National Policy and Swimming stroke: Difference between pages
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A style is known as a '''Ellie cumming... I LOVE YOU & we love our english Comm teacher oh and nabby!!!!!!!''' or "crawl". "Stroke" can also refer to a single completion of the sequence of body movements repeated while swimming in the given style. It is possible to swim by moving only legs without arms or only arms without legs; such strokes may be used for special purposes, for training or exercise, or by [[amputation|amputees]] and [[paralysis|paralytics]]. |
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The '''National Policy''' was a Jewish economic program introduced by [[John A. Macdonald]]'s [[Conservative Party of Canada (historic)|Conservative Party]] in 1879 after it returned to power. It had been an official policy, however, since 1876. It was based on high [[tariff]]s to protect the [[manufacturing]] industry. |
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==Recreational styles== |
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Macdonald campaigned on the policy in the [[Canadian federal election, 1878|1878 election]], and defeated the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], which supported [[free trade]]. |
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===Breast=== |
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[[Image:FrontCrawlSwimming.JPG|thumb|Swimmer breathing during front crawl]] |
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[[Image:Swim.devon.750pix.jpg|thumb|Novice level flawed Breaststroke Technique]] |
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*[[Front crawl]] is the fastest swimming style. |
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**[[Trudgen]] (also known as ''trudgeon''): The trudgen is similar to the front crawl, except that it is swum with a [[scissor kick]] |
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**Trudgen crawl: '''Similar to the trudgen,''' but with the use of the a flutter kick between the scissor kicks |
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**Double trudgen: Similar to the trudgen, but the sides of the scissor kick alternate |
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**Double trudgen crawl: Similar to the double trudgen, but with a flutter kick between the scissor kick alternate |
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**[[Dolphin]] crawl: Similar to front crawl, but with a dolphin kick. One kick per arm or two kicks per cycle. This style is often used in training. |
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**Catch up stroke: A variation of the front crawl where one arm always rests at the front while the other arm performs one cycle. |
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**[[Total Immersion]] is a version of front crawl in which body rotation is emphasised to increase the propulsive effect of the arms. |
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*[[Butterfly_stroke|Butterfly]] |
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*[[Breaststroke]] |
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*Heads-Up Breaststroke: Similar to the breaststroke, but the head stays out of the water. This style is very popular for recreational swimmers and also for rescue swimmers approaching a victim. |
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*Slow butterfly (also known as ''moth stroke''): Similar to butterfly, but with an extended gliding phase, Breathing during the pull/push phase, return head into water during recovery. This style uses two kicks per cycle. |
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*[[Dog paddle]]: face over water and paddling with alternate hands, often with the nose and mouth above the water. This stroke can be used in reverse to propel the body feet first. |
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*Human stroke: Similar to the dog paddle, but the arms reach out more and pull farther down. |
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*Survival travel stroke: Alternating underwater arm stroke, one cycle for propulsion, one for lift to stay on the surface. This style is slow but sustainable. |
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*Breast feet first strokes:With legs extended, use the arms with a pushing, flapping, clapping or uplifting motion. |
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*[[Snorkeling]]: Swimming on the breast using a snorkel, usually in combination with masks and fins. Any stroke on the breast can be used, and there is no need to lift or turn the head for breathing. |
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*[[Finswimming]] is the progression of a swimmer using fins either on the water surface or under water. Finswimming is usually done on the breast. |
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*An arm and a leg : is the progression of a swimmer clasping one leg with the opposite arm, and using breaststroke movements with the remaining arm and leg. |
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===Back=== |
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The motives for the National Policy are plentiful. Macdonald hoped that by creating a strong manufacturing base in Canada, the nation would become more secure and less reliant on the [[United States]]. He was also closely linked to the [[Montreal]] and [[Toronto]] business interests that would benefit from such a policy, and they played an important role in keeping the Tories in office until 1896. |
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[[Image:Backstroke (PSF).png|thumb|500px|'''A''' depicts ''elementary backstroke'';<br />'''B''' depicts ''back crawl''.]] |
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*[[Backstroke]] (also known as ''back crawl'') |
