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{{Short description|Benedictine convent in Wiltshire, England}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox monastery
{{Infobox monastery
| name = Wilton Abbey
| name = Wilton Abbey
| image =
| image =
| alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| caption =
| full =
⚫
| order = [[Benedictine]]
| full =
⚫
| established = Early 10th century
⚫
| order = [[Poor Clares]]
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| established = 802
| disestablished = 1539
| disestablished = 1539
| mother =
| mother =
| dedication = [[Benedictine]]
| dedication =
| diocese =
| diocese =
| churches = Catholic
| churches =
| founder =
| founder = [[Alburga|Saint Alburga]], with permission given by [[Egbert of Wessex]]
| abbot =
| abbot =
| prior =
| prior =
| people =
| people =
| location = [[Wiltshire]], [[England]], three miles from [[Salisbury]]
| location = [[Wiltshire]], [[England]], {{cvt|3|mi|0}} from [[Salisbury]]
| map_type =
| map_type =
| coord = {{coord|51.07808|N|1.85600|W||display=title}}
| coord = {{coord|51.0781|N|1.8560|W|type:landmark_region:GB-WIL|display=title}}
| oscoor =
| oscoor =
| remains =
| remains =
| public_access =
| public_access =
| other_info =
| other_info =
}}
}}
'''Wilton Abbey''' was a [[Benedictine]] [[convent]] in [[Wiltshire]], [[England]], three miles from [[Salisbury]] on the site now occupied by [[Wilton House]]. It was active from 802 until 1539. It was one of the most powerfull nunneries in Medieval England, and one of only four nunneries to hold a barony alongside [[Shaftesbury Abbey|Shaftesbury]], [[Barking Abbey|Barking]], and [[St Mary's Abbey, Winchester]].


[[File:Wilton_House_Gardens.jpg|thumb|Part of the gardens of Wilton House]]
⚫
==History==
'''Wilton Abbey''' was a [[Benedictine]] [[convent]] in [[Wiltshire]], England, three miles west of [[Salisbury]], probably on the site now occupied by [[Wilton House]].<ref>{{National Heritage List for England |num=1023762 |desc=Wilton House |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref> It was active from the early tenth century until 1539.


⚫
==History==
===Foundation===
===Foundation===
Wilton Abbey is first recorded in the 930s, but a 15th-century poem dates its foundation to the late 8th century by [[Weohstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire]], and his widow Alburga is said to have been its abbess. This claim has been accepted by some historians, but it is rejected by the ecclesiastical historian, [[Sarah Foot]], who describes it as a new foundation in the tenth century.<ref>{{cite book| first=Sarah|last =Foot|authorlink=Sarah Foot |title=Veiled Women|volume=II |chapter=Wilton, Wiltshire|pages=221-31|publisher=Ashgate |location =Aldershot, Hampshire |year=2000|isbn= 978-0-7546-0044-2 }}</ref> The story is also dismissed by the historian Elizabeth Crittall.<ref name="vch" /> Alburga (or Æthelburh) is said to have been the half-sister of [[Ecgberht, King of Wessex|King Ecgberht of Wessex]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Farmer |first=David |authorlink= |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Saints|page=11 |publisher= Oxford University Press|location =Oxford, UK|edition=5th revised |year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-959660-7}}</ref> but she is not mentioned in biographies of Ecgberht.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Heather|last =Edwards |authorlink=| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title= Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839)| year = 2004 | url =https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8581#odnb-9780198614128-e-8581 | accessdate=18 October 2020|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/8581 }} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref> {{cite encyclopedia|last=Yorke |first= Barbara|title=Ecgberht, king of Wessex |page=162|year=2014|editor1-first= Michael|editor1-last= Lapidge|editor2-first= John|editor2-last= Blair|editor3-first= Simon|editor3-last= Keynes |editor4-first= Donald|editor4-last= Scragg |encyclopedia=The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England|edition=Second| publisher= Wiley Blackwell |location=Chichester, West Sussex |isbn=978-0-470-65632-7}}</ref>

A first foundation was made as a college of [[Secular clergy|secular priests]] by [[Wulfstan, Ealdorman of Wiltshire]], about 773, but after his death (802) was changed into a convent for twelve nuns by his widow, [[Alburga|Saint Alburga]], sister of [[Egbert of Wessex]]. Owing to the consent given by this king he is counted as the first founder of this monastery. Saint Alburga herself joined the community, and died at Wilton. [[King Alfred]], after his temporary success against the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] at Wilton in 871, founded a new convent on the site of the royal palace and united to it the older foundation.


