Klinefelter syndrome and Hurricane Norbert (2008): Difference between pages
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{{distinguish|XYY syndrome}} |
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{{Cleanup|date=October 2008}} |
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{{redirect|XXY|the Lucía Puenzo film|XXY (film)}} |
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{{Infobox_Disease | |
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{{Infobox Hurricane |
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ICD10 = {{ICD10|Q|98|0|q|90}}-{{ICD10|Q|98|4|q|90}} | |
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| Name=Hurricane Norbert |
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ICD9 = {{ICD9|758.7}} | |
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| Type=hurricane |
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Image = 47,XXY.jpg | |
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| Year=2008 |
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Caption = 47,XXY | |
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| Basin=EPac |
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ICDO = | |
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| Image location=Norbert 2008-10-08 at 2055 UTC.jpg |
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OMIM = | |
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| Image name=Norbert at peak intensity. |
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MedlinePlus = | |
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| Formed=October 3, 2008 |
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eMedicineSubj = ped | |
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| Dissipated=October 12, 2008 |
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eMedicineTopic = 1252 | |
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| 1-min winds=120 |
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MeshID = D007713 | |
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| Pressure=943 |
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| Damages= |
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| Fatalities=3 |
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| Areas=[[Baja California Sur]], [[Mexico|mainland Mexico]], and [[Texas]] |
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| Hurricane season=[[2008 Pacific hurricane season]] |
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}} |
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'''Klinefelter's syndrome''', '''47,XXY''' or '''XXY syndrome''' is a condition caused by a [[chromosome]] [[aneuploidy]]. Affected individuals have at least two [[X chromosome]]s and at least one [[Y chromosome]].<ref name="isbn0-7216-0187-1">{{cite book |author=Cotran, Ramzi S.; Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelson; Nelso Fausto; Robbins, Stanley L.; Abbas, Abul K. |title=Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease |publisher=Elsevier Saunders |location=St. Louis, Mo |year=2005 |pages=179 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> |
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'''Hurricane Norbert''' is the strongest storm thus far in the [[2008 Pacific hurricane season]]. Norbert was the fifteenth [[tropical cyclone]], fourteenth named storm, seventh hurricane of the season, and second major hurricane of the season. Norbert has claimed at least three lives after making its final landfall in the Mexican state of [[Sonora]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Agence France-Presse|date=2008-10-13 <!-- Australia time -->|title=Hurricane Norbert Claims Three Lives|publisher=news.com.au|accessdate=2008-10-12|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,24486792-38199,00.html}}</ref> |
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The principal effects are development of small [[testicles]] and reduced [[fertility]]. A variety of other physical and behavioral differences and problems are common, though severity varies and many boys and men with the condition have few detectable symptoms. The second most common extra chromosome condition is named after Dr. Harry Klinefelter, an [[endocrinologist]] at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], [[Boston, Massachusetts]], who first described it in [[1942]].<ref name="kline1942">{{Citation| last = Klinefelter | first = HF Jr | last2 = Reifenstein | first2 = EC Jr | last3 = Albright | title = Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without a-Leydigism and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone | journal = J Clin Endocrinol Metab | volume = 2 | pages = 615–624 | date = 1942 | year = 1942 | pmid = }}. {{Citation| last = Klinefelter | first = HF | title = Klinefelter's syndrome: historical background and development | journal = South Med J | volume = 79 | issue = 45| pages = 1089–1093 | date = 1986 | year =1986 | pmid = 3529433}} talks about the history of the development of the literature.</ref> The condition exists in roughly 1 out of every 500 males.