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{{Short description|Species of squid}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = Greater hooked squid
| name = Greater hooked squid
| image = Moroteuthis ingens.jpg
| image = Moroteuthis ingens.jpg
| image_caption = ''Onykia ingens'' (~400 mm ML)
| image_caption = ''Onykia ingens'' (~400 mm ML)
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Barratt, I. |author2=Allcock, L. |date=2014 |title=''Onykia ingens'' |volume=2014 |page=e.T163131A975198 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163131A975198.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
⚫
| taxon = Onykia ingens
| subclassis = [[Coleoidea]]
| authority = ([[Edgar Albert Smith|Smith]], 1881)<ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author= Philippe Bouchet |year= 2018|title=''Onykia ingens'' (E. A. Smith, 1881)|id=410381 |accessdate=16 March 2018|db=MolluscaBase}}</ref>
| ordo = [[Teuthida]]
| subordo = [[Oegopsina]]
| familia = [[Onychoteuthidae]]
| genus = ''[[Onykia]]''
| subgenus = ''[[Moroteuthopsis]]''
| species = '''''O. ingens'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Onykia ingens''
| binomial_authority = ([[Edgar Albert Smith|Smith]], 1881)
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
*''Onychoteuthis ingens''<br><small>Smith, 1881</small>
*''Onychoteuthis ingens''<br/><small>Smith, 1881</small>
*''Moroteuthis ingens''<br><small>(Smith, 1881)</small>
*''Moroteuthis ingens''<br/><small>(Smith, 1881)</small>
}}
}}


'''''Onykia ingens''''', the '''greater hooked squid''', is a species of [[squid]] in the family [[Onychoteuthidae]]. It occurs worldwide in [[subantartic]] oceans.
'''''Onykia ingens''''', the '''greater hooked squid''', is a species of [[squid]] in the family [[Onychoteuthidae]]. It occurs worldwide in [[subantarctic]] oceans.


Although ''O. ingens'' was long attributed to the genus ''Moroteuthis'', several authors have recently agreed that ''Moroteuthis'' is a [[junior synonym]] of ''Onykia.''<ref>Bolstad, K.S.R. 2010. Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). ''Zootaxa'' '''2696''': 1–186. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02696p186f.pdf Preview]</ref>
Although ''O. ingens'' was long attributed to the genus ''Moroteuthis'', several authors have recently agreed that ''Moroteuthis'' is a [[junior synonym]] of ''Onykia.''<ref>Bolstad, K.S.R. 2010. Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). ''Zootaxa'' '''2696''': 1–186. [http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02696p186f.pdf Preview]</ref>


==Size and growth==
==Size and growth==
[[File:Onykia ingens 384 mm ML.jpg|thumb|left|Mature female (38.4&nbsp;cm ML, 1.875&nbsp;kg weight) from the [[Chatham Rise]]]]
The size of a fully grown ''O. ingens'', inclusive of tentacles, is currently unknown. Many estimates, however, predict that the [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] may reach lengths of up to 94 cm (37 in). Research has found that egg sizes of the squid average 2.1 mm inside mature females, while juveniles average 4.6 mm or larger. Juveniles are presumed to live near the surface, until they reach a mantle length of approximately 200 mm, at which time they relocate to deeper water, and larger prey. ''O. ingens'' exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]], with females growing linearly twice as fast as males, and reaching a fully mature size of more than five times that of male counterparts.<ref>Bolstad, K. 2003. [http://www.tonmo.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1528 Spotlight on: ''Moroteuthis ingens'']. The Octopus News Magazine Online.</ref>
The size of a fully grown ''O. ingens'', inclusive of tentacles, is currently unknown. Many estimates, however, predict that the [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] may reach lengths of up to 94&nbsp;cm (37&nbsp;in). Research has found that egg sizes of the squid average 2.1&nbsp;mm inside mature females, while juveniles average 4.6&nbsp;mm or larger. Juveniles are presumed to live near the surface, until they reach a mantle length of approximately 200&nbsp;mm, at which time they relocate to deeper water, and larger prey. ''O. ingens'' exhibit [[sexual dimorphism]], with females growing linearly twice as fast as males, and reaching a fully mature size of more than five times that of male counterparts.<ref>Bolstad, K. 2003. [http://www.tonmo.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1528 Spotlight on: ''Moroteuthis ingens''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212134424/http://www.tonmo.com/forums/showthread.php?t=1528 |date=2007-12-12 }}. The Octopus News Magazine Online.</ref>