===Anglo Saxon era===
===Anglo Saxon era===
[[File:Edith of Wilton.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Near contemporary drawing of Edith.]]
[[File:Edith of Wilton.jpg|thumb|Near-contemporary drawing of Edith]]


The community was to number 26 nuns. It was attached to [[St Mary's Church, Wilton|St Mary's Church]].<ref name="lbo">{{National Heritage List for England|num=1355781|desc=Church of St Mary|accessdate=11 December 2014}}</ref> Two daughters of king [[Edward the Elder]] and [[Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder|Ælfflæd]], Eadflæd and Æthelhild, probably joined the community, Eadflæd as a nun and Æthelhild as a lay sister. They were buried at Wilton with their mother. Their half-brother, king [[Æthelstan]], made two grants of land to a congregation at Wilton in the 930s, including one in 937 for the remission of his sins and those of Eadflæd.<ref>{{cite book | last = Foot | first = Sarah | authorlink= Sarah Foot | title=Æthelstan: the first king of England|publisher=Yale University Press| year = 2011 |page=45|ISBN= 978-0-300-12535-1}}</ref>
The community was to number 26 nuns. It was attached to [[St Mary's Church, Wilton|St Mary's Church]].<ref>{{National Heritage List for England|num=1355781|desc=Church of St Mary|access-date=11 December 2014|fewer-links=yes}}</ref> Two daughters of king [[Edward the Elder]] and [[Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder|Ælfflæd]], Eadflæd and Æthelhild, probably joined the community, Eadflæd as a nun and Æthelhild as a lay sister. They were buried at Wilton with their mother. Their half-brother, king [[Æthelstan]], made two grants of land to a congregation at Wilton in the 930s, including one in 937 for the remission of his sins and those of Eadflæd.<ref>{{cite book | last = Foot | first = Sarah | author-link= Sarah Foot | title=Æthelstan: the first king of England| url = https://archive.org/details/thelstanfirstkin00foot | url-access = limited |publisher=Yale University Press| year = 2011 |page=[https://archive.org/details/thelstanfirstkin00foot/page/n65 45]|ISBN= 978-0-300-12535-1}}</ref>


In 955 [[Eadwig|King Eadwig]] granted the [[nuns]] of Wilton Abbey an estate called ''Chelke'' (''Chalke'', Saxon ''aet Ceolcum'') which included land in [[Broad Chalke]] and [[Bowerchalke]].<ref name="Broad">Broad Chalke, A History of a South Wiltshire Village, its Land & People Over 2,000 years. By 'The People of the Village', 1999</ref><ref name="Brit Hist 116110">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=116110 British History Online (.ac.uk) Broad Chalke]</ref>
In 955 [[Eadwig|King Eadwig]] granted the [[nuns]] of Wilton Abbey an estate called ''Chelke'' (''Chalke'', Saxon ''æt Ceolcum'') which included land in [[Broad Chalke]] and [[Bowerchalke]].<ref name="Broad">Broad Chalke, A History of a South Wiltshire Village, its Land & People Over 2,000 years. By 'The People of the Village', 1999</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol13/pp36-52 |series=[[Victoria County History]] |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 13 |chapter=Parishes: Broad Chalke |pages=36-52 |editor-first=D. A. |editor-last=Crowley |author-first1=Jane |author-last1=Freeman |author-first2=Janet H. |author-last2=Stevenson |date=1987 |via=British History Online |publisher=University of London |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>


===Wulfthryth era===
===Wulfthryth era===
⚫
[[Wulfthryth of Wilton]], the wife (or concubine) of [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar]], King of the English (reigned 959–975), was abbess of Wilton between the early 960s and about 1000. According to Stenton, she was a nun when Edgar (who could not have been more than sixteen at the time, and she a bit older) abducted her from the abbey and carried her off to his palace at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks. Abduction of a bride was not uncommon in pre-Christian and early Christian Anglo-Saxon society, and it is unknown how much of her abduction was with her consent. Nevertheless, she was held at Kemsing for two years, during which time she bore Edgar a daughter [[Edith of Wilton|Saint Edith]], whom he acknowledged and supported for the rest of his life. St. Dunstan, an advisor to Edgar, later talked the king into doing penance for the abduction: reportedly, Edgar refrained from wearing his crown for seven years.


