C and User talk:70.173.93.86: Difference between pages

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Revision as of 22:09, 13 October 2008

October 2008

Welcome to Wikipedia. The recent edit you made to George Carteret has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the sandbox for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative edit summary. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. —DerHexer (Talk) 22:09, 13 October 2008 (UTC)

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-{{otherusesof}}
-{{dablink|For [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)#Characters totally forbidden in page titles|technical reasons]], C# redirects here. For uses of C#, see [[C-sharp]].}}
-{{wiktionarypar2|C|c}}
-{{Wikisource1911Enc|C}}
-{{Latin alphabet navbox|uc=C|lc=c}}
-[[Image:Copyright.svg|thumb|float|right|100px|'''C''' in [[copyright symbol]]]]
-'''C''' is the third [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]] in the [[Latin alphabet]]. Its name in [[English language|English]] is spelled '''cee''' or occasionally '''ce''' ({{pronEng|siː}}).<ref>"C" ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "cee," op. cit.</ref>
-==History==
+== October 2008 ==
-{| class="wikitable"
-|-
-! Hebrew <br>''gimel''
-! Phoenician <br>''gimel''
-! Classical Greek <br>''Gamma''
-! Early Latin <br>C
-! Late Latin <br>C
-|- style="background-color:white; text-align:center;"
-|[[Image:Gimel Hebrew.svg|65px|Hebrew gimel]]
-|[[Image:Phoenician G.svg|65px|Phoenician gimel]]
-|[[Image:G 17162.gif|Classical Greek Gamma]]
-|[[Image:Early Latin G2.png|Early Latin]]
-|[[Image:Capital C.svg|65px|Late Latin C]]
-|}
-C comes from the same letter as G or g. The [[Semites]] named it [[Gimel (letter)|gimel]]. The sign is possibly adapted from an [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian hieroglyph]] for a [[sling (weapon)#Staff sling|staff sling]], which may have been the meaning of the name ''gimel''. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was ''gamal''.
+[[Image:Information.png|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. The <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carteret?diff=245091379 recent edit]</span> you made to [[:George Carteret]] has been reverted, as it appears to be unconstructive. Use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for testing; if you believe the edit was constructive, ensure that you provide an informative [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. You may also wish to read the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction to editing]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-huggle1 --> —[[User:DerHexer|DerHexer]]&nbsp;<small>[[User talk:DerHexer|(Talk)]]</small> 22:09, 13 October 2008 (UTC)
-In the [[Etruscan language]], [[plosive consonant]]s had no contrastive [[phonation|voicing]], so the [[Greek language|Greek]] <font face="Times New Roman">[[Gamma|Γ]]</font> (Gamma) was adopted into the [[Etruscan alphabet]] to represent the {{IPA|/k/}} phoneme. Already in the [[Western Greek alphabet]], Gamma first took a [[Image:Early Etruscan C.gif|15px]] form in Early Etruscan, then [[Image:Classical Etruscan C.gif|15px]] in Classical Etruscan. In Early Latin it took a  form then C in Classical Latin. Early Latin used C for both {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/g/}}, but during the 3rd century BC, a modified character<!--,  or [[Image:Early Latin G.JPG]], --> was introduced for {{IPA|/g/}}, and C itself retained for {{IPA|/k/}}. Hence, in the classical period and after, G was treated as the [[phonetic]] representative of "gamma", and C as the equivalent of "kappa", in the transliteration of Greek words into Roman spelling, as in "''KA∆MOΣ, KYPOΣ, ΦΩKIΣ,''" in Roman letters "CADMVS, CYRVS, PHOCIS". It is also possible but uncertain that C represented only {{IPA|/g/}} at a very early time, while [[K]] might have been used for {{IPA|/k/}}.
-Other alphabets have letters identical to C in form but not in use and derivation, in particular the [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] letter [[Es (Cyrillic)|Es]] which derives from one form of the Greek letter [[sigma (letter)|sigma]], known as the "lunate sigma" due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.
-==Later use==
-When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, C represented only {{IPA|/k/}} and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the [[insular Celtic languages]]: in [[Welsh language|Welsh]], [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]], C, c, is still only {{IPA|/k/}}. The [[Old English]] or "[[Anglo-Saxon language|Anglo-Saxon]]" writing was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence C, c, in Old English, also originally represented {{IPA|/k/}}: the words ''kin, break, broken, thick, seek,'' were in Old English written ''cyn, brecan, brocen, Þicc, séoc''. But during the course of the Old English period, {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels ({{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}) was [[palatalization|palatalized]], having, by the 10th century, advanced nearly or quite to the sound of {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, though still written c, as in ''cir(i)ce, wrecc(e)a''. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change had also been going on (for example, in [[Italian language|Italian]]).
-Original Latin {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels had palatalized in Italy to the sound of {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, and in France and the Iberian peninsula to that of {{IPA|/ts/}}. Yet for these new sounds the old character C, c, was still retained before ''e'' and ''i,'' the letter thus represented two distinct values. Moreover the Latin phoneme {{IPA|/kʷ/}} (represented by QV, or ''qu'') de-labialized to {{IPA|/k/}} meaning that the various Romance languages had {{IPA|/k/}} before front vowels.  In addition, [[Norman language|Norman]] used the Greek letter ''K,'' so that the sound {{IPA|/k/}} could be represented by either ''k'' or ''c,'' the latter of which could represent either {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/ts/}}. These French inconsistencies as to C and K were, after the [[Norman Conquest]], applied to the writing of English, which caused a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English ''candel, clif, corn, crop, cú,'' remained unchanged, ''Cent, cæ´[[Image:Insular G.GIF]] (cé´[[Image:Insular G.GIF]]), cyng, brece, séoce,'' were now (without any change of sound) spelt ''Kent, ke<font face="Microsoft Sans Serif">ȝ</font>, kyng, breke, seoke;'' even ''cniht'' was subsequently spelt ''kniht, knight,'' and ''þic, þicc,'' became ''thik, thikk, thick''. The Old English cw- was also at length (very unnecessarily) displaced by the French ''qw, qu,'' so that the Old English ''cwén, cwic,'' became [[Middle English]] ''qwen, quen, qwik, quik,'' now ''queen, quick''. The sound {{IPA|/tʃ/}} to which Old English palatalized c had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly (in Central French) from Latin ''c'' before ''a''. In French it was represented by ''ch,'' as in ''champ, cher:''–Latin ''camp-um, caōr-um; '' and this spelling was now introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written about 1160, have in Matt. i-iii, ''child, chyld, riche, mychel,'' for the ''cild, rice, mycel,'' of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English ''c'' gave place to ''k, qu, ch;'' but, on the other hand, ''c'' in its new value of {{IPA|/ts/}} came in largely in French words like ''processiun, emperice, grace,'' and was also substituted for ''ts'' in a few Old English words, as ''miltse, bletsien,'' in early Middle English ''milce, blecien''. By the end of the 13th century both in France and England, this sound {{IPA|/ts/}} de-affricated to {{IPA|/s/}}; and from that date c before front vowels has been, phonetically, a duplicate or subsidiary letter to s; used either for [[etymology|etymological]] reasons, as in ''lance, cent,'' or (in defiance of etymology) to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of s for {{IPA|/z/}}, as in ''ace, mice, once, pence, defence''.
-Thus, to show the etymology, English spelling has ''advise, devise,'' instead of ''advize, devize,'' which while ''advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice,'' etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to ''hence, pence, defence,'' etc., where there is no etymological necessity for ''c''. Former generations also wrote ''{{lang|eng|sence}}'' for sense.
-Hence, today the [[Romance languages]] and [[English language|English]] have a common feature inherited from [[Vulgar Latin]] where C takes on either a [[Hard and soft C|"hard" or "soft"]] value depending on the following vowel.
-In English, [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], C takes the "hard" value {{IPA|/k/}} finally and before A, O, and U, and a "soft" value before E and I.  However, as with everything else regarding English spelling, there are a couple of exceptions: "[[soccer]]" and "[[Pronunciation of Celtic|Celt]]" are words that have a ''k'' sound in the "wrong" place.
-The pronunciation of the "soft" value varies by language. In English, French, and Spanish from Latin America and southern Spain, C before E and I sounds {{IPA|/s/}}.   In the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain it is pronounced as the [[voiceless dental fricative]] {{IPA|/θ/}}. In [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Romanian language|Romanian]] it is pronounced as {{IPA|/ʧ/}}.
-Other languages use C with different values, such as {{IPA|/ð/}} in [[Fijian language|Fijian]]; {{IPA|/ʕ/}} in [[Somali language|Somali]]; the click {{IPA|/ǀ/}} in [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] and [[Zulu language|Zulu]]; {{IPA|/ʤ/}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Kurdish Language|Kurdish]]; [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and [[Azeri language|Azeri]]; {{IPA|/ʧ/}} in [[Bahasa Indonesia|Indonesian]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Volapük language|Volapük]], and a number of African languages such as [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Fula language|Fula]], and [[Manding languages|Manding]]; {{IPA|/ʦ/}} in all [[Balto-Slavic languages]] that use the Latin alphabet, as well as [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Esperanto language|Esperanto]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Ido language|Ido]], and [[Interlingua language|Interlingua]]; and {{IPA|/ʦʰ/}} in [[Pinyin|Romanized]] [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. It is also used as a transliteration of the Cyrillic "Ц" in the Latinic forms of [[Serbian alphabet|Serbian]], [[Romanisation of Macedonian|Macedonian]], and [[Romanization of Ukrainian|Ukrainian]].