<ref name="nihhd2007">{{cite web| title = Klinefelter Syndrome | work = Health Information | publisher = National Institute of Health and Human Development | date = [[2007-02-19]] | url = http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/klinefelter_syndrome.cfm | format = HTML | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }} and {{cite web | title = Klinefelter syndrome | work = Genetics Home Reference | publisher = National Library of Medicine | year = 2006 | url = http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition%3Dklinefeltersyndrome | format = HTML | accessdate = 2007-03-24 }} both provide statistical estimates.</ref> Because of the extra chromosome, individuals with the condition are usually referred to as "XXY Males", or "47, XXY Males".<ref name="orrnichhd1993full">{{cite web |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/klinefelter.cfm |title=Understanding Klinefelter Syndrome: A Guide for XXY Males and Their Families |last=Bock |first=Robert |accessdate=2007-04-07 |date = 1993 August |year = 1993 | month = August |format=HTML |work=NIH Pub. No. 93-3202|publisher=Office of Research Reporting, NICHD}}</ref> |
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==Meterological history== |
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==Signs and symptoms== |
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The origins of Norbert were from an area of disturbed weather that formed near the [[Gulf of Tehuantepec]] on September 28.<ref name=TWO1>{{cite web|author=Blake|date=2008-09-28|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-P/2008092817.ABPZ20}}</ref> Drifting westward off the coast of Mexico, the system initially consisted of a broad [[low pressure area]] and an area of disorganized convection.<ref name=TWO2>{{cite web|author=Beven|date=2008-09-29|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07|url=ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Outlook-P/2008093005.ABPZ20}}</ref> It slowly organized for several days, and by early on October 4<!--UTC time--> the system developed enough organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Fifteen; at that point, it was located about {{convert|230|mi|km}} south of [[Acapulco]]. The depression was located over an area of warm water temperatures and moderate vertical [[wind shear]], and as such was forecast to intensify gradually.<ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Stewart|date=2008-10-04|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Discussion One|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.001.shtml}}</ref> |
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Affected males are almost always effectively [[infertility|sterile]], although advanced reproductive assistance is sometimes possible.<ref name="fertstert2004">{{Citation|last = Denschlag|first = Dominik, MD|last2 = Clemens|first2 = Tempfer, MD|last3 = Kunze|first3 = Myriam, MD|last4 = Wolff|first4 = Gerhard, MD|last5 = Keck|first5 = Christoph, MD|title = Assisted reproductive techniques in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: A critical review|journal = Fertility and Sterility|volume = 82|issue = 4|pages = 775–779|date = October 2004|year = 2004|doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.09.085}}</ref> Some degree of language learning impairment may be present,<ref name="ped1988">{{Citation|last = Graham |first = JM Jr|last2 = Bashir |first2 = AS|last3 = Stark |first3 = RE|last4 = Silbert |first4 = A|last5 = Walzer |first5 = S|title = Oral and written language abilities of XXY boys: implications for anticipatory guidance|journal = Pediatrics|volume = 81|issue = 6|pages = 795–806|date = June 1988|year = 1988|pmid = 3368277 }}</ref> and neuropsychological testing often reveals deficits in [[executive functions]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Boone KB, Swerdloff RS, Miller BL, ''et al'' |title=Neuropsychological profiles of adults with Klinefelter syndrome |journal=J Int Neuropsychol Soc |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=446–56 |year=2001 |month=May |pmid=11396547 |doi= |url=}}</ref>. In adults, possible characteristics vary widely and include little to no signs of affectedness, a lanky, youthful build and facial appearance, or a rounded body type with some degree of [[gynecomastia]] (increased breast tissue).<ref name="smedj1986">Abstract of {{Citation|last = Klinefelter |first = HF |title = Klinefelter's syndrome: historical background and development|journal = South Med J |volume = 79 |issue = 9|pages = 1089–1093 |date = 1986 |year = 1986 |pmid = 3529433}} provides information on microorchidism (small testes), hypogonadism (infertility/sterility and androgen hormone function) and gynecomastia. {{cite web |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/klinefelter.cfm |title=Understanding Klinefelter Syndrome: A Guide for XXY Males and Their Families |last=Bock |first=Robert |accessdate=2007-03-28 |date = 1993 August |year = 1993 | month = August |format=HTML |work=NIH Pub. No. 93-3202|publisher=Office of Research Reporting, NICHD}} offers substantive information about body type and appearance until a more rigorous source is found/supplied.</ref> Gynecomastia is present to some extent in about a third of affected individuals, a slightly higher percentage than in the XY population, but only about 10% of XXY males' gynecomastia is noticeable enough to require surgery.<ref name="orr-nichd1993">{{cite web |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubs/klinefelter.cfm#xadol|title=Understanding Klinefelter Syndrome: A Guide for XXY Males and Their Families, Adolescence section |last=Bock |first=Robert |accessdate=2007-03-29 |date = 1993 August |year = 1993 | month = August |format=HTML |work=NIH Pub. No. 93-3202|publisher=Office of Research Reporting, NICHD}} describes statistical occurrence of gynecomastia and surgical treatment.</ref> |