⚫
By the early 960's, Wulfthryth was installed as abbess back at Wilton (where she raised her daughter), and Edgar had bestowed the abbey with treasure and land. In 964 Edgar married [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Ælfthryth]], in a Christian ceremony which would have nullified any pagan arrangement with Wulfthryth; because of this, modern historians sometimes refer to her as a "concubine" but the word is inaccurate, given the custom of the time. Having been given wealth by the king, and being of a noble background herself, Wulfthryth used her wealth to build up Wilton's relic collection. She was also able to use her royal connections to protect Wilton in other ways, such as securing the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.
⚫
[[Wulfthryth of Wilton]], the wife (or concubine) of [[Edgar the Peaceful|Edgar]], King of the English (959-75), was abbess of Wilton between the early 960s and about 1000. According to Stenton, she was a nun when Edgar (who could not have been more than sixteen at the time, and she a bit older) abducted her from the abbey and carried her off to his palace at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks. Abduction of a bride was not uncommon in pre-Christian and early Christian Anglo-Saxon society, and it is unknown how much of her abduction was with her consent. Nevertheless, she was held at Kemsing for two years, during which time she bore Edgar a daughter [[Edith of Wilton|Saint Edith]], whom he acknowledged and supported for the rest of his life. St. Dunstan, an advisor to Edgar, later talked the king into doing penance for the abduction: reportedly, Edgar refrained from wearing his crown for seven years.


⚫
Her daughter died between 984 and 987 at the age of 23, and her mother and various royalty, as well as enormous local popular support, promoted her cult as a saint.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Barbara |last =Yorke |author-link=Barbara Yorke| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title=Wulfthryth [St Wulfthryth] (d. c.1000), abbess of Wilton | year = 2004 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49423/49423?back=,8463,49423,8463 | access-date= 1 August 2013|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49423}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Barbara |last =Yorke |author-link=Barbara Yorke| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title=Edith [St Edith, Eadgyth] (961x4–984x7), nun | year = 2004 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8482/?back=,8463,49423,8463,49423 | access-date= 1 August 2013|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8482}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Oxford University Press|place=Oxford, UK|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref>
⚫
By the early 960's, Wulfthryth was installed as abbess back at Wilton (where she raised her daughter), and Edgar had bestowed the abbey with treasure and land. In 964 Edgar married [[Ælfthryth, wife of Edgar|Ælfthryth]], in a Christian ceremony which would have nullified any pagan arrangement with Wulfthryth; because of this, modern historians sometimes refer to her as a "concubine" but the word is inaccurate, given the custom of the time. Having been given wealth by the king, and being of a noble background herself, Wulfthryth used her wealth to build up Wilton's relic collection. She was also able to use her royal connections to protect Wilton in other ways, such as securing the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.

⚫
Her daughter died between 984 and 987 at the age of 23, and her mother and various royalty, as well as enormous local popular support, promoted her cult as a saint.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Barbara |last =Yorke |authorlink=Barbara Yorke| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title=Wulfthryth [St Wulfthryth] (d. c.1000), abbess of Wilton | year = 2004 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/49423/49423?back=,8463,49423,8463 | accessdate= 1 August 2013|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49423 }} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Barbara |last =Yorke |authorlink=Barbara Yorke| publisher = Oxford University Press | encyclopedia= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | title=Edith [St Edith, Eadgyth] (961x4–984x7), nun | year = 2004 | url =http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8482/?back=,8463,49423,8463,49423 | accessdate= 1 August 2013|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8482 }} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>* {{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Oxford University Press|place=Oxford, UK|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5|ref=harv}}</ref>


===High middle ages===
===High middle ages===
⚫
In 1003 [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn, King of Denmark]], destroyed the town of [[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]] but it is unknown whether the abbey shared its fate. [[Edith of Wessex]], the wife of [[Edward the Confessor]], who had been educated at Wilton, rebuilt the abbey in stone; it had formerly been of wood.<ref>Stafford, Pauline (2009). 'Edith, Edward's Wife and Queen', pp.&nbsp;129–138 in Richard Mortimer ed., ''Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend'', The Boydell Press {{ISBN|978-1-84383-436-6}} pp. 121–126</ref>


