Harwell CADET: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
No edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
| (6 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|First fully transistorised computer in Europe}} |
|||
{{about|the early transistor computer from Harwell|the pre-transistor Dekatron Computer from Harwell|WITCH (computer)}} |
{{about|the early transistor computer from Harwell|the pre-transistor Dekatron Computer from Harwell|WITCH (computer)}} |
||
{{Infobox information appliance |
{{Infobox information appliance |
||
| Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
The electronics division of the [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]] at Harwell, [[UK]] built the [[WITCH (computer)|Harwell Dekatron Computer]] in 1951,<ref>{{cite web | last = Howlett | first = Jack | title=Computing at Harwell | url = http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p009.htm | accessdate = 2008-12-07}}</ref> which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic, although other functions were performed by [[relays]]. By 1953, it was evident that this did not meet [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment|AERE]]'s computing needs, and AERE director Sir [[John Cockcroft]] encouraged them to design and build a computer using transistors throughout. |
The electronics division of the [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]] at Harwell, [[UK]] built the [[WITCH (computer)|Harwell Dekatron Computer]] in 1951,<ref>{{cite web | last = Howlett | first = Jack | title=Computing at Harwell | url = http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/literature/reports/p009.htm | accessdate = 2008-12-07}}</ref> which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic, although other functions were performed by [[relays]]. By 1953, it was evident that this did not meet [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment|AERE]]'s computing needs, and AERE director Sir [[John Cockcroft]] encouraged them to design and build a computer using transistors throughout. |
||
E. H. Cooke-Yarborough based the design around a 64-kilobyte (65,536 bytes) magnetic [[drum memory]] store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK]]. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the [[Royal Radar Establishment]]. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. This slow speed was partially offset by the ability to add together eight numbers concurrently.<ref>{{cite book | last = Cooke-Yarborough | first = E.H. | title = Introduction to Transistor Circuits | publisher = Oliver and Boyd | year = 1957 | location = Edinburgh | pages = 139}}</ref><ref name="ieeexplore.ieee">{{cite journal | |
E. H. Cooke-Yarborough based the design around a 64-kilobyte (65,536 bytes) magnetic [[drum memory]] store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the [[National Physical Laboratory, UK]]. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the [[Royal Radar Establishment]]. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. This slow speed was partially offset by the ability to add together eight numbers concurrently.<ref>{{cite book | last = Cooke-Yarborough | first = E. H. | title = Introduction to Transistor Circuits | publisher = Oliver and Boyd | year = 1957 | location = Edinburgh | pages = 139}}</ref><ref name="ieeexplore.ieee">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1049/esej:19980301| title = Some early transistor applications in the UK| journal = Engineering Science & Education Journal| volume = 7| issue = 3| pages = 100–106| year = 1998| last1 = Cooke-Yarborough| first1 = E. H.}}</ref> |
||
The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backward). It first ran a simple test program in February 1955. CADET used 324 [[point-contact transistor]]s provided by the UK company [[Standard Telephones and Cables]], which were the only ones available in sufficient quantity when the project started; 76 [[Bipolar junction transistor|junction transistor]]s were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. CADET was built from a few |
The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backward). It first ran a simple test program in February 1955. CADET used 324 [[point-contact transistor]]s provided by the UK company [[Standard Telephones and Cables]], which were the only ones available in sufficient quantity when the project started; 76 [[Bipolar junction transistor|junction transistor]]s were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. CADET was built from a few standardized designs of circuit boards which never got mounted into the planned desktop unit, so it was left in its [[breadboard]] form. From August 1956 CADET was offering a regular computing service, during which it often executed continuous computing runs of 80 hours or more.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lavington | first = Simon | title = Early British Computers | publisher = Manchester University Press | year = 1980 | pages = 139 | url = http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/EarlyBritish-05-12.html#Ch-09 | isbn = 0-7190-0803-4}} |
||
</ref><ref>{{ |
</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1049/pi-b-1.1956.0076|title = A transistor digital computer|journal = Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering|volume = 103|issue = 3S|pages = 364–370|year = 1956|last1 = Cooke-Yarborough|first1 = E. H.|last2 = Barnes|first2 = R. C. M.|last3 = Stephen|first3 = J. H.|last4 = Howells|first4 = G. A.}}</ref> |
||
Cooke-Yarborough described CADET as being "probably the second fully [[Transistor computer|transistorised computer]] in the world to put to use", second to an unnamed IBM machine.<ref name="ieeexplore.ieee" /> Both the [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|Manchester University Transistor Computer]] and the Bell Laboratories [[TRADIC]] were demonstrated incorporating transistors before CADET was operational, although both required some [[vacuum tubes|thermionic valves]] to supply their faster clock power, so they were not ''fully'' transistorised.<ref>{{cite journal | |