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About six hours after forming, the circulation of the depression became exposed from the deep convection, due to the wind shear. At the same time, two [[tropical cyclone forecast model]]s predicted the [[tropical cyclogenesis]] of a larger disturbance to the southeast of the depression.<ref name="disc2">{{cite web|author=Roberts|date=2008-10-04|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Discussion Two|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.002.shtml}}</ref> One model predicted the new cyclone to absorb the depression, although most other models forecast for the depression to remain the dominant system.<ref name="disc3">{{cite web|author=Avila|date=2008-10-04|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Discussion Three|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.003.shtml}}</ref> By early on October 5, deep convection developed and organized around the center of the depression, and satellite intensity estimates using the [[Dvorak technique]] suggested tropical storm force winds; as a result, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Norbert, about {{convert|245|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Zihuatanejo]].<ref name="disc5">{{cite web|author=Stewart|date=2008-10-05|title=Tropical Storm Norman Discussion Five|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Norbert was upgraded to a hurricane on October 6.<ref name=disc13>{{cite web|date=2008-10-06|author=Berg/Stewart|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.013.shtml?|title=Hurricane Norbert Discussion Number 13|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> On October 7, it reached Category 2 intensity on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]].<ref name=disc17>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.017.shtml?|title=Hurricane Norbert Discussion Number 17|author=Beven|date=2008-10-07|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-07}}</ref> Overnight, an eye appeared on infrared satellites, indicated that Norbert was intensifying and was upgraded to a major hurricane respectively. Continuing to strengthen, it reached Category 4 that afternoon, before weakening into a Category 1 by October 9, but restrengthened into a minimal major hurricane on October 11, and made landfall that day as a Category 2.<ref name="disc18">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2008/ep15/ep152008.discus.018.shtml?|title=Hurricane Norbert Discussion Number 18|author=Avila|date=2008-10-08|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|accessdate=2008-10-08}}</ref> |
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The term "[[hypogonadism]]" in XXY symptoms is often misinterpreted to mean "small testicles" or "small penis". In fact, it means decreased testicular hormone/endocrine function. Because of this hypogonadism, patients will often have a low serum [[testosterone]] level but high serum [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] (FSH) and [[luteinizing hormone]] (LH) levels.<ref name="nlhclingen2005">{{cite web| last = Leask | first = Kathryn | title = Klinefelter syndrome | work = National Library for Health, Specialist Libraries, Clinical Genetics | publisher = National Library for Health | month = October | year = 2005 | url = http://www.library.nhs.uk/genepool/ViewResource.aspx?resID=104897 | format = HTML | accessdate = 2007-04-07 }}</ref> Despite this misunderstanding of the term, however, it is true that XXY men often also have "[[microorchidism]]" (i.e. small testicles).<ref name="nlhclingen2005" /> |
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===Naming=== |
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The more severe end of the [[spectrum]] of symptom expression is also associated with an increased risk of [[germ cell tumors]], [[breast cancer]],<ref name="anticancerres1997">{{Citation|last = Hultborn |first = R|last2 = Hanson |first2 = C|last3 = Kopf |first3 = I|last4 = Verbiene |first4 = I|last5 = Warnhammar |first5 = E|last6 = Weimarck |first6 = A |title = Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome in male breast cancer patients |journal = Anticancer Res.|volume = 17 |issue = 6D |pages = 4293–4297 |date = 1997 Nov-Dec |year = 1997|pmid = 9494523}}</ref> and [[osteoporosis]],<ref name="nihhd2007" /> risks shared to varying degrees<ref name="nci2003">For instance, while {{Citation|last = Hultborn |first = R|last2 = Hanson |first2 = C|last3 = Kopf |first3 = I|last4 = Verbiene |first4 = I|last5 = Warnhammar |first5 = E|last6 = Weimarck |first6 = A |title = Prevalence of Klinefelter's syndrome in male breast cancer patients |journal = Anticancer Res.