In the year before the Norman conquest, a couple gave their daughter [[Eve of Wilton]] to the abbey. She left in 1080 to have a notable life in France.<ref>{{Citation |title=Eve of Wilton at The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |date=2004-09-23 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39096 |work=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |pages=ref:odnb/39096 |editor-last=Matthew |editor-first=H. C. G. |access-date=2023-05-07 |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39096 |editor2-last=Harrison |editor2-first=B.}}</ref>
⚫
In 1003 [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Sweyn, King of Denmark]], destroyed the town of [[Wilton, Wiltshire|Wilton]] but we do not know whether the abbey shared its fate. [[Edith of Wessex]], the wife of [[Edward the Confessor]], who had been educated at Wilton, rebuilt the abbey in stone; it had formerly been of wood.


The Abbess of Wilton held an entire barony from the king, a privilege shared by only three other English nunneries, [[Shaftesbury Abbey|Shaftesbury]], [[Barking Abbey|Barking]], and [[St Mary's Abbey, Winchester]].
The Abbess of Wilton held an entire barony from the king, a privilege shared by only three other English nunneries, [[Shaftesbury Abbey|Shaftesbury]], [[Barking Abbey|Barking]], and [[St Mary's Abbey, Winchester]]. As the head of a barony, the abbess had the obligation to provide the royal army with knights when summoned. The abbess had the privilege to appoint offices in her realm, which made her an important patron; her most prestigious cause of patronage was her right to appoint deacon to the conventual church, which had a great deal of clergymen in office at any given time.<ref name="vch">{{Cite book |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol3/pp231-242 |series=[[Victoria County History]] |title=A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 3 |chapter=Houses of Benedictine nuns: Abbey of Wilton |pages=231-242 |editor1-first=R.B. |editor1-last=Pugh |editor1-link=Ralph Pugh |editor2-first=Elizabeth |editor2-last=Crittall |date=1956 |via=British History Online |publisher=University of London |access-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>

Wilton Abbey was favoured by the royal family and given many rich donations from members of the royal family, such as from Henry I and Queen Maud. The king, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Salisbury, and sometimes the queen, had the right to nominate nuns to Wilton, and the king exercised this right on his coronation and on the creation of a new abbess, and the queen on her coronation.


In 1143 [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] made it his headquarters, but was [[Battle of Wilton (1143)|put to flight]] by [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]]'s forces under [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester|Robert, Earl of Gloucester]].
In 1143 [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] made it his headquarters, but was [[Battle of Wilton (1143)|put to flight]] by [[Empress Matilda|Matilda]]'s forces under [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester|Robert, Earl of Gloucester]].


During the 13th-century, Wilton Abbey experienced a period of financial crisis, and between 1246 and 1276, several gifts were made from the crown and the church for the repair of the buildings, which were at this point described as having fallen into a serious state of disrepair.<ref name="vch" />
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===Dissolution===


Several scandals are known to have occurred in Wilton Abbey. In 1284<ref>Reg. Simon de Gandavo (Cant. & York Soc.), i, 105, 116, 129.</ref> and 1302 nuns of Wilton were found guilty of misconduct,<ref>Cal. Fine R. 1272–1307, 207. Reg. Peckham, f. 119; Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Branch and Dole Hundred, 94.</ref> and again in 1379.<ref name="vch" />

In 1528, the crown interfered in the election of a new abbess after the death of Cecily Willoughby. The abbey nominated the election of the prioress, Isabel Jordayne, described as 'ancient, wise and discreet', while [[Anne Boleyn]] favoured her brother-in-law [[William Carey (courtier)|William Carey's]] sister [[Eleanor Carey]].<ref name="vch" /> Henry VIII preferred [[Isabel Jordayne]] when Eleanor Carey's candidacy was destroyed by serious moral charges against her.<ref name="vch" /> In 1535, the abbess complained about Thomas Leigh's too strictly enforced enclosure, as it would not be possible for her to conduct the abbey's business properly if she was not allowed to leave the convent on business, as the abbey was in debt.<ref name="vch" />

