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| EINECS = |
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| genus = '''''Chusquea''''' |
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| PubChem = 5321926 |
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| genus_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]] |
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| SMILES = CN1CCC23C4C(=CC=C2C1CC5 =C3C(=C(C=C5)OC)O4)OC |
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
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| InChI = |
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| subdivision = |
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*''[[Chusquea circinata]]'' |
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| MeSHName = Thebaine |
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*''[[Chusquea coronalis]]'' |
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| ChEBI = 9519 |
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*''[[Chusquea culeou]]'' |
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| KEGG = C06173 |
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*''[[Chusquea macrostachya]]'' |
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| ATCCode_prefix = |
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*''[[Chusquea pittieri]]'' |
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| ATCCode_suffix = |
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*''[[Chusquea simpliciflora]]'' |
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| ATC_Supplemental =}} |
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*''[[Chusquea uliginosa]]'' |
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties |
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*''[[Chusquea valdiviensis]]'' |
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| Formula = |
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*''[[Chusquea delicatula]]'' |
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| C =19 | H =21 | N =1 | O =3 |
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*''[[Chusquea quila]]'' |
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| MolarMass = 311.37 g/mol |
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*''[[Chusquea scandens]]'' |
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| Appearance = |
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*etc. |
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| Density = |
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}} |
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| pKb = }} |
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Pharmacology |
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| ProteinBound = |
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| Bioavail = |
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| Metabolism = ''O''-demethylation <ref name="mikus1991">Mikus G, Somogyi AA, Bochner F, Eichelbaum M. "Thebaine O-demethylation to oripavine: genetic differences between two rat strains." ''Xenobiotica''. 1991 Nov; 21(11):1501-9. PMID 1763524</ref> |
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| PregCat_UK = |
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| Legal_US = Schedule II |
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| Legal_UK = Class A |
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| Dependency_liability = Low <ref name="who1980"> WHO Advisory Group. [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1980-01-01_1_page006.html "The dependence potential of thebaine."] ''Bulletin on Narcotics''. 1980; 32(1):45–54. Accessed [[October 5]], [[2007]]. PMID 6778542</ref> }} |
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}}<!-- Text starts below--> |
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'''Thebaine''' (paramorphine) is an [[opiate]] [[alkaloid]]. A minor constituent of [[opium]], thebaine is chemically similar to both [[morphine]] and [[codeine]], but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing [[strychnine]]-like convulsions at higher doses.<ref name="aceto 1999">Aceto MD, Harris LS, Abood ME, Rice KC. "Stereoselective mu- and delta-opioid receptor-related antinociception and binding with (+)-thebaine." ''European Journal of Pharmacology''. 1999 Jan 22;365(2-3):143-7. PMID 9988096</ref> Thebaine is not used therapeutically, but can be converted industrially into a variety of compounds including [[oxycodone]], [[oxymorphone]], [[nalbuphine]], [[naloxone]], [[naltrexone]], [[buprenorphine]] and [[etorphine]]. |
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'''''Chusquea''''' is a [[genus]] of [[bamboo]] with about 120 species. Most of them are mountain clumping [[bamboo]]s native from southern [[Mexico]] to southern [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]]. They are sometimes referred to as '''South American mountain bamboos'''. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow. |
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It is controlled under international law, is listed as a Class A drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and is controlled as a Schedule II of the [[Controlled Substances Act]] in America. |
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== |
===Species=== |
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''Chusquea culeou'', the '''[[Chusquea culeou|Colihue cane]]''', from southern Chile and adjacent western [[Argentina]], is notable as the most [[frost]]-tolerant South American bamboo and the only one that has been grown successfully to any extent in the temperate northern hemisphere, with successful growth as an [[ornamental plant]] north to [[Scotland]]. The Colihue cane was used be the [[Mapuche]]s Indians to make instruments and as lances during the [[War of Arauco]]. |
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<references/> |
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''[[Chusquea quila]]'' (in Spanish '''Quila'''), in contrast to Colihue, has a spreading or vining growth. It prefers wet places and does not grow above 500 m, where C. coleou becomes more dominant. '''Chusquea quila''' can form pure stands called ''Quilantales''. Very few plants can grow under this species. |
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{{Opioids}} |
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===Taxonomy=== |
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[[Category:Alkaloids]] |
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The genus includes: |
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[[Category:Ethers]] |
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*'''''Dendragrostis''''' <small>[[Jackson (genus)|Jackson]]</small> |
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[[Category:Natural opium alkaloids]] |
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*'''''Rettbergia''''' <small>[[Raddi]]</small> |
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[[Category:Opioids]] |
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The genus excludes: |
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{{aromatic-stub}} |
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*''[[Swallenochloa]]'' |
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==External links== |
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[[de:Thebain]] |
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*[http://www.booshootgardens.com/uploads/ACF166.jpg Photo of stems] |
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[[es:Tebaína]] |
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[[fr:Thébaïne]] |
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[[Category:Chusquea]] |
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[[nl:Thebaïne]] |
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[[ca:Chusquea]] |
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[[qu:Suru]] |
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[[sv:Tebain]] |
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[[th:ทีบาอีน]] |
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[[tr:Tebain]] |
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Revision as of 04:12, 13 October 2008
| Chusquea | |
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| Chusquea quila, inflorescence | |
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| Genus: | Chusquea |
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Chusquea is a genus of bamboo with about 120 species. Most of them are mountain clumping bamboos native from southern Mexico to southern Chile and Argentina. They are sometimes referred to as South American mountain bamboos. Unlike most other bamboos, the stems of these species are solid, not hollow.
Species
Chusquea culeou, the Colihue cane, from southern Chile and adjacent western Argentina, is notable as the most frost-tolerant South American bamboo and the only one that has been grown successfully to any extent in the temperate northern hemisphere, with successful growth as an ornamental plant north to Scotland. The Colihue cane was used be the Mapuches Indians to make instruments and as lances during the War of Arauco.
Chusquea quila (in Spanish Quila), in contrast to Colihue, has a spreading or vining growth. It prefers wet places and does not grow above 500 m, where C. coleou becomes more dominant. Chusquea quila can form pure stands called Quilantales. Very few plants can grow under this species.
Taxonomy
The genus includes:
The genus excludes:
