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{{short description|French biplane (1916-1918)}}
{{short description|French WW1 bomber aircraft}}
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = Voisin X/10/LAR/LBR/E.54
|name = Voisin X/10/LAR/LBR/E.54
|image = File:Voisin X,.jpg
|image = File:Voisin X,.jpg
|caption=
|caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = Night [[Bomber]] & Reconnaissance
|type = Night [[Bomber]] & Reconnaissance
|manufacturer = [[Voisin (aircraft)|Voisin]]
|manufacturer = [[Voisin (aircraft)|Voisin]]
Line 19: Line 19:
|}
|}
The '''Voisin X''' was a [[France|French]] two-seat [[pusher configuration|pusher]] [[biplane]] which was built in two versions, one fitted with a {{convert|37|mm|2|abbr=on}} [[Hotchkiss Ordnance Company|Hotchkiss]] [[cannon]] (the '''LBR''' or '''X Ca.2'''), and the other as a conventional night bomber (the '''LAR''' or '''X Bn.2'''). Problems with the Peugeot engine in the previous [[Voisin VIII]] led to the installation of a new Renault engine of greater power and reliability, but the new aircraft was otherwise nearly identical to the VIII.<ref name=Davilla557>Davilla, p.557</ref> Despite its obsolescence, it would make up the bulk of front line night bomber [[escadrille]]s until the end of the war.
The '''Voisin X''' (sometimes written as Voisin 10) was a French two-seat [[pusher configuration|pusher]] [[biplane]] which was built in two versions, one fitted with a {{convert|37|mm|2|abbr=on}} [[Hotchkiss Ordnance Company|Hotchkiss]] [[cannon]] (the '''LBR''' or '''X Ca.2'''), and the other as a conventional night bomber (the '''LAR''' or '''X Bn.2'''). Problems with the Peugeot engine in the previous [[Voisin VIII]] led to the installation of a new Renault engine of greater power and reliability, but the new aircraft was otherwise nearly identical to the VIII.<ref name=Davilla557>Davilla, p.557</ref> Despite its obsolescence, it would make up the bulk of front line night bomber [[escadrille]]s until the end of the war.


==Development==
==Development==
With the failure of the 1915 and 1916 bomber contests to produce any usable types to replace the Voisin V, Voisin was asked to produce an interim type pending the development of the next generation of bombers.<ref name=Davilla559>Davilla, p.559</ref> This began with the Voisin VII which was itself an enlarged V, but was underpowered<ref name=Davilla557/>, and was soon followed by the Voisin VIII, which suffered severe reliability problems. As with the VIII, two versions were to be built, a night [[bomber]], and an aircraft armed with a large single shot {{convert|37|mm|3|abbr=on}} Hotchkiss cannon<ref name=Davilla559/>. By the time the X appeared, the cannon had been found to be of little use and most of those built as LBR/Ca.2s were converted into bombers with the cannons removed. Those '''LBR'''s fitted with the cannon had the pilot in the rear seat, while in the '''LAR''', the pilot sat in the front seat, while the rear occupant could be equipped with a light machine gun such as a [[Lewis gun|Lewis]]. On some aircraft, the observer's gun was mounted on a ring that was inclined forward to make movement forward easier against the wind.
With the failure of the 1915 and 1916 bomber contests to produce any usable types to replace the Voisin V, Voisin was asked to produce an interim type pending the development of the next generation of bombers.<ref name=Davilla559>Davilla, p.559</ref> This began with the Voisin VII which was itself an enlarged V, but was underpowered,<ref name=Davilla557/> and was soon followed by the Voisin VIII, which suffered severe reliability problems. As with the VIII, two versions were to be built, a night [[bomber]], and an aircraft armed with a large single shot {{convert|37|mm|3|abbr=on}} Hotchkiss cannon.<ref name=Davilla559/> By the time the X appeared, the cannon had been found to be of little use and most of those built as LBR/Ca.2s were converted into bombers with the cannons removed. Those '''LBR'''s fitted with the cannon had the pilot in the rear seat, while in the '''LAR''', the pilot sat in the front seat, while the rear occupant could be equipped with a light machine gun such as a [[Lewis gun|Lewis]]. On some aircraft, the observer's gun was mounted on a ring that was inclined forward to make movement forward easier against the wind.