|volume = 17 |issue = 6D |pages = 4293–4297 |date = 1997 Nov-Dec |year = 1997|pmid = 9494523}} shows a 50-fold increased risk of developing breast cancer versus normal males, study of the [http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/ SEER Cancer Statistics Review (CSR)] databases available at the [http://www.cancer.gov/ National Cancer Institute] reveal that female relative risk of breast cancer incidence compared to normal males is around a 100 to 200-fold increase, which indicates XXY males may not be as much at risk statistically as normal females are.</ref> with females. Additionally, medical literature shows some individual case studies of Klinefelter's syndrome coexisting with other disorders, such as [[pulmonary disease]], [[varicose vein]]s, [[diabetes mellitus]], and [[rheumatoid arthritis]], but possible correlations between Klinefelter's and these other conditions are not well characterized or understood.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} |
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When Tropical Depression Fifteen-E strengthened into Tropical Storm Norbert late on October 4, it marked the first time worldwide that a storm had been named Norbert in 18 years; the last time a tropical cyclone in any basin was given the name was in the [[1990 Pacific hurricane season]], although it was also previously used in the [[1984 Pacific hurricane season|1984 season]].<ref name="best track">{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1949to2007_epa.txt|date=2008-03-21|title=Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949-2007|accessdate=2008-10-07|publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]]|format=plaintext}}</ref> |
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==Preparations== |
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In contrast to these potentially increased risks, it is currently thought that rare [[Sex linked|X-linked recessive]] conditions occur even less frequently in XXY males than in normal XY males, since these conditions are transmitted by genes on the X chromosome, and people with two X chromosomes are typically only carriers rather than affected by these X-linked recessive conditions. |
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A hurricane warning was issued on [[October 10]] for parts of central Baja California from Puerto San Andresito southward to Agua Blanca, and they extended around the peninsula from La Paz to Loreto. The warnings also went on the mainland west coast from Topolobampo to Guaymas. Hurricane watches were issued from Agua Blanca to Cabo San Lucas, and extended around the Baja peninsula to La Paz, and these same areas were also under tropical storm warnings as well. Tropical storm warnings also extended from Loreto northward to Mulege on the eastern side of the peninsula. |
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==Impact== |
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There are many variances within the XXY population, just as in the most common [[46,XY]] population. While it is possible to characterise 47,XXY males with certain body types, that in itself should not be the method of identification as to whether or not someone has 47,XXY. The only reliable method of identification is [[karyotype]] testing. |
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Hurricane Norbert struck Mexico's Baja California peninsula on Saturday with torrential rains and winds of up to 155 km/h. Strong winds bent palm trees along coastal areas. Some streets were in knee-deep water in the town of Puerto San Carlos. Norbert was ripping off roofs, knocking down trees and left one person missing and more than 20,000 homes without electricity, local authorities say. Some 2850 people were housed in temporary shelters. Forty per cent of homes were totally or partially damaged on the islands of Margarita and Magdalena, mainly having lost their roofs, said a report from state protection services. La Paz international airport suspended its activities at midday local time Saturday, but the tourist resort of Los Cabos remained open. Hotel reservations were down by around 40 per cent mainly in Los Cabos and Loreto, local tourism officials said. <ref>[http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,24483804-5001028,00.html Hurricane tears into Mexico]</ref> |
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Norbert was a Category 2 hurricane at landfall, which made Norbert the first [[October]] hurricane to strike the Baja California peninsula since [[Hurricane Pauline (1968)|Hurricane Pauline]] forty years prior, and Norbert was the stronger of the two. |
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== Diagnosis== |
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A [[karyotype]] is used to confirm the diagnosis. In this procedure, a small blood sample is drawn. [[White blood cell]]s are then separated from the sample, mixed with [[Growth medium|tissue culture medium]], incubated, and checked for chromosomal abnormalities, such as an extra X chromosome. |