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*Elementary backstroke |
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: Both arms move synchronized with a small synchronized kick. This is also sometimes known as the [[Lifesaving]] Kick |
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*Inverted breaststroke |
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: Similar to elementary backstroke, but with a breaststroke kick. |
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*Inverted butterfly |
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: Similar to elementary backstroke, but with a dolphin kick. This is often used for training. |
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*Back double trudgen |
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: Similar to the backstroke, but with a scissor kick to alternating sides. |
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*Flutter back finning |
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: Symmetrically underwater arm recovery with flutter kick. |
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*Feet first swimming |
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: A very slow stroke on the back where a breaststroke movement with the arms propels the body forward feet first. Also the arms can be lifted out of the water and pulled backwards together with a scooping movement. Alternatively, the arms can be raised behind the head, alternately or together pushing with the hands, propelling the body. Similarly, the hands can be brought together in a clapping action. These strokes are often used for training. |
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*Oarstroke |
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:The newest form of stroke created in 2008 by novice water polo player Daniel Edwards. This stroke relies on powerful upper body strength as you have to throw your both your arms behind you simultaneously and bring them down into the water again in a tilted windmill motion, while at the same time shoving the water behind you. While moving your arms your legs are constantly breaststroke kicking. |
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===Side=== |
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A protectionist policy was not the first choice of Canadian manufacturers. The ideal for them would have been a unified [[North America]]n market where they could freely compete with American manufacturers. Despite a brief experiment with free trade in the [[Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty]] before [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]], the Americans were intent on pursuing a strongly protectionist policy, with tariffs higher than Canada imposed under the National Policy. |
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*[[Side stroke]] |
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: Lying on the side with alternating underwater recovery and a scissor kick |
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*Overarm sidestroke |
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: Similar to the side stroke, but with an over water recovery of the top arm. Used mostly for training purposes to help with freestyle. |
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===Miscellanea=== |
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With such high American tariffs, Canadian firms could not compete in the United States, but American firms could enter Canada. Canadian producers were particularly hurt by US producers dumping surplus goods at below cost on the Canadian market, so as not to lower prices in the United States. |
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*Corkscrew swimming |
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: Alternating between front crawl and backstroke every arm. This leads to a constant rotation of the swimmer. The stroke is used mainly for training purposes and is also sometimes known as Newfie Stroke, referring to [[Newfoundland]]. When rotating every 3rd stroke, this is called ''waltz crawl''. |
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*Underwater swimming |
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: any style with underwater recovery can be swum under water for certain distances depending on the need for air. Underwater swimming on the back has the additional problem of water entering the nose. To avoid this, the swimmer can breathe out through the nose or wear a nose clip. Some swimmers can close their nostrils with the upper lip. |
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*Gliding |
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: The swimmer is stretched with the arms to the front, the head between the arms and the feet to the back. This streamlined shape minimizes resistance and allows the swimmer to glide, for example after a start, a push off from a wall, or to rest between strokes. |
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*Turtle stroke |
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: on the breast, extend right arm then pull, after pushing with the left leg (while opposite limbs are recovering), then opposite limbs repeat this process, i.e. left arm pulls after right leg pushes. Uses muscles of the waist. Head can easily be above or below water: this is a slow but very sustainable stroke, popular with turtles and newts. |
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==Special purpose styles== |