⚫
===Dissolution===
[[Cecily Bodenham]], the last abbess, surrendered the convent to the commissioners of King [[Henry VIII]] on 25 March 1539 during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]. The site was granted to Sir [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1506-1570)|William Herbert]], afterwards [[Earl of Pembroke]], who commenced the building of [[Wilton House]], still the abode of his descendants. There are no remains of the ancient buildings.
[[Cecily Bodenham]], the last abbess, surrendered the convent to the commissioners of King [[Henry VIII]] on 25 March 1539 during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]]. The site was granted to Sir [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (1506-1570)|William Herbert]], afterwards [[Earl of Pembroke]], who commenced the building of [[Wilton House]], still the abode of his descendants. There are no remains of the ancient buildings.


==Abbesses of Wilton==
==Abbesses of Wilton==
⚫
* Ælfgyth, occurs 955.

⚫
* [[Wulfthryth of Wilton]], died 1000.
* [[Alburga|Saint Alburga]], traditionally the first prioress of house founded by King Egbert (802)
⚫
* Bryghtwyde, occurs 1065 (said to be third abbess after Wulfthryth).
* Radegund, traditionally the first abbess of house founded by Alfred.
⚫
* Ælfgyth, occurs 955.
⚫
* Wulfthryth (Wulftrude or Woltrud), died 1000.
⚫
* Bryghtwyde, occurs 1065 (fn. 235) (said to be third abbess after Wulfthryth).
* Alfyne, succeeds Bryghtwyde 1065, died 1067.
* Alfyne, succeeds Bryghtwyde 1065, died 1067.
* Hawise, occurs temp. Hen. II.
* Hawise, occurs temp. Henry II.
* Alice, occurs 1192.
* Alice, occurs 1192.
* Mary, occurs 1194.
* Mary, occurs 1194.
* Asceline, occurs 1197, 1208.
* Asceline, occurs 1197, 1208.
* Margaret, died before 12 Feb. 1222.
* Margaret, died before 12 February 1222.
* Isabel de Warenne, elected 1222, died before 1 Apr. 1228.
* Isabel de Warenne, elected 1222, died before 1 April 1228.
* Alice, elected 1228, died before 7 May 1237.
* Alice, elected 1228, died before 7 May 1237.
* Alice, elected 1237, died before 29 Aug. 1252.
* Alice, elected 1237, died before 29 August 1252.
* Maud de la Mare, elected 1252, died before 2 Nov. 1271.
* Maud de la Mare, elected 1252, died before 2 November 1271.
* Juliana Gifford, elected between 27 Dec. 1271 and 16 Nov. 1272, died before 6 July 1296.
* Juliana Gifford, elected between 27 December 1271 and 16 November 1272, died before 6 July 1296.
* Parnel de Vaux, elected 1296, died before 8 May 1299.
* Parnel de Vaux, elected 1296, died before 8 May 1299.
* Emma Blount, elected 1299, died before 20 Nov. 1321.
* Emma Blount, elected 1299, died before 20 Nov. 1321.
* Constance de Percy, elected 1321, died before 14 Aug. 1344.
* Constance de Percy, elected 1321, died before 14 August 1344.
* Robergia de Popham, elected 1344, died before 4 May 1346.
* Robergia de Popham, elected 1344, died before 4 May 1346.
* Lucy Loveny, 1346, died before 30 Oct. 1361.
* Lucy Loveny, 1346, died before 30 October 1361.
* Sibyl Aucher, elected 1361, died before 20 June 1374.
* Sibyl Aucher, elected 1361, died before 20 June 1374.
* Maud de Bokeland, elected 1374, died before 12 Oct. 1395.
* Maud de Bokeland, elected 1374, died before 12 October 1395.
* Felise Lavington, elected 1395.
* Felise Lavington, elected 1395.
* Joan Beauchamp, elected 1403, died before 19 Nov. 1416.
* Joan Beauchamp, elected 1403, died before 19 November 1416.
* Christine Doulre, elected 1416, died 1441.
* Christine Doulre, elected 1416, died 1441.
* Christine Codford, elected 1441, died 1448.
* Christine Codford, elected 1441, died 1448.
* Isabel Lambard, elected 1448, died 1464.
* Isabel Lambard, elected 1448, died 1464.
* Edith Barough, elected 1464, died before 11 Dec. 1470.
* Edith Barough, elected 1464, died before 11 December 1470.
* Alice Comelonde, elected 1471, died 1485.
* Alice Comelonde, elected 1471, died 1485.
* Cecily Willoughby, elected 1485, died before 30 Apr. 1528.
* Cecily Willoughby, elected 24 September 1485, died on 24 April 1528.<ref name=issy/>
* Isabel Jordayne, elected 1528; on 28 Mar. 1533 abbey said to have been long without an abbess.
* [[Isabel Jordayne]], elected 1528; on 28 March 1533 abbey said to have been long without an abbess.<ref name=issy>{{Cite web|title=Jordayne, Isabel (d. in or before 1534), abbess of Wilton|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-104420;jsessionid=1F6CCBDD714BEB7ED430F5CDDEF09B46|access-date=2021-02-18|website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/104420}}</ref>
* [[Cecily Bodenham]], elected 1534.
* [[Cecily Bodenham]], elected 1534.<ref name=issy/>