[[Penis]] elongation has been observed in this species; when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head and arms combined.<ref name=penis>Arkhipkin, A.I. & V.V. Laptikhovsky 2010. Observation of penis elongation in ''Onykia ingens'': implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid. ''Journal Molluscan Studies'', published online on June 30, 2010. {{DOI|10.1093/mollus/eyq019}}</ref><ref>Walker, M. 2010. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8792000/8792008.stm Super squid sex organ discovered]. ''BBC Earth News'', July 7, 2010.</ref> As such, deep water squid like ''M. ingens'' have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile [[barnacle]]s.<ref name=penis />
[[Penis]] elongation has been observed in this species; when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head and arms combined.<ref name=penis>Arkhipkin, A.I. & V.V. Laptikhovsky 2010. Observation of penis elongation in ''Onykia ingens'': implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid. ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'', published online on June 30, 2010. {{doi|10.1093/mollus/eyq019}}</ref><ref>Walker, M. 2010. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8792000/8792008.stm Super squid sex organ discovered]. ''BBC Earth News'', July 7, 2010.</ref> As such, deep water squid like ''M. ingens'' have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile [[barnacle]]s.<ref name=penis />
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
| align = left
| align = left
| footer = '''Left:''' A dissected male specimen of ''[[Onykia ingens]]'', showing a non-erect penis (the white tubular structure located below most of the other organs)<br />
| footer = '''Left:''' A dissected male specimen of ''Onykia ingens'', showing a non-erect penis (the white tubular structure located below most of the other organs)<br />
'''Right:''' A specimen of the same species exhibiting elongation of the penis to 67&nbsp;cm in length
'''Right:''' A specimen of the same species exhibiting elongation of the penis to 67&nbsp;cm in length
| image1 = Onykia ingens with non-erect penis.jpg
| image1 = Onykia ingens with non-erect penis.jpg
Line 38: Line 32:
| width2 = 310
| width2 = 310
}}
}}
{{-}}
{{Clear}}

==Ecology==
==Ecology==
It is generally accepted that there are large dietary variations between large and small ''O. ingens''. One of the most common findings is that juvenile squid (>200&nbsp;mm ML) consume a greater percentage of crustaceans and cephalopods compared to their size than mature squid, which consume a large percentage of fish and virtually no crustaceans.<ref>Phillips, K., P. Nichols & G. Jackson 2003. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/3d515fpj1qw75db0/ Size-related dietary changes observed in the squid ''Moroteuthis ingens'' at the Falkland Islands: stomach contents and fatty-acid analyses]. ''Polar Biology'' '''26'''(7): 474-485.</ref> Globally, however, [[myctophid|myctophid fish]] (lantern fish) are seen as common prey.<ref>Phillips, K., P. Nichols & G. Jackson 2003. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=147135 Dietary variation of the squid ''Moroteuthis ingens'' at four sites in the Southern Ocean: stomach contents, lipid and fatty acid profiles]. ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK'' '''83''': 523-534.</ref> Larger squid are known to practice cannibalism (accounting for up to 6% of diet).<ref>Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2003. [http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v250/p197-203/ Diet of the squid ''Moroteuthis ingens'' (Teuthoidea: Onychoteuthidae) in the upper slope waters of the Kerguelen Islands]. ''Marine Ecology Progress Series'' '''250''': 197–203.</ref>
It is generally accepted that there are large dietary variations between large and small ''O. ingens''. One of the most common findings is that juvenile squid (>200&nbsp;mm ML) consume a greater percentage of crustaceans and cephalopods compared to their size than mature squid, which consume a large percentage of fish and virtually no crustaceans.<ref>Phillips, K., P. Nichols & G. Jackson 2003. [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00300-003-0509-9 Size-related dietary changes observed in the squid ''Moroteuthis ingens'' at the Argentines Islands: stomach contents and fatty-acid analyses]. ''Polar Biology'' '''26'''(7): 474-485.</ref> Globally, however, [[myctophid|myctophid fish]] (lantern fish) are seen as common prey.<ref>Phillips, K., P. Nichols & G. Jackson 2003. [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=147135 Dietary variation of the squid ''Moroteuthis ingens'' at four sites in the Southern Ocean: stomach contents, lipid and fatty acid profiles]. ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK'' '''83''': 523-534.</ref> Larger squid are known to practice cannibalism (accounting for up to 6% of diet).<ref>Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2003. [https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v250/p197-203/ Diet of the squid ''Moroteuthis ingens'' (Teuthoidea: Onychoteuthidae) in the upper slope waters of the Kerguelen Islands]. ''Marine Ecology Progress Series'' '''250''': 197–203.</ref>