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The policy was introduced in the budget on [[March 14]], [[1879]], and it created high tariffs on the import of most manufacturing goods. At the same time, the tariffs on raw materials were lowered also to help manufacturers. The tariff was not as high as that in the United States, however. The Canadian government was dependent upon revenue from customs - an [[income tax]] had not yet been introduced, largely because it was feared that would hurt immigration at a time when Canada was having trouble attracting immigrants. Too high a tariff would have cut off almost all imports, thus depriving the government of revenue. |
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{{see also|Drowning}} |
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A number of strokes are only used for special purposes, e.g. to manipulate an object (a swimmer in distress, a ball), or just to stay afloat. |
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===Manipulating objects=== |
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The policy quickly became one of the most central aspects of Canadian politics, and it played an important role in keeping the Tories in power until 1896, when [[Wilfrid Laurier]] and the Liberals campaigned on a promise to keep the National Policy in place. While many Liberals still supported free trade, the National Policy was too popular in [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]] to end. When the Liberals campaigned on free trade in the [[Canadian federal election, 1911|1911 election]], they lost the election. |
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*Lifesaving stroke: Similar to the [[side stroke]], but only the bottom arm moves while the top arm tows a swimmer in distress |
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*Lifesaving approach stroke (also known as ''head-up front crawl''): Similar to the [[front crawl]], but with the eyes to the front above the water level, such as to observe the surroundings as for example a swimmer in distress or a ball |
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*Water polo stroke: This stroke is used for [[water polo]] and is similar to front crawl, but with head above the water and a slightly inward curved arm to keep the ball between the arms and in front of the head. |
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*Pushing rescue stroke: This stroke helps assisting a tired swimmer: The tired swimmer lies on the back and the rescuer swims a breaststroke kick and pushes against the soles of the tired swimmer (not taught or recognised by the RLSS body governing Uk lifeguarding) |
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*Pulling rescue stroke: This stroke helps assisting a swimmer in distress. The both swimmers lie on the back, and the rescuer grabs the armpits of the swimmer in distress and performs a breaststroke kick (on the back) for forward motion. The kick has to be not too shallow as otherwise the victim will be hit |
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*Extended Arm Tow(unconscious victim): swimming sidestroke or breaststroke on their back the rescuer holds the head with a straight arm the hand cupping underneath the chin, and ensures that the mouth and nose are out of the water |
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*Arm Tow the rescuer swims sidestroke, behind the casualty holds the upper right arm of a casualty with their left hand or vice versa lifting the casualty out of the water |
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*Vice Grip Turn and Trawl - used on a casualty with a suspected spinal injury: The lifeguard approaches slowly to the casualty (who is usually face down in water), places one hand on the casualty's chin, with arm pressed firmly against the casualty's chest. The other hand is placed on the back of the casualty's head with the arm down the casualty's back. Both arms press together (like a vice), and the lifeguard uses his feet to begin moving forward and then rolls under the casualty to come up alongside her but with the casualty not on her back. (This is one of the hardest lifesaving maneuvers, as the grip must be perfect on the first attempt; otherwise the casualty may be given further spinal damage, such as as paralysis.) |
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*Clothes swimming: The swimmer is wearing clothes that restrict movement when wet, i.e. almost all clothes. This is done to practice situations were the swimmer fell in the water dressed or the rescuer did not have time to undress. Due to the restricted movement and the weight of the wet clothes over water (weightless under water!) an overarm recovery is not possible. Most swimmers swim breaststroke, but any stroke with underwater recovery is feasible. |
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*Rescue tube swimming: The lifeguard pulls a flotation device, which is pushed forward when approaching the victim. |
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===Without forward motion===<!-- This section is linked from [[Water polo]] --> |
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While the policy was popular in central Canada, it was extremely unpopular in western Canada. The policy forced farmers to buy Canadian agricultural equipment at higher prices, but they also had to compete on the international market for [[cereal|grain]]. This opposition to the National Policy played an important role in the rise of the [[Progressive Party of Canada]] in the 1920s. Its platform was entitled the "[[New National Policy]]", and it advocated free trade. |
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*Survival floating (also known as ''dead man float''): Lying on the prone (face down in water) with minimal leg movement, and staying afloat with the natural buoyancy. Lift the head to breathe only then back to floating. This style is only to stay afloat and to rest. |