==Burials==
==Burials==
*[[Saint Iwig]] (d. ca. 690 AD), whose [[Feast Day]] is 8 October (AKA ''Iwi'').
*[[Saint Iwig]] or Iwi (died c. 690)
*[[Edith of Wilton]] (c. 963- c.986) patron saint of Wilton
*[[Edith of Wilton]] (c. 963 – c. 986) patron saint of Wilton
*Saint [[Wulfthryth of Wilton|Wulfthryth]] (d. 988 AD), mother of St. Edith of Wilton, her Feast Day is 13 September.
*Saint [[Wulfthryth of Wilton|Wulfthryth]] (died 988), mother of St. Edith of Wilton
*[[Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder|Ælfflæd]], Eadflæd and Æthelhild
*[[Ælfflæd, wife of Edward the Elder|Ælfflæd]], Eadflæd and Æthelhild


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}
{{reflist}}
{{catholic}}
{{wikisource|Wilton Abbey}}


[[Category:Benedictine nunneries in England]]
[[Category:Benedictine nunneries in England]]
Line 113: Line 118:
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 9th century]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 9th century]]
[[Category:1539 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:1539 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Wilton, Wiltshire|Abbey]]

Latest revision as of 12:11, 10 October 2023

Wilton Abbey
Monastery information
OrderBenedictine
EstablishedEarly 10th century
Disestablished1539
Site
LocationWiltshire, England, 3 mi (5 km) from Salisbury
Coordinates51°04′41″N 1°51′22″W / 51.0781°N 1.8560°W / 51.0781; -1.8560
Part of the gardens of Wilton House

Wilton Abbey was a Benedictine convent in Wiltshire, England, three miles west of Salisbury, probably on the site now occupied by Wilton House.[1] It was active from the early tenth century until 1539.

History[edit]

Foundation[edit]

Wilton Abbey is first recorded in the 930s, but a 15th-century poem dates its foundation to the late 8th century by Weohstan, ealdorman of Wiltshire, and his widow Alburga is said to have been its abbess. This claim has been accepted by some historians, but it is rejected by the ecclesiastical historian, Sarah Foot, who describes it as a new foundation in the tenth century.[2] The story is also dismissed by the historian Elizabeth Crittall.[3] Alburga (or Æthelburh) is said to have been the half-sister of King Ecgberht of Wessex,[4] but she is not mentioned in biographies of Ecgberht.[5][6]

Anglo Saxon era[edit]

Near-contemporary drawing of Edith

The community was to number 26 nuns. It was attached to St Mary's Church.[7] Two daughters of king Edward the Elder and Ælfflæd, Eadflæd and Æthelhild, probably joined the community, Eadflæd as a nun and Æthelhild as a lay sister. They were buried at Wilton with their mother. Their half-brother, king Æthelstan, made two grants of land to a congregation at Wilton in the 930s, including one in 937 for the remission of his sins and those of Eadflæd.[8]

In 955 King Eadwig granted the nuns of Wilton Abbey an estate called Chelke (Chalke, Saxon æt Ceolcum) which included land in Broad Chalke and Bowerchalke.[9][10]

Wulfthryth era[edit]