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== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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The extra X chromosome is retained because of a [[Meiosis#Nondisjunction|nondisjunction]] event during [[meiosis]] (sex cell division). The XXY chromosome arrangement is one of the most common genetic variations from the XY [[karyotype]], occurring in about 1 in 500 live male births.<ref name="nihhd2007" /> |
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==Links== |
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In [[mammal]]s with more than one X chromosome, the [[gene]]s on all but one X chromosome are not expressed; this is known as [[X inactivation]]. This happens in XXY males as well as normal XX females.<ref name="arghg2005">Chow J, Yen Z, Ziesche S, Brown C (2005). "Silencing of the mammalian X chromosome". Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 6: 69-92. PMID 16124854</ref> A few genes located in the [[pseudoautosomal region]]s, however, have corresponding genes on the Y chromosome and are capable of being expressed.<ref name="cogd2006">Blaschke RJ, Rappold G (2006). The pseudoautosomal regions, SHOX and disease. ''Curr Opin Genet Dev''. Jun; '''16''':233-9. PMID 16650979</ref> These [[triploid]] genes in XXY males may be responsible for symptoms associated with Klinefelter's syndrome.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} |
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* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/MIATWOEP.shtml National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook] - updated four times daily |
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* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ National Hurricane Center] |
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{{2008 Pacific hurricane season buttons}} |
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The first published report of a man with a 47,XXY karyotype was by Patricia A. Jacobs and Dr. J.A. Strong at [[Western General Hospital]] in [[Edinburgh, Scotland]] in 1959.<ref name="nature1959">{{cite journal |author=Jacobs PA, Strong JA |month=January 31, |year=1959 |title=A case of human intersexuality having a possible XXY sex-determining mechanism |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=183 |issue=4657 |pages=302–3 |pmid=13632697 |doi= 10.1038/183302a0}}</ref> This karyotype was found in a 24-year-old man who had signs of Klinefelter's syndrome. Dr. Jacobs described her discovery of this first reported human or mammalian chromosome [[aneuploidy]] in her 1981 William Allan Memorial Award address.<ref name="amjhumgenet1982">{{cite journal |author=Jacobs PA |month=September |year=1982 |title=The William Allan Memorial Award address: human population cytogenetics: the first twenty-five years |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics|Am J Hum Genet]] |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=689–98 |pmid=6751075 |pmc=1685430}}</ref> |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Norbert}} |
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==Treatment== |
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[[Category:2008 Pacific hurricane season]] |
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The genetic variation is irreversible, but its symptoms can be altered or treated in a number of ways, including the use of testosterone treatment. <ref>Androgen deficiency and replacement therapy in men - http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/180_10_170504/han10513_fm.html</ref> |
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[[Category:Category 4 Pacific hurricanes]] |
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[[Category:Hurricaes in Mexico]] |
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[[es:Huracán Norbert (2008)]] |
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Inadequately treated [[hypogonadism]] in Klinefelter syndrome increases recognized [[psychosocial]] [[morbidity]].<ref name="jpediatrendo2006">{{cite journal |author=Simm PJ, Zacharin MR |title=The psychosocial impact of Klinefelter syndrome--a 10 year review |journal=J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=499–505 |year=2006 |month=April |pmid=16759035 |doi= |url=}}</ref> At least one study indicates that planned and timed support should be provided for young men with Klinefelter syndrome, to ameliorate current poor psychosocial outcomes.<ref name="jpediatrendo2006" /> |
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[[no:Orkanen Norbert]] |
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==Variations== |
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The 48, [[XXYY]] (male) syndrome occurs 1 in 17,000 births and has traditionally been considered to be a variation of Klinefelter's syndrome. XXYY is no longer generally considered a variation of KS, although it has not yet been assigned an [[ICD-10]] code. |