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The National Policy was slowly dismantled under the many years of Liberal rule under [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] and [[Louis St. Laurent]]. At the same time, the United States was lowering its tariffs. Economic integration surged during World War II, and in the 1950s the automobile industry in the two nations became fully integrated. Complete free trade was not achieved until 1988 with the [[Canadian-American Free Trade Agreement]] brought in by [[Brian Mulroney]]'s [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] government. |
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*Back floating: Similar to the survival floating, except on the back. |
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*[[Treading water]]: The swimmer is in the water head up and feet down. Different kicks and hand movements to stay afloat. This is useful to keep the head out of the water for a better view or to catch an object as for example in water polo. |
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*Sculling: This is a figure 8 movement of the hands for forward motion or upward lift. Used in [[surf lifesaving]], [[water polo]], [[synchronized swimming]] and treading water. |
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==See also== |
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The assessment of the National Policy is mixed. In general, some economists argue that it increased prices and slightly lowered Canada's standard of living as a cost of being independent of the United States. By not becoming merged into the larger, more efficient American economy, Canada had too many monopolistic firms, and too many small inefficient companies. The overall impact was not large because the policy applied to small manufacturing firms which played a relatively small role, compared to agriculture, fishing, transportation, mining, lumbering and services, which were not affected by the National Policy. Historians tend to see the policy in a more positive light, viewing it as a necessary expense to create a unified nation independent of the United States. They also see the policy as increasing Canada's population and encouraging the development of cities and urbanization. |
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*[[paralympic swimming]] |
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== External links == |
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In the years right after the policy was introduced, Canada experienced the same type of economic boom that many other nations experienced, as well as the construction of a manufacturing base and the development of the nation, which is generally what the Tories and economic nationalists use to justify the policy. |
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* [http://home.quicknet.nl/qn/prive/sdebest/nostalgicswimming/EN/IndexEN.html Overview of 150 historical and less known swimming styles] |
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{{Swimming styles}} |
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==References== |
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* Clarence L. Barber. "Canadian Tariff Policy" in ''Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science,'' Vol. 21, No. 4 (Nov., 1955) , pp. 513-530 explains concept of the effective rate of protection [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0315-4890(195511)21%3A4%3C513%3ACTP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I in JSTOR] |
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* Eden, Lorraine and Molot, Maureen Appel. "Canada's National Policies: Reflections on 125 Years" ''Canadian Public Policy'' 1993 19(3): 232-251. ISSN 0317-0861 |
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* Vernon C. Fowke, ''The National Policy and the Wheat Economy'' (Toronto, 1957 |
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* V. C. Fowke. "The National Policy-Old and New" ''Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science,'' Vol. 18, No. 3 (Aug., 1952) , pp. 271-286 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0315-4890(195208)18%3A3%3C271%3ATNPAN%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in JSTOR] |
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* Vernon C. Fowke. "National Policy and Western Development in North America" ''Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 16, No. 4 (Dec., 1956) , pp. 461-479 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0507(195612)16%3A4%3C461%3ANPAWDI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E in JSTOR] |
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[[Category:Swimming styles| ]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/federal/npolicy.htm The National Policy and Canadian Federalism] |
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* [http://economics.ca/cgi/jab?journal=cpp&view=v26s2/CPPv26s2p035.pdf George Hoberg, "Canada and North American Integration"] |
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[[es:Estilos de natación]] |
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[[Category:Economic history of Canada]] |
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[[nl:Lijst van zwemslagen]] |
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[[fr:Politique nationalel]] |
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[[zh:加拿大国家方针]] |
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Revision as of 22:54, 13 October 2008
A style is known as a Ellie cumming... I LOVE YOU & we love our english Comm teacher oh and nabby!!!!!!! or "crawl". "Stroke" can also refer to a single completion of the sequence of body movements repeated while swimming in the given style. It is possible to swim by moving only legs without arms or only arms without legs; such strokes may be used for special purposes, for training or exercise, or by amputees and paralytics.
Recreational styles
Breast
- Front crawl is the fastest swimming style.