Like the previous Voisins going back to the [[Voisin III]], the Voisin VIII had a steel tube structure to provide adequate strength, covered with aluminium sheet on the fuselage nacelle and [[Aircraft dope|doped fabric]] on the flying surfaces. The fuselage was a square box to which no attempt was made at reducing [[Drag (aerodynamics)|drag]]. The [[Biplane#Bays|3-bay wings]] had a constant chord and square tips, and the top wings were slightly longer than the lower wings. The cruciform tail was mounted on booms that tapered in plan view only to a vertical knife edge that formed the rudder post. The [[all-flying tail|all-flying rudder and elevator]] were aerodynamically balanced and had no fixed flying surfaces. Unusually for the period, and because it had no skid to drag it to a stop, it was equipped with drum brakes on the rear wheels.<ref name=Davilla559/> Like the Voisin VIII, the X was fitted with two large strut mounted teardrop fuel tanks that could be jettisoned in the event of a fire.<ref name=Davilla557/> Also, as with the VIII, the X was usually fitted with tall individual exhaust stacks projecting above the top wing. Due to the change from a V-8 to a V-12 there were additional stacks, and some examples had a muffler installed. A small additional aerodynamic counterbalance was sometimes also added at the bottom of the rudder.
Like the previous Voisins going back to the [[Voisin III]], the Voisin VIII had a steel tube structure to provide adequate strength, covered with aluminium sheet on the fuselage nacelle and [[Aircraft dope|doped fabric]] on the flying surfaces. The fuselage was square in section, with no attempt at reducing [[Drag (aerodynamics)|drag]]. The [[Biplane#Bays|3-bay wings]] had a constant chord and square tips, and the top wings were slightly greater in span than the lower wings. The cruciform tail was mounted on booms which tapered in plan view to a vertical knife edge that formed the rudder post. The [[all-flying tail|all-flying rudder and elevator]] were aerodynamically balanced and had no fixed surfaces. Unusually for the period, and because it had no skid to drag it to a stop, it was equipped with drum brakes on the rear wheels.<ref name=Davilla559/> Like the Voisin VIII, the X was fitted with two large strut mounted teardrop fuel tanks that could be jettisoned in the event of a fire.<ref name=Davilla557/> Also, as with the VIII, the X was usually fitted with tall individual exhaust stacks projecting above the top wing. Due to the change from a V-8 to a V-12 there were additional stacks, and some examples had a muffler installed. A small additional aerodynamic counterbalance was sometimes also added at the bottom of the rudder.


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
===French service===
===French service===
The first Voisin X's entered service with VB114 in late 1917.<ref name=Davilla563>Davilla, p.563</ref>
The first Voisin X's entered service with VB.114 in late 1917.<ref name=Davilla563>Davilla, p.563</ref>


Due to their poor performance relative to contemporary fighters, when opposition was anticipated, operations were carried out at night. Voisin X's were used primarily as night bombers, attacking both strategic targets such as railyards, as well as carrying out tactical missions, such as suppressing enemy troop movements.<ref name=Davilla564566>Davilla, pp.564-566</ref> 7 Bombing Groups (''Groupes de Bombardment'') were formed for this purpose.<ref name=Davilla564/> Voisin X's were also used for night reconnaissance, for which 6 ''[[escadrille]]s'' were specifically formed for this role.<ref name=Davilla563564>Davilla, pp.563-564</ref>
Due to their poor performance relative to contemporary fighters, when opposition was anticipated, operations were carried out at night. Voisin X's were used primarily as night bombers, attacking both strategic targets such as railyards, as well as carrying out tactical missions, such as suppressing enemy troop movements.<ref name=Davilla564566>Davilla, pp.564-566</ref> 7 Bombing Groups (''Groupes de Bombardment'') were formed for this purpose.<ref name=Davilla564/> Voisin X's were also used for night reconnaissance, for which 6 ''[[escadrille]]s'' were specifically formed for this role.<ref name=Davilla563564>Davilla, pp.563-564</ref>
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===Drone/autopilot===
===Drone/autopilot===
In 1918, a Voisin X made a fully automated 100km flight without human assistance.<ref name=Fouchier>de Fouchier, 1978, pp.1-4</ref> A pilot was carried as a backup but wasn't found to be necessary<ref name=Fouchier/>. Four Sperry gyroscopes actuated electrical servo motors which controlled the flight surfaces and the engine throttle<ref name=Fouchier/>. During the flight, it changed altitude and direction multiple times, based on a preprogrammed course set with a series of switches<ref name=Fouchier/>. Testing resumed in 1923, for intended use as an auto-pilot<ref name=Fouchier/>.
In 1918, a Voisin X made a fully automated 100&nbsp;km flight without human assistance.<ref name=Fouchier>de Fouchier, 1978, pp.1-4</ref> A pilot was carried as a backup but wasn't found to be necessary.<ref name=Fouchier/> Four Sperry gyroscopes actuated electrical servo motors which controlled the flight surfaces and the engine throttle.<ref name=Fouchier/> During the flight, it changed altitude and direction multiple times, based on a preprogrammed course set with a series of switches.<ref name=Fouchier/> Testing resumed in 1923, for intended use as an auto-pilot.<ref name=Fouchier/>


==Variants==
==Variants==
[[Image:Voisin XI single-engine pusher bomber.jpg|thumb|Voisin XI Bn.2]]
⚫
[[File:Voisin 10 (Cellule) MAE -1.jpg|thumb|Fuselage to a Voisin X/LBR at the [[Musée de l'air et de l'espace]] showing the {{convert|37|mm|3|abbr=on}} cannon]]
;Voisin X
;Voisin X
* {{convert|280|hp|abbr=on}} [[Renault 12Fe]]
* {{convert|280|hp|abbr=on}} [[Renault 12Fe]]
**E.54 - factory designation for prototype
**Voisin '''X Bn.2''' - official designation for night bomber
**Voisin '''X Bn.2''' - official designation for night bomber
**Voisin '''X Ca.2''' - official designation for cannon fighter
**Voisin '''X Ca.2''' - official designation for cannon fighter
Line 53: Line 54:


==Operators==
==Operators==
⚫
[[File:Voisin 10 (Cellule) MAE -1.jpg|thumb|Fuselage to a Voisin X/LBR at the [[Musée de l'air et de l'espace]] showing the {{convert|37|mm|3|abbr=on}} cannon]]
;{{FRA}}
;{{FRA}}
*[[History of the Armée de l'Air (1909-1942)|''Aéronautique Militaire'']]
*[[History of the Armée de l'Air (1909-1942)|''Aéronautique Militaire'']]
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****[[Escadrille 137|Escadrille VB.137]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
****[[Escadrille 137|Escadrille VB.137]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
****[[Escadrille 293|scadrille VR.293]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
****[[Escadrille 293|scadrille VR.293]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
**''Théâtres d'Opérations Extérieurs (TOE)'' Overseas Threatres (mostly North Africa)
**''Théâtres d'Opérations Extérieurs (TOE)'' Overseas Theatres (mostly North Africa)
***[[Escadrille 541|Escadrille VR.541]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
***[[Escadrille 541|Escadrille VR.541]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
***[[Escadrille 542|Escadrille VR.542]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
***[[Escadrille 542|Escadrille VR.542]]<ref name=Davilla564/>
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|prime units?=met
|prime units?=met
|crew=2
|crew=2
|length m= 10.35
|length m=10.35
|span m= 17.90
|span m=17.90
|height m= 3.95
|height m=3.95
|wing area sqm= 61.14
|wing area sqm=61.14
|airfoil=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg= 1,400
|empty weight kg=1400
|empty weight note= LBR was {{cvt|50|kg}} heavier.
|empty weight note= LBR was {{cvt|50|kg}} heavier.
|max takeoff weight kg= 2,200
|max takeoff weight kg=2200
|eng1 number= 1
|eng1 number= 1
|eng1 name=[[Renault 12F]]e
|eng1 name=[[Renault 12Fe]]
|eng1 type=V-12 water-cooled [[Pusher configuration|pusher]] piston engine
|eng1 type=V-12 water-cooled [[Pusher configuration|pusher]] piston engine
|eng1 hp=280
|eng1 hp=280
|prop blade number=2
|prop blade number=2
|prop name= Lumière fixed-pitch pusher propeller
|prop name=''Lumière'' or ''Régy''
|prop dia m=
|prop dia m=3.12
|prop dia note=wood fixed-pitch pusher propeller<ref name=Hartmann22>Hartmann, 2015, p.22</ref>
|prop dia note=
|perfhide=
|perfhide=
|max speed kmh= 135
|max speed kmh=135
|max speed note= at {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}}, LBR was {{convert|5|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} slower.
|max speed note= at {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}}, LBR was {{convert|5|km/h|mph kn|abbr=on}} slower.
|range km= 350
|range km=350
|endurance= 5 hours
|endurance=5 hours
|ceiling m=
|ceiling m=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|time to altitude= 20 minutes to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}}
|time to altitude=20 minutes to {{convert|2000|m|abbr=on}}, LBR took 14 minutes 40 seconds to the same altitude.
|armament=
|armament=
*'''LAR''' equipped with one machine gun and {{convert|300|kg|abbr=on}} of bombs.
*'''LAR''' equipped with one machine gun and {{convert|300|kg|abbr=on}} of bombs.
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==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{commonscat|Voisin X}}
{{aircontent
{{aircontent
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*[[Savoia-Pomilio SP.3]]
*[[Savoia-Pomilio SP.3]]
<!-- same configuration, role AND era -->
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|sequence=<!-- designation sequence, if appropriate - does not seem to work -->
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
|lists=<!-- related lists -->
* [[List of bomber aircraft]]
* [[List of bomber aircraft]]
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<!--* [[List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)]]-->
<!--* [[List of military aircraft of the United States (1909–1919)]]-->
* [[List of military aircraft of the Entente Powers in World War I]]
* [[List of military aircraft of the Entente Powers in World War I]]
|see also=<!-- other relevant information -->
|see also=
*[[1917 in aviation]]
}}
}}


==References==
==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}} <!--inline comments only-->

===Citations===
===Citations===
{{Reflist|2}} <!--2= # of columns-->
{{Reflist|2}} <!--2= # of columns-->


===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Davilla|first1=Dr. James J.|last2=Soltan|first2=Arthur |title=French Aircraft of the First World War|publisher=Flying Machines Press|location=Mountain View, CA|year=1997|isbn=978-1891268090}}
* {{cite book|last1=Davilla|first1=Dr. James J.|last2=Soltan|first2=Arthur |title=French Aircraft of the First World War|publisher=Flying Machines Press|location=Mountain View, CA|year=1997|isbn=978-1891268090}}
* {{fr icon}} {{cite journal|last=de Fouchier|first=Arnauld|title=Un Voisin sans pilot en 1918|journal=L'Enthousiaste|year=1978 |volume=5|issue=July/August|publisher=Editions E.P.A.|pages=1-4}}
* {{cite journal|last=de Fouchier|first=Arnauld|title=Un Voisin sans pilot en 1918|journal=L'Enthousiaste|year=1978 |volume=5|issue=July/August|publisher=Editions E.P.A.|pages=1–4|language=fr}}
*{{cite web|last=Hartmann|first=Gérard|url=https://www.hydroretro.net/etudegh/heliciersfrancais.pdf|title=Les héliciers français|date=6 January 2015|access-date=5 August 2019|language=fr}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodman|first=Harry|title=Early Aircraft Armament: The Aeroplane and the Gun Up to 1918|publisher=Arms & Armour Press|date=1989|location=London, UK|isbn =978-0853689904}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodman|first=Harry|title=Early Aircraft Armament: The Aeroplane and the Gun Up to 1918|publisher=Arms & Armour Press|date=1989|location=London, UK|isbn =978-0853689904}}
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.aviafrance.com/constructeur.php?ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1349 Voisin series of aircraft] aviafrance.com
{{refend}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
{{commons category|Voisin X}}
* {{fr icon}} [http://www.avialogs.com/index.php/aircraft/france/avions-voisin/type-x.html Official rigging manual]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.avialogs.com/index.php/aircraft/france/avions-voisin/type-x.html Official rigging manual]


{{Voisin aircraft}}
{{Voisin aircraft}}
{{wwi-air}}


[[Category:Voisin aircraft|VIII]]
[[Category:Voisin aircraft|10]]
[[Category:1910s French bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:1910s French bomber aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Military aircraft of World War I]]
[[Category:Military aircraft of World War I]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1916]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1917]]

Latest revision as of 08:38, 17 January 2024

Voisin X/10/LAR/LBR/E.54
Role Night Bomber & Reconnaissance
Manufacturer Voisin
Designer Gabriel Voisin
First flight 1917
Introduction 1917
Primary user France Aéronautique Militaire
Number built approx 900 LAR & LBR built.
Developed from Voisin VIII

The Voisin X (sometimes written as Voisin 10) was a French two-seat pusher biplane which was built in two versions, one fitted with a 37 mm (1.46 in) Hotchkiss cannon (the LBR or X Ca.2), and the other as a conventional night bomber (the LAR or X Bn.2). Problems with the Peugeot engine in the previous Voisin VIII led to the installation of a new Renault engine of greater power and reliability, but the new aircraft was otherwise nearly identical to the VIII.[1] Despite its obsolescence, it would make up the bulk of front line night bomber escadrilles until the end of the war.

Development[edit]

With the failure of the 1915 and 1916 bomber contests to produce any usable types to replace the Voisin V, Voisin was asked to produce an interim type pending the development of the next generation of bombers.[2] This began with the Voisin VII which was itself an enlarged V, but was underpowered,[1] and was soon followed by the Voisin VIII, which suffered severe reliability problems. As with the VIII, two versions were to be built, a night bomber, and an aircraft armed with a large single shot 37 mm (1.457 in) Hotchkiss cannon.[2] By the time the X appeared, the cannon had been found to be of little use and most of those built as LBR/Ca.2s were converted into bombers with the cannons removed. Those LBRs fitted with the cannon had the pilot in the rear seat, while in the LAR, the pilot sat in the front seat, while the rear occupant could be equipped with a light machine gun such as a Lewis. On some aircraft, the observer's gun was mounted on a ring that was inclined forward to make movement forward easier against the wind.

Like the previous Voisins going back to the Voisin III, the Voisin VIII had a steel tube structure to provide adequate strength, covered with aluminium sheet on the fuselage nacelle and doped fabric on the flying surfaces. The fuselage was square in section, with no attempt at reducing drag. The 3-bay wings had a constant chord and square tips, and the top wings were slightly greater in span than the lower wings. The cruciform tail was mounted on booms which tapered in plan view to a vertical knife edge that formed the rudder post. The all-flying rudder and elevator were aerodynamically balanced and had no fixed surfaces. Unusually for the period, and because it had no skid to drag it to a stop, it was equipped with drum brakes on the rear wheels.[2] Like the Voisin VIII, the X was fitted with two large strut mounted teardrop fuel tanks that could be jettisoned in the event of a fire.[1] Also, as with the VIII, the X was usually fitted with tall individual exhaust stacks projecting above the top wing. Due to the change from a V-8 to a V-12 there were additional stacks, and some examples had a muffler installed. A small additional aerodynamic counterbalance was sometimes also added at the bottom of the rudder.

Operational history[edit]

French service[edit]

The first Voisin X's entered service with VB.114 in late 1917.[3]

Due to their poor performance relative to contemporary fighters, when opposition was anticipated, operations were carried out at night. Voisin X's were used primarily as night bombers, attacking both strategic targets such as railyards, as well as carrying out tactical missions, such as suppressing enemy troop movements.[4] 7 Bombing Groups (Groupes de Bombardment) were formed for this purpose.[5] Voisin X's were also used for night reconnaissance, for which 6 escadrilles were specifically formed for this role.[6]

Beginning in July 1918, the Voisin began being supplemented by the Farman F.50 in French front-line service, with surviving aircraft being transferred to newly created second line units, however examples remained in front line service until after the armistice.[7] Examples still equipped a number of units in 1920 but by then in the process of being wound down.[8]

Aerochir[edit]

While the British and Americans experimented with aerial ambulances, carrying a single stretcher in a Curtiss Jenny or Airco DH.4, in France, a Voisin X was converted into a complete mobile flying hospital, the Aerochir, complete with X-ray machines and other modern equipment for a full service operating room, so as to better support the mobile battlefield conditions created by the introduction of tank warfare.