Wulfthryth of Wilton, the wife (or concubine) of Edgar, King of the English (reigned 959–975), was abbess of Wilton between the early 960s and about 1000. According to Stenton, she was a nun when Edgar (who could not have been more than sixteen at the time, and she a bit older) abducted her from the abbey and carried her off to his palace at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks. Abduction of a bride was not uncommon in pre-Christian and early Christian Anglo-Saxon society, and it is unknown how much of her abduction was with her consent. Nevertheless, she was held at Kemsing for two years, during which time she bore Edgar a daughter Saint Edith, whom he acknowledged and supported for the rest of his life. St. Dunstan, an advisor to Edgar, later talked the king into doing penance for the abduction: reportedly, Edgar refrained from wearing his crown for seven years.

By the early 960's, Wulfthryth was installed as abbess back at Wilton (where she raised her daughter), and Edgar had bestowed the abbey with treasure and land. In 964 Edgar married Ælfthryth, in a Christian ceremony which would have nullified any pagan arrangement with Wulfthryth; because of this, modern historians sometimes refer to her as a "concubine" but the word is inaccurate, given the custom of the time. Having been given wealth by the king, and being of a noble background herself, Wulfthryth used her wealth to build up Wilton's relic collection. She was also able to use her royal connections to protect Wilton in other ways, such as securing the release of two Wilton priests who had been imprisoned by the reeve of Wilton.

Her daughter died between 984 and 987 at the age of 23, and her mother and various royalty, as well as enormous local popular support, promoted her cult as a saint.[11][12][13]

High middle ages[edit]

In 1003 Sweyn, King of Denmark, destroyed the town of Wilton but it is unknown whether the abbey shared its fate. Edith of Wessex, the wife of Edward the Confessor, who had been educated at Wilton, rebuilt the abbey in stone; it had formerly been of wood.[14]

In the year before the Norman conquest, a couple gave their daughter Eve of Wilton to the abbey. She left in 1080 to have a notable life in France.[15]

The Abbess of Wilton held an entire barony from the king, a privilege shared by only three other English nunneries, Shaftesbury, Barking, and St Mary's Abbey, Winchester. As the head of a barony, the abbess had the obligation to provide the royal army with knights when summoned. The abbess had the privilege to appoint offices in her realm, which made her an important patron; her most prestigious cause of patronage was her right to appoint deacon to the conventual church, which had a great deal of clergymen in office at any given time.[3]

Wilton Abbey was favoured by the royal family and given many rich donations from members of the royal family, such as from Henry I and Queen Maud. The king, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Salisbury, and sometimes the queen, had the right to nominate nuns to Wilton, and the king exercised this right on his coronation and on the creation of a new abbess, and the queen on her coronation.

In 1143 King Stephen made it his headquarters, but was put to flight by Matilda's forces under Robert, Earl of Gloucester.

During the 13th-century, Wilton Abbey experienced a period of financial crisis, and between 1246 and 1276, several gifts were made from the crown and the church for the repair of the buildings, which were at this point described as having fallen into a serious state of disrepair.[3]

Several scandals are known to have occurred in Wilton Abbey. In 1284[16] and 1302 nuns of Wilton were found guilty of misconduct,[17] and again in 1379.[3]

In 1528, the crown interfered in the election of a new abbess after the death of Cecily Willoughby. The abbey nominated the election of the prioress, Isabel Jordayne, described as 'ancient, wise and discreet', while Anne Boleyn favoured her brother-in-law William Carey's sister Eleanor Carey.[3] Henry VIII preferred Isabel Jordayne when Eleanor Carey's candidacy was destroyed by serious moral charges against her.[3] In 1535, the abbess complained about Thomas Leigh's too strictly enforced enclosure, as it would not be possible for her to conduct the abbey's business properly if she was not allowed to leave the convent on business, as the abbey was in debt.[3]

Dissolution[edit]

Cecily Bodenham, the last abbess, surrendered the convent to the commissioners of King Henry VIII on 25 March 1539 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The site was granted to Sir William Herbert, afterwards Earl of Pembroke, who commenced the building of Wilton House, still the abode of his descendants. There are no remains of the ancient buildings.