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Males with Klinefelter syndrome may have a [[Mosaic (genetics)|mosaic]] 47,XXY/46,XY constitutional [[karyotype]] and varying degrees of spermatogenic failure. Mosaicism 47,XXY/46,XX with clinical features suggestive of Klinefelter syndrome is very rare. Thus far, only about 10 cases have been described in literature.<ref name="eurjmedgenet2006">Velissariou V, Christopoulou S, Karadimas C, Pihos I, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Kapranos N, Kallipolitis G, Hatzaki A. (July - August 2006). "Rare XXY/XX mosaicism in a phenotypic male with Klinefelter syndrome: case report". '' Eur J Med Genet'' '''49''' (4): 331-337. PMID 16829354</ref> |
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== See also == |
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<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> |
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* [[Intersexuality]] |
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* [[Mosaic (genetics)]] |
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* [[Triple X syndrome]] |
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* [[Turner syndrome]] |
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* [[XXYY syndrome]] |
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* [[XYY syndrome]] |
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* [[True hermaphroditism]] |
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</div> |
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== References == |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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== External links == |
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* {{DMOZ|Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Genetic_Disorders/Klinefelter_Syndrome/}} |
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{{Chromosomal abnormalities}} |
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[[Category:Genetic disorders]] |
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[[Category:Syndromes]] |
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[[Category:Intersexuality]] |
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[[ar:متلازمة كلاينفلتر]] |
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[[bg:Синдром на Клайнфелтер]] |
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[[cs:Klinefelterův syndrom]] |
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[[da:Klinefelters syndrom]] |
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[[de:Klinefelter-Syndrom]] |
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[[es:Síndrome de Klinefelter]] |
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[[fr:Maladie de Klinefelter]] |
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[[ko:클라인펠터 증후군]] |
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[[it:Sindrome di Klinefelter]] |
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[[he:תסמונת קליינפלטר]] |
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[[hu:Klinefelter-szindróma]] |
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[[nl:Syndroom van Klinefelter]] |
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[[ja:クラインフェルター症候群]] |
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[[no:Klinefelter syndrom]] |
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[[pl:Zespół Klinefeltera]] |
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[[pt:Síndrome de Klinefelter]] |
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[[ro:Sindrom Klinefelter]] |
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[[ru:Синдром Клайнфельтера]] |
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[[sr:Клинефелтеров синдром]] |
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[[fi:Klinefelterin oireyhtymä]] |
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[[sv:Klinefelters syndrom]] |
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[[vi:Hội chứng Klinefelter]] |
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[[tr:Klinefelter sendromu]] |
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| Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS) | |
 Norbert at peak intensity. | |
| Formed | October 3, 2008 |
|---|---|
| Dissipated | October 12, 2008 |
| Highest winds | 1-minute sustained: 140 mph (220 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 943 mbar (hPa); 27.85 inHg |
| Fatalities | 3 |
| Areas affected | Baja California Sur, mainland Mexico, and Texas |
| Part of the 2008 Pacific hurricane season | |
Hurricane Norbert is the strongest storm thus far in the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. Norbert was the fifteenth tropical cyclone, fourteenth named storm, seventh hurricane of the season, and second major hurricane of the season. Norbert has claimed at least three lives after making its final landfall in the Mexican state of Sonora.[1]
Meterological history