Drone/autopilot[edit]

In 1918, a Voisin X made a fully automated 100 km flight without human assistance.[9] A pilot was carried as a backup but wasn't found to be necessary.[9] Four Sperry gyroscopes actuated electrical servo motors which controlled the flight surfaces and the engine throttle.[9] During the flight, it changed altitude and direction multiple times, based on a preprogrammed course set with a series of switches.[9] Testing resumed in 1923, for intended use as an auto-pilot.[9]

Variants[edit]

Voisin XI Bn.2
Voisin X
  • 280 hp (210 kW) Renault 12Fe
    • E.54 - factory designation for prototype
    • Voisin X Bn.2 - official designation for night bomber
    • Voisin X Ca.2 - official designation for cannon fighter
    • Voisin LAR - factory designation for X Bn.2 night bomber
    • Voisin LBR - factory designation for X Ca.2 armed with cannon
Voisin XI
  • Development with 350 hp (260 kW) Panhard 12Bc and minor changes to proportions but only around 10 built

Operators[edit]

Fuselage to a Voisin X/LBR at the Musée de l'air et de l'espace showing the 37 mm (1.457 in) cannon
 France
 Czechoslovakia
  • four examples used by 4 Letecka Setnina and Letecke Dilny, both at Cheb postwar.[8]
 United States

Survivors/Aircraft on display[edit]

Specifications (Voisin X Bn.2/LAR)[edit]

Voisin 10 3 view plan

Data from French Aircraft of the First World War[10]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 10.35 m (33 ft 11 in)
  • Wingspan: 17.90 m (58 ft 9 in)
  • Height: 3.95 m (13 ft 0 in)
  • Wing area: 61.14 m2 (658.1 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 1,400 kg (3,086 lb) LBR was 50 kg (110 lb) heavier.
  • Max takeoff weight: 2,200 kg (4,850 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Renault 12Fe V-12 water-cooled pusher piston engine, 210 kW (280 hp)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed Lumière or Régy, 3.12 m (10 ft 3 in) diameter wood fixed-pitch pusher propeller[11]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 135 km/h (84 mph, 73 kn) at 2,000 m (6,600 ft), LBR was 5 km/h (3.1 mph; 2.7 kn) slower.
  • Range: 350 km (220 mi, 190 nmi)
  • Endurance: 5 hours
  • Time to altitude: 20 minutes to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), LBR took 14 minutes 40 seconds to the same altitude.

Armament

  • LAR equipped with one machine gun and 300 kg (660 lb) of bombs.
  • LBR equipped with a 37 mm (1.457 in) Hotchkiss cannon

See also[edit]

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Davilla, p.557
  2. ^ a b c Davilla, p.559
  3. ^ a b Davilla, p.563
  4. ^ Davilla, pp.564-566
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Davilla, p.564
  6. ^ Davilla, pp.563-564
  7. ^ Davilla, p.565
  8. ^ a b c Davilla, p.566
  9. ^ a b c d e de Fouchier, 1978, pp.1-4
  10. ^ Davilla, 1997 pp.563-565
  11. ^ Hartmann, 2015, p.22

Bibliography[edit]

  • Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997). French Aircraft of the First World War. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. ISBN 978-1891268090.
  • de Fouchier, Arnauld (1978). "Un Voisin sans pilot en 1918". L'Enthousiaste (in French). 5 (July/August). Editions E.P.A.: 1–4.
  • Hartmann, Gérard (6 January 2015). "Les héliciers français" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  • Woodman, Harry (1989). Early Aircraft Armament: The Aeroplane and the Gun Up to 1918. London, UK: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 978-0853689904.

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Voisin X.
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