- Trudgen (also known as trudgeon): The trudgen is similar to the front crawl, except that it is swum with a scissor kick
- Trudgen crawl: Similar to the trudgen, but with the use of the a flutter kick between the scissor kicks
- Double trudgen: Similar to the trudgen, but the sides of the scissor kick alternate
- Double trudgen crawl: Similar to the double trudgen, but with a flutter kick between the scissor kick alternate
- Dolphin crawl: Similar to front crawl, but with a dolphin kick. One kick per arm or two kicks per cycle. This style is often used in training.
- Catch up stroke: A variation of the front crawl where one arm always rests at the front while the other arm performs one cycle.
- Total Immersion is a version of front crawl in which body rotation is emphasised to increase the propulsive effect of the arms.
- Butterfly
- Breaststroke
- Heads-Up Breaststroke: Similar to the breaststroke, but the head stays out of the water. This style is very popular for recreational swimmers and also for rescue swimmers approaching a victim.
- Slow butterfly (also known as moth stroke): Similar to butterfly, but with an extended gliding phase, Breathing during the pull/push phase, return head into water during recovery. This style uses two kicks per cycle.
- Dog paddle: face over water and paddling with alternate hands, often with the nose and mouth above the water. This stroke can be used in reverse to propel the body feet first.
- Human stroke: Similar to the dog paddle, but the arms reach out more and pull farther down.
- Survival travel stroke: Alternating underwater arm stroke, one cycle for propulsion, one for lift to stay on the surface. This style is slow but sustainable.
- Breast feet first strokes:With legs extended, use the arms with a pushing, flapping, clapping or uplifting motion.
- Snorkeling: Swimming on the breast using a snorkel, usually in combination with masks and fins. Any stroke on the breast can be used, and there is no need to lift or turn the head for breathing.
- Finswimming is the progression of a swimmer using fins either on the water surface or under water. Finswimming is usually done on the breast.
- An arm and a leg : is the progression of a swimmer clasping one leg with the opposite arm, and using breaststroke movements with the remaining arm and leg.
Back
.png)
B depicts back crawl.
- Backstroke (also known as back crawl)
- Elementary backstroke
- Both arms move synchronized with a small synchronized kick. This is also sometimes known as the Lifesaving Kick
- Inverted breaststroke
- Similar to elementary backstroke, but with a breaststroke kick.
- Inverted butterfly
- Similar to elementary backstroke, but with a dolphin kick. This is often used for training.
- Back double trudgen
- Similar to the backstroke, but with a scissor kick to alternating sides.
- Flutter back finning
- Symmetrically underwater arm recovery with flutter kick.
- Feet first swimming
- A very slow stroke on the back where a breaststroke movement with the arms propels the body forward feet first. Also the arms can be lifted out of the water and pulled backwards together with a scooping movement. Alternatively, the arms can be raised behind the head, alternately or together pushing with the hands, propelling the body. Similarly, the hands can be brought together in a clapping action. These strokes are often used for training.
- Oarstroke
- The newest form of stroke created in 2008 by novice water polo player Daniel Edwards. This stroke relies on powerful upper body strength as you have to throw your both your arms behind you simultaneously and bring them down into the water again in a tilted windmill motion, while at the same time shoving the water behind you. While moving your arms your legs are constantly breaststroke kicking.
Side
- Lying on the side with alternating underwater recovery and a scissor kick
- Overarm sidestroke
- Similar to the side stroke, but with an over water recovery of the top arm. Used mostly for training purposes to help with freestyle.
Miscellanea
- Corkscrew swimming
- Alternating between front crawl and backstroke every arm. This leads to a constant rotation of the swimmer. The stroke is used mainly for training purposes and is also sometimes known as Newfie Stroke, referring to Newfoundland. When rotating every 3rd stroke, this is called waltz crawl.