The origins of Norbert were from an area of disturbed weather that formed near the Gulf of Tehuantepec on September 28.[2] Drifting westward off the coast of Mexico, the system initially consisted of a broad low pressure area and an area of disorganized convection.[3] It slowly organized for several days, and by early on October 4 the system developed enough organized convection to be classified as Tropical Depression Fifteen; at that point, it was located about 230 miles (370 km) south of Acapulco. The depression was located over an area of warm water temperatures and moderate vertical wind shear, and as such was forecast to intensify gradually.[4]
About six hours after forming, the circulation of the depression became exposed from the deep convection, due to the wind shear. At the same time, two tropical cyclone forecast models predicted the tropical cyclogenesis of a larger disturbance to the southeast of the depression.[5] One model predicted the new cyclone to absorb the depression, although most other models forecast for the depression to remain the dominant system.[6] By early on October 5, deep convection developed and organized around the center of the depression, and satellite intensity estimates using the Dvorak technique suggested tropical storm force winds; as a result, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Norbert, about 245 mi (394 km) south of Zihuatanejo.[7] Norbert was upgraded to a hurricane on October 6.[8] On October 7, it reached Category 2 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.[9] Overnight, an eye appeared on infrared satellites, indicated that Norbert was intensifying and was upgraded to a major hurricane respectively. Continuing to strengthen, it reached Category 4 that afternoon, before weakening into a Category 1 by October 9, but restrengthened into a minimal major hurricane on October 11, and made landfall that day as a Category 2.[10]
Naming
When Tropical Depression Fifteen-E strengthened into Tropical Storm Norbert late on October 4, it marked the first time worldwide that a storm had been named Norbert in 18 years; the last time a tropical cyclone in any basin was given the name was in the 1990 Pacific hurricane season, although it was also previously used in the 1984 season.[11]
Preparations
A hurricane warning was issued on October 10 for parts of central Baja California from Puerto San Andresito southward to Agua Blanca, and they extended around the peninsula from La Paz to Loreto. The warnings also went on the mainland west coast from Topolobampo to Guaymas. Hurricane watches were issued from Agua Blanca to Cabo San Lucas, and extended around the Baja peninsula to La Paz, and these same areas were also under tropical storm warnings as well. Tropical storm warnings also extended from Loreto northward to Mulege on the eastern side of the peninsula.
Impact
Hurricane Norbert struck Mexico's Baja California peninsula on Saturday with torrential rains and winds of up to 155 km/h. Strong winds bent palm trees along coastal areas. Some streets were in knee-deep water in the town of Puerto San Carlos. Norbert was ripping off roofs, knocking down trees and left one person missing and more than 20,000 homes without electricity, local authorities say. Some 2850 people were housed in temporary shelters. Forty per cent of homes were totally or partially damaged on the islands of Margarita and Magdalena, mainly having lost their roofs, said a report from state protection services. La Paz international airport suspended its activities at midday local time Saturday, but the tourist resort of Los Cabos remained open. Hotel reservations were down by around 40 per cent mainly in Los Cabos and Loreto, local tourism officials said. [12]
Norbert was a Category 2 hurricane at landfall, which made Norbert the first October hurricane to strike the Baja California peninsula since Hurricane Pauline forty years prior, and Norbert was the stronger of the two.
References
- ^ Agence France-Presse (2008-10-13). "Hurricane Norbert Claims Three Lives". news.com.au. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ Blake (2008-09-28). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Beven (2008-09-29). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Stewart (2008-10-04). "Tropical Depression Fifteen Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Roberts (2008-10-04). "Tropical Depression Fifteen Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Avila (2008-10-04). "Tropical Depression Fifteen Discussion Three". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Stewart (2008-10-05). "Tropical Storm Norman Discussion Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Berg/Stewart (2008-10-06). "Hurricane Norbert Discussion Number 13". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Beven (2008-10-07). "Hurricane Norbert Discussion Number 17". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Avila (2008-10-08). "Hurricane Norbert Discussion Number 18". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
- ^ "Eastern North Pacific Tracks File 1949-2007" (plaintext). National Hurricane Center. 2008-03-21. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ^ Hurricane tears into Mexico
Links
- National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook - updated four times daily
- National Hurricane Center
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