''O. ingens'', as with many (if not all) large squid, has a number of predators. These include the [[patagonian toothfish]], [[king penguin]], [[wandering albatross]], [[pilot whale]], [[bottlenose whale]], [[dwarf sperm whale]], [[sperm whale]], and other types of squid.<ref>[http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/prddb/pred.cfm?CephID=307 CephBase: Predators of ''Moroteuthis ingens''].</ref>
''O. ingens'', as with many (if not all) large squid, has a number of predators. These include the [[patagonian toothfish]], [[king penguin]], [[wandering albatross]], [[pilot whale]], [[bottlenose whale]], [[dwarf sperm whale]], [[sperm whale]], and other types of squid.<ref>[http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/prddb/pred.cfm?CephID=307 CephBase: Predators of ''Moroteuthis ingens''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119114022/http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/prddb/pred.cfm?CephID=307 |date=2005-01-19 }}.</ref> Other predators include [[Antarctic fur seal|Antarctic]] and [[Subantarctic fur seal|Subantarctic]] fur seals.


<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Morotuthis ingens2.jpg|Tentacular club of ''Moroteuthis ingens''
Image:Morotuthis ingens2.jpg|Tentacular club of ''Onykia ingens''
Image:Moroteuthis ingens3.jpg|Piece of ventral mantle skin
Image:Moroteuthis ingens3.jpg|Piece of ventral mantle skin
Image:Moroteuthis ingens4.jpg|[[Gladius (cephalopod)|Gladius]] with cross-sections
Image:Moroteuthis ingens4.jpg|[[Gladius (cephalopod)|Gladius]] with cross-sections
Line 51: Line 46:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{CephBase Species|307}}
{{CephBase Species|307}}
*[http://tolweb.org/Onykia_ingens/19972 Tree of Life web project: Onykia ingens]
*[http://tolweb.org/Onykia_ingens/19972 Tree of Life web project: Onykia ingens]
*[http://www.mba.ac.uk/jmba/pdf/5529.pdf First observation of a double tentacle bifurcation in cephalopods]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721043257/http://www.mba.ac.uk/jmba/pdf/5529.pdf First observation of a double tentacle bifurcation in cephalopods]

{{squid-stub}}



{{Taxonbar|from=Q1950090}}
⚫
[[Category:Squid]]
⚫
[[Category:Animals described in 1881]]


⚫
[[Category:Onykia]]
[[fr:Moroteuthis ingens]]
⚫
[[Category:Cephalopods described in 1881]]
[[nl:Moroteuthis ingens]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edgar Albert Smith]]

Latest revision as of 05:17, 3 December 2023

Greater hooked squid
Onykia ingens (~400 mm ML)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Oegopsida
Family: Onychoteuthidae
Genus: Onykia
Species:
O. ingens
Binomial name
Onykia ingens
(Smith, 1881)[2]
Synonyms
  • Onychoteuthis ingens
    Smith, 1881
  • Moroteuthis ingens
    (Smith, 1881)

Onykia ingens, the greater hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It occurs worldwide in subantarctic oceans.