-There are several common digraphs with C, the most common being [[Ch (digraph)|CH]], which in some languages such as [[German language|German]] is far more common than C alone. In English, CH most commonly takes the value {{IPA|/ʧ/}} (which it invariably has in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), but can take the value {{IPA|/k/}} or {{IPA|/ʃ/}}; some dialects of English also have {{IPA|/x/}} in words like ''loch'' where other speakers pronounce the final sound as {{IPA|/k/}}. CH takes various values in other languages, such as {{IPA|/x/}} in all Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet;{{IPA|/ç/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, or {{IPA|/x/}} in German; {{IPA|/x/}} or silent in [[Dutch language|Dutch]]; {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in [[French language|French]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]; {{IPA|/k/}} in Interlingua and Italian, {{IPA|/ʈʂʰ/}} in [[Mandarin Chinese]]; and so forth. CK, with the value {{IPA|/k/}}, is often used after short vowels in [[Germanic languages]] such as English, German and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] (but some other Germanic languages use KK instead, such as Dutch and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]). The digraph CZ is found in Polish and CS in Hungarian, both representing {{IPA|/ʧ/}}.  In Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian, sc represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (however in Italian and related languages this only happens before e or i, otherwise it represents {{IPA|/sk/}}).
-As a [[phonetic]] symbol, lowercase c is the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) and [[X-SAMPA]] symbol for the [[voiceless palatal plosive]], and capital C is the X-SAMPA symbol for the [[voiceless palatal fricative]].
-==Codes for computing==
-{{Letter
-|NATO=Charlie
-|Morse=–·–·
-|Character=C3
-|Braille=⠉
-}}
-In [[Unicode]] the [[majuscule|capital]] C is codepoint U+0043 and the [[lowercase]] c is U+0063.
-The [[ASCII]] code for capital C is 67 and for lowercase c is 99; or in [[Binary numeral system|binary]] 01000011 and 01100011, respectively.
-The [[EBCDIC]] code for capital C is 195 and for lowercase c is 131.
-The [[numeric character reference]]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are "<tt>&amp;#67;</tt>" and "<tt>&amp;#99;</tt>" for upper and lower case respectively.
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-==See also==
-{{Commons|C}}
-*[[Cent (currency)|¢]] (cent)
-*[[Ç]] (cedilla)
-*[[C-circumflex|Ĉ]] (C circumflex)
-*[[Č]] (C caron)
-*[[Ć]] (C acute)
-*[[Es (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic C (Es)]]. С, с are identical in shape with the Latin C,c but are equivalents of the Latin S, s.
-*[[Tse (Cyrillic)|Ц, ц - Tse (Cyrillic)]]
-*[[Ċ]] (C dot above)
-*{{Unicode|[[Ƈ]]}} (C hook)
-*{{Unicode|[[ʗ]]}} (stretched C)
-*{{Unicode|[[Ḉ]]}} (C acute cedilla)
-*{{Unicode|[[₡]]}} (colon currency symbol)
-*{{Unicode|[[₢]]}} (cruzeiro currency symbol)<!--- Unicode 5 has 0x20B5 for the Ghanan cedi --->
-*{{Unicode|[[ℂ]]}} (double-struck C)
-*[[℃]] (degree Celsius)
-*{{Unicode|[[ℭ]]}} (Gothic C)
-*{{Unicode|[[Ⅽ]]}} (Roman number C)
-*[[Hard and soft C]]
-{{Latin alphabet}}
-[[Category:Latin letters]]
-[[af:C]]
-[[als:C]]
-[[ar:C]]
-[[arc:C]]
-[[ast:C]]
-[[az:C]]
-[[zh-min-nan:C]]
-[[bs:C]]
-[[br:C (lizherenn)]]
-[[bg:C]]
-[[ca:C]]
-[[cs:C]]
-[[co:C]]
-[[cy:C]]
-[[da:C]]
-[[de:C]]
-[[et:C]]
-[[el:C]]
-[[es:C]]
-[[eo:C]]
-[[eu:C]]
-[[fa:C]]
-[[fr:C (lettre)]]
-[[fur:C]]
-[[ga:C]]
-[[gd:C]]
-[[gl:C]]
-[[gan:C]]
-[[ko:C]]
-[[hr:C]]
-[[io:C]]
-[[ilo:C]]
-[[it:C]]
-[[he:C]]
-[[ka:C]]
-[[kw:C]]
-[[sw:C]]
-[[ht:C]]
-[[la:C]]
-[[lv:C]]
-[[lb:C]]
-[[lt:C]]
-[[hu:C]]
-[[ms:C]]
-[[nah:C]]
-[[nl:C (letter)]]
-[[ja:C]]
-[[no:C]]
-[[nn:C]]
-[[nrm:C]]
-[[oc:C]]
-[[uz:C (harf)]]
-[[pl:C]]
-[[pt:C]]
-[[crh:C]]
-[[ro:C]]
-[[qu:C]]
-[[ru:C (латиница)]]
-[[se:C]]
-[[scn:C]]
-[[simple:C]]
-[[sk:C]]
-[[sl:C]]
-[[sr:C (слово латинице)]]
-[[fi:C]]
-[[szl:C]]
-[[sv:C]]
-[[tl:C]]
-[[th:C]]
-[[vi:C]]
-[[tr:C (harf)]]
-[[tw:C]]
-[[uk:C (латиниця)]]
-[[vo:C]]
-[[wuu:C]]
-[[yi:C]]
-[[yo:C]]
-[[zh-yue:C]]
-[[bat-smg:C]]
-[[zh:C]]