Cooke-Yarborough described CADET as being "probably the second fully [[Transistor computer|transistorised computer]] in the world to put to use", second to an unnamed IBM machine.<ref name="ieeexplore.ieee" /> Both the [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|Manchester University Transistor Computer]] and the Bell Laboratories [[TRADIC]] were demonstrated incorporating transistors before CADET was operational, although both required some [[vacuum tubes|thermionic valves]] to supply their faster clock power, so they were not ''fully'' transistorised.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1109/85.948904| title = Early digital computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories| journal = IEEE Annals of the History of Computing| volume = 23| issue = 3| pages = 22–42| year = 2001| last1 = Irvine| first1 = M. M.}}</ref> In April 1955 IBM announced the [[IBM 608]] transistor calculator, which they claim was "the first all-solid-state computing machine commercially marketed"<ref>[http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1955.html IBM Archives, 1955]</ref> and "the first completely transistorized computer available for commercial installation",<ref>[http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2214.html IBM Archives: IBM 608 calculator]</ref> and which may have been demonstrated in October 1954, before the CADET. |
||
By 1956, [[Brian Flowers, Baron Flowers|Brian Flowers]], head of the theoretical physics division at AERE, was convinced that the CADET provided insufficient computing power for the needs of his [[numerical analysis|numerical analysts]] and ordered a [[Ferranti Mercury]] computer. In 1958, Mercury number 4 became operational at AERE to accompany the CADET for another two years before the CADET was retired after four years |
By 1956, [[Brian Flowers, Baron Flowers|Brian Flowers]], head of the theoretical physics division at AERE, was convinced that the CADET provided insufficient computing power for the needs of his [[numerical analysis|numerical analysts]] and ordered a [[Ferranti Mercury]] computer. In 1958, Mercury number 4 became operational at AERE to accompany the CADET for another two years before the CADET was retired after four years of operation. |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
| Line 51: | Line 52: | ||
==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*[http://www.wylie.org.uk/technology/computer/cadet/cadet.htm The Harwell CADET Computer] |
*[http://www.wylie.org.uk/technology/computer/cadet/cadet.htm The Harwell CADET Computer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827084147/http://www.wylie.org.uk/technology/computer/cadet/cadet.htm |date=2017-08-27 }} |
||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harwell Cadet}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harwell Cadet}} |
||
| Line 58: | Line 59: | ||
[[Category:Transistorized computers]] |
[[Category:Transistorized computers]] |
||
[[Category:Early British computers]] |
[[Category:Early British computers]] |
||
[[Category:Early computers]] |
|||
Latest revision as of 22:01, 12 April 2024
| Manufacturer | AERE |
|---|---|
| Release date | February 1955 |
| Memory | 64k |
| Predecessor | Harwell Dekatron Computer |
The Harwell CADET was the first fully transistorised computer in Europe, and may have been the first fully transistorised computer in the world.
The electronics division of the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, UK built the Harwell Dekatron Computer in 1951,[1] which was an automatic calculator where the decimal arithmetic and memory were electronic, although other functions were performed by relays. By 1953, it was evident that this did not meet AERE's computing needs, and AERE director Sir John Cockcroft encouraged them to design and build a computer using transistors throughout.
E. H. Cooke-Yarborough based the design around a 64-kilobyte (65,536 bytes) magnetic drum memory store with multiple moving heads that had been designed at the National Physical Laboratory, UK. By 1953 his team had transistor circuits operating to read and write on a smaller magnetic drum from the Royal Radar Establishment. The machine used a low clock speed of only 58 kHz to avoid having to use any valves to generate the clock waveforms. This slow speed was partially offset by the ability to add together eight numbers concurrently.[2][3]
The resulting machine was called CADET (Transistor Electronic Digital Automatic Computer – backward). It first ran a simple test program in February 1955. CADET used 324 point-contact transistors provided by the UK company Standard Telephones and Cables, which were the only ones available in sufficient quantity when the project started; 76 junction transistors were used for the first stage amplifiers for data read from the drum, since point-contact transistors were too noisy. CADET was built from a few standardized designs of circuit boards which never got mounted into the planned desktop unit, so it was left in its breadboard form. From August 1956 CADET was offering a regular computing service, during which it often executed continuous computing runs of 80 hours or more.[4][5]
Cooke-Yarborough described CADET as being "probably the second fully transistorised computer in the world to put to use", second to an unnamed IBM machine.[3] Both the Manchester University Transistor Computer and the Bell Laboratories TRADIC were demonstrated incorporating transistors before CADET was operational, although both required some thermionic valves to supply their faster clock power, so they were not fully transistorised.[6] In April 1955 IBM announced the IBM 608 transistor calculator, which they claim was "the first all-solid-state computing machine commercially marketed"[7] and "the first completely transistorized computer available for commercial installation",[8] and which may have been demonstrated in October 1954, before the CADET.
By 1956, Brian Flowers, head of the theoretical physics division at AERE, was convinced that the CADET provided insufficient computing power for the needs of his numerical analysts and ordered a Ferranti Mercury computer. In 1958, Mercury number 4 became operational at AERE to accompany the CADET for another two years before the CADET was retired after four years of operation.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Howlett, Jack. "Computing at Harwell". Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (1957). Introduction to Transistor Circuits. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 139.
- ^ a b Cooke-Yarborough, E. H. (1998). "Some early transistor applications in the UK". Engineering Science & Education Journal. 7 (3): 100–106. doi:10.1049/esej:19980301.
- ^ Lavington, Simon (1980). Early British Computers. Manchester University Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-7190-0803-4.
- ^ Cooke-Yarborough, E. H.; Barnes, R. C. M.; Stephen, J. H.; Howells, G. A. (1956). "A transistor digital computer". Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering. 103 (3S): 364–370. doi:10.1049/pi-b-1.1956.0076.
- ^ Irvine, M. M. (2001). "Early digital computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 23 (3): 22–42. doi:10.1109/85.948904.
- ^ IBM Archives, 1955
- ^ IBM Archives: IBM 608 calculator
External links[edit]
- The Harwell CADET Computer Archived 2017-08-27 at the Wayback Machine