Abbesses of Wilton[edit]

  • Ælfgyth, occurs 955.
  • Wulfthryth of Wilton, died 1000.
  • Bryghtwyde, occurs 1065 (said to be third abbess after Wulfthryth).
  • Alfyne, succeeds Bryghtwyde 1065, died 1067.
  • Hawise, occurs temp. Henry II.
  • Alice, occurs 1192.
  • Mary, occurs 1194.
  • Asceline, occurs 1197, 1208.
  • Margaret, died before 12 February 1222.
  • Isabel de Warenne, elected 1222, died before 1 April 1228.
  • Alice, elected 1228, died before 7 May 1237.
  • Alice, elected 1237, died before 29 August 1252.
  • Maud de la Mare, elected 1252, died before 2 November 1271.
  • Juliana Gifford, elected between 27 December 1271 and 16 November 1272, died before 6 July 1296.
  • Parnel de Vaux, elected 1296, died before 8 May 1299.
  • Emma Blount, elected 1299, died before 20 Nov. 1321.
  • Constance de Percy, elected 1321, died before 14 August 1344.
  • Robergia de Popham, elected 1344, died before 4 May 1346.
  • Lucy Loveny, 1346, died before 30 October 1361.
  • Sibyl Aucher, elected 1361, died before 20 June 1374.
  • Maud de Bokeland, elected 1374, died before 12 October 1395.
  • Felise Lavington, elected 1395.
  • Joan Beauchamp, elected 1403, died before 19 November 1416.
  • Christine Doulre, elected 1416, died 1441.
  • Christine Codford, elected 1441, died 1448.
  • Isabel Lambard, elected 1448, died 1464.
  • Edith Barough, elected 1464, died before 11 December 1470.
  • Alice Comelonde, elected 1471, died 1485.
  • Cecily Willoughby, elected 24 September 1485, died on 24 April 1528.[18]
  • Isabel Jordayne, elected 1528; on 28 March 1533 abbey said to have been long without an abbess.[18]
  • Cecily Bodenham, elected 1534.[18]

Burials[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Historic England. "Wilton House (1023762)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
  2. ^ Foot, Sarah (2000). "Wilton, Wiltshire". Veiled Women. Vol. II. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. pp. 221–31. ISBN 978-0-7546-0044-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Pugh, R.B.; Crittall, Elizabeth, eds. (1956). "Houses of Benedictine nuns: Abbey of Wilton". A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 3. Victoria County History. University of London. pp. 231–242. Retrieved 22 January 2022 – via British History Online.
  4. ^ Farmer, David (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5th revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-959660-7.
  5. ^ Edwards, Heather (2004). "Ecgberht [Egbert] (d. 839)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8581. Retrieved 18 October 2020. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  6. ^ Yorke, Barbara (2014). "Ecgberht, king of Wessex". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-470-65632-7.
  7. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Mary (1355781)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  8. ^ Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: the first king of England. Yale University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.
  9. ^ Broad Chalke, A History of a South Wiltshire Village, its Land & People Over 2,000 years. By 'The People of the Village', 1999
  10. ^ Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H. (1987). "Parishes: Broad Chalke". In Crowley, D. A. (ed.). A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 13. Victoria County History. University of London. pp. 36–52. Retrieved 22 January 2022 – via British History Online.
  11. ^ Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Wulfthryth [St Wulfthryth] (d. c.1000), abbess of Wilton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/49423. Retrieved 1 August 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  12. ^ Yorke, Barbara (2004). "Edith [St Edith, Eadgyth] (961x4–984x7), nun". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8482. Retrieved 1 August 2013. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  13. ^ Stenton, Frank (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
  14. ^ Stafford, Pauline (2009). 'Edith, Edward's Wife and Queen', pp. 129–138 in Richard Mortimer ed., Edward the Confessor: The Man and the Legend, The Boydell Press ISBN 978-1-84383-436-6 pp. 121–126
  15. ^ Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004), "Eve of Wilton at The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. ref:odnb/39096, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39096, retrieved 7 May 2023
  16. ^ Reg. Simon de Gandavo (Cant. & York Soc.), i, 105, 116, 129.
  17. ^ Cal. Fine R. 1272–1307, 207. Reg. Peckham, f. 119; Hoare, Mod. Wilts. Branch and Dole Hundred, 94.
  18. ^ a b c "Jordayne, Isabel (d. in or before 1534), abbess of Wilton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/104420. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
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