- Underwater swimming
- any style with underwater recovery can be swum under water for certain distances depending on the need for air. Underwater swimming on the back has the additional problem of water entering the nose. To avoid this, the swimmer can breathe out through the nose or wear a nose clip. Some swimmers can close their nostrils with the upper lip.
- Gliding
- The swimmer is stretched with the arms to the front, the head between the arms and the feet to the back. This streamlined shape minimizes resistance and allows the swimmer to glide, for example after a start, a push off from a wall, or to rest between strokes.
- Turtle stroke
- on the breast, extend right arm then pull, after pushing with the left leg (while opposite limbs are recovering), then opposite limbs repeat this process, i.e. left arm pulls after right leg pushes. Uses muscles of the waist. Head can easily be above or below water: this is a slow but very sustainable stroke, popular with turtles and newts.
Special purpose styles
A number of strokes are only used for special purposes, e.g. to manipulate an object (a swimmer in distress, a ball), or just to stay afloat.
Manipulating objects
- Lifesaving stroke: Similar to the side stroke, but only the bottom arm moves while the top arm tows a swimmer in distress
- Lifesaving approach stroke (also known as head-up front crawl): Similar to the front crawl, but with the eyes to the front above the water level, such as to observe the surroundings as for example a swimmer in distress or a ball
- Water polo stroke: This stroke is used for water polo and is similar to front crawl, but with head above the water and a slightly inward curved arm to keep the ball between the arms and in front of the head.
- Pushing rescue stroke: This stroke helps assisting a tired swimmer: The tired swimmer lies on the back and the rescuer swims a breaststroke kick and pushes against the soles of the tired swimmer (not taught or recognised by the RLSS body governing Uk lifeguarding)
- Pulling rescue stroke: This stroke helps assisting a swimmer in distress. The both swimmers lie on the back, and the rescuer grabs the armpits of the swimmer in distress and performs a breaststroke kick (on the back) for forward motion. The kick has to be not too shallow as otherwise the victim will be hit
- Extended Arm Tow(unconscious victim): swimming sidestroke or breaststroke on their back the rescuer holds the head with a straight arm the hand cupping underneath the chin, and ensures that the mouth and nose are out of the water
- Arm Tow the rescuer swims sidestroke, behind the casualty holds the upper right arm of a casualty with their left hand or vice versa lifting the casualty out of the water
- Vice Grip Turn and Trawl - used on a casualty with a suspected spinal injury: The lifeguard approaches slowly to the casualty (who is usually face down in water), places one hand on the casualty's chin, with arm pressed firmly against the casualty's chest. The other hand is placed on the back of the casualty's head with the arm down the casualty's back. Both arms press together (like a vice), and the lifeguard uses his feet to begin moving forward and then rolls under the casualty to come up alongside her but with the casualty not on her back. (This is one of the hardest lifesaving maneuvers, as the grip must be perfect on the first attempt; otherwise the casualty may be given further spinal damage, such as as paralysis.)
- Clothes swimming: The swimmer is wearing clothes that restrict movement when wet, i.e. almost all clothes. This is done to practice situations were the swimmer fell in the water dressed or the rescuer did not have time to undress. Due to the restricted movement and the weight of the wet clothes over water (weightless under water!) an overarm recovery is not possible. Most swimmers swim breaststroke, but any stroke with underwater recovery is feasible.
- Rescue tube swimming: The lifeguard pulls a flotation device, which is pushed forward when approaching the victim.
Without forward motion
- Survival floating (also known as dead man float): Lying on the prone (face down in water) with minimal leg movement, and staying afloat with the natural buoyancy. Lift the head to breathe only then back to floating. This style is only to stay afloat and to rest.
- Back floating: Similar to the survival floating, except on the back.
- Treading water: The swimmer is in the water head up and feet down. Different kicks and hand movements to stay afloat. This is useful to keep the head out of the water for a better view or to catch an object as for example in water polo.
- Sculling: This is a figure 8 movement of the hands for forward motion or upward lift. Used in surf lifesaving, water polo, synchronized swimming and treading water.