Although O. ingens was long attributed to the genus Moroteuthis, several authors have recently agreed that Moroteuthis is a junior synonym of Onykia.[3]

Size and growth[edit]

Mature female (38.4 cm ML, 1.875 kg weight) from the Chatham Rise

The size of a fully grown O. ingens, inclusive of tentacles, is currently unknown. Many estimates, however, predict that the mantle may reach lengths of up to 94 cm (37 in). Research has found that egg sizes of the squid average 2.1 mm inside mature females, while juveniles average 4.6 mm or larger. Juveniles are presumed to live near the surface, until they reach a mantle length of approximately 200 mm, at which time they relocate to deeper water, and larger prey. O. ingens exhibit sexual dimorphism, with females growing linearly twice as fast as males, and reaching a fully mature size of more than five times that of male counterparts.[4]

Penis elongation has been observed in this species; when erect, the penis may be as long as the mantle, head and arms combined.[5][6] As such, deep water squid like M. ingens have the greatest known penis length relative to body size of all mobile animals, second in the entire animal kingdom only to certain sessile barnacles.[5]

Left: A dissected male specimen of Onykia ingens, showing a non-erect penis (the white tubular structure located below most of the other organs)
Right: A specimen of the same species exhibiting elongation of the penis to 67 cm in length

Ecology[edit]

It is generally accepted that there are large dietary variations between large and small O. ingens. One of the most common findings is that juvenile squid (>200 mm ML) consume a greater percentage of crustaceans and cephalopods compared to their size than mature squid, which consume a large percentage of fish and virtually no crustaceans.[7] Globally, however, myctophid fish (lantern fish) are seen as common prey.[8] Larger squid are known to practice cannibalism (accounting for up to 6% of diet).[9]

O. ingens, as with many (if not all) large squid, has a number of predators. These include the patagonian toothfish, king penguin, wandering albatross, pilot whale, bottlenose whale, dwarf sperm whale, sperm whale, and other types of squid.[10] Other predators include Antarctic and Subantarctic fur seals.

  • Tentacular club of Onykia ingens
    Tentacular club of Onykia ingens
  • Piece of ventral mantle skin
    Piece of ventral mantle skin
  • Gladius with cross-sections
    Gladius with cross-sections

References[edit]

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2014). "Onykia ingens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T163131A975198. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T163131A975198.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Philippe Bouchet (2018). Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Onykia ingens (E. A. Smith, 1881)". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  3. ^ Bolstad, K.S.R. 2010. Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). Zootaxa 2696: 1–186. Preview
  4. ^ Bolstad, K. 2003. Spotlight on: Moroteuthis ingens Archived 2007-12-12 at the Wayback Machine. The Octopus News Magazine Online.
  5. ^ a b Arkhipkin, A.I. & V.V. Laptikhovsky 2010. Observation of penis elongation in Onykia ingens: implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid. Journal of Molluscan Studies, published online on June 30, 2010. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyq019
  6. ^ Walker, M. 2010. Super squid sex organ discovered. BBC Earth News, July 7, 2010.
  7. ^ Phillips, K., P. Nichols & G. Jackson 2003. Size-related dietary changes observed in the squid Moroteuthis ingens at the Argentines Islands: stomach contents and fatty-acid analyses. Polar Biology 26(7): 474-485.
  8. ^ Phillips, K., P. Nichols & G. Jackson 2003. Dietary variation of the squid Moroteuthis ingens at four sites in the Southern Ocean: stomach contents, lipid and fatty acid profiles. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 83: 523-534.
  9. ^ Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel 2003. Diet of the squid Moroteuthis ingens (Teuthoidea: Onychoteuthidae) in the upper slope waters of the Kerguelen Islands. Marine Ecology Progress Series 250: 197–203.
  10. ^ CephBase: Predators of Moroteuthis ingens Archived 2005-01-19 at the Wayback Machine.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onykia_ingens&oldid=1188074200"