International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|International environmental agreement}} |
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⚫ | [[Image:International Whaling Commission members.svg|330px|thumb|States-parties to the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (in blue)<ref>[http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/members.htm Membership] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232505/http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/members.htm |date=26 December 2018 }}. iwcoffice.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.</ref>]] |
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{{third-party|date=July 2015}} |
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⚫ | The '''International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling''' is an [[environmental agreement|international environmental agreement]] aimed at the "proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry".<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|url=http://www.iwcoffice.org/private/downloads/1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw/convention.pdf|website=iwcoffice.org|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095822/http://www.iwcoffice.org/private/downloads/1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw/convention.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2014 |location=Washington|date=2 December 1946|url-status=dead}}</ref> It governs the commercial, scientific, and [[Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling|aboriginal subsistence whaling]] practices of 88 member nations.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The convention is a successor to the 1931 Geneva Convention for Regulation of Whaling and the 1937 International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling, established in response to the [[overexploitation]] of whales in the post-World War I period.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling|url=https://legal.un.org/avl/ha/icrw/icrw.html|access-date=2021-01-05|publisher=United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hourihane|first=J. O. B.|date=1937-07-01|title=International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=140|issue=3535|pages=180–181|doi=10.1038/140180a0|bibcode=1937Natur.140..180J|issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free}}</ref> Neither instrument was effective, but each provided the framework for the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which was spearheaded by the United States and signed by 15 nations in [[Washington, D.C.]], on 3 December 1946;<ref name=":1" /> the convention took effect on 10 November 1948.<ref>[http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/convention.htm#convsigs Key Documents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221041900/http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/convention.htm#convsigs |date=21 February 2007 }}. iwcoffice.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.</ref> A protocol broadening the scope of the convention's enforcement was signed on 19 November 1956. |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}} |
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⚫ | The '''International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling''' is an [[environmental agreement|international environmental agreement]] |
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⚫ | The objectives of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling are to protect all whale species from [[overhunting]]; establish a system of international regulation for whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and safeguard for future generations the important natural resources represented by whale stocks. The primary instrument implementing these aims is the [[International Whaling Commission]], established by the convention as its main decision-making body.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where did the idea of the International Whaling Commission come from and why?|url=https://wwf.panda.org/discover/knowledge_hub/endangered_species/cetaceans/cetaceans/iwc/history/?|access-date=2021-01-05|website=wwf.panda.org}}</ref> The IWC meets annually and adopts a binding "schedule" that regulates catch limits, whaling methods, protected areas, and the right to carry out scientific research involving the killing of whales. |
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It was signed by 15 nations in Washington, D.C. on 2 December 1946<ref>[http://www.iwcoffice.org/commission/convention.htm#convsigs Key Documents]. Iwcoffice.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.</ref> and took effect on 10 November 1948. Its protocol (which represented the first substantial revision of the convention and extended the definition of a "[[whale catcher|whale-catcher]]" to include helicopters as well as ships) was signed in Washington on 19 November 1956. The convention is a successor to the '''International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling''', signed in London on 8 June 1937, and the protocols for that agreement signed in London on 24 June 1938, and 26 November 1945.I like to eat food because it tastes good. |
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==Members== |
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⚫ | The objectives of the |
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⚫ | As of January 2021, there are 88 parties to the convention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iwc.int/members|title=Membership|author=International Whaling Commission|work=iwc.int}}</ref> The initial signatories were [[Argentina]], Australia, [[Brazil]], Canada, [[Chile]], [[Denmark]], France, the [[Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], [[Norway]], [[Peru]], South Africa, the [[Soviet Union]], the United Kingdom and the United States. |
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⚫ | Although Norway is party to the convention, it maintains an objection to the 1986 IWC global moratorium and it does not apply to it.<ref name="iwcoffice.org">{{cite web|url=http://iwcoffice.org/commission/schedule.htm |access-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113034345/http://iwcoffice.org/commission/schedule.htm |archive-date=13 January 2012 |title=International Whaling Commission }}</ref> |
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There have been consistent disagreement over the scope of the convention. According to the IWC: China the best Go china CHINA CHINA CHIAN |
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<blockquote> |
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Nine states have withdrawn from the convention since its ratification: Canada, [[Egypt]], [[Guatemala]], [[Greece]], [[Jamaica]], [[Mauritius]], [[Philippines]], the [[Seychelles]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name="ratifications">{{cite web|title=International convention for the regulation of whaling|url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/251-Intl-Whaling-Convention.pdf|website=state.gov|publisher=Government of the United States|access-date=22 February 2024|date=August 10, 2018}}</ref> |
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</blockquote> |
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[[Belize]], [[Brazil]], [[Dominica]], [[Ecuador]], [[Iceland]], Japan, [[New Zealand]], and [[Panama]] have all withdrawn from the convention temporarily but ratified it second time;<ref name="ratifications" /> the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]] have each withdrawn from the convention twice, only to have accepted it a third time.<ref name="ratifications" /> |
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==Signatories and membership== |
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⚫ | As of January |
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Japan is the most recent member to depart, in January 2019, so as to resume commercial whaling.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Normile|first=Dennis|date=2019-01-10|title=Why Japan's exit from international whaling treaty may actually benefit whales|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/why-japan-s-exit-international-whaling-treaty-may-actually-benefit-whales|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Although Norway is |
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== Effectiveness == |
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⚫ | There have been consistent disagreement over the scope of the convention. The 1946 Convention does not define a 'whale'. Some members of IWC claim that it has the legal competence to regulate catches of only great whales (the baleen whales and the sperm whale). Others believe that all cetaceans, including the smaller dolphins and porpoises, fall within IWC jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite web|author=International Whaling Commission|title=Cetacea|url=http://www.iwcoffice.org/cetacea|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727052230/http://iwcoffice.org/cetacea|archive-date=27 July 2012|work=iwcoffice.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cetacea|url=http://iwc.int/cetacea|work=iwc.int}}</ref> |
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An analysis by the [[Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs|Carnegie Council]] determined that while the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling has had "ambiguous success" owing to its internal divisions, it has nonetheless "successfully managed the historical transition from open whale hunting to highly restricted hunting. It has stopped all but the most highly motivated whale-hunting countries. This success has made its life more difficult, since it has left the hardest part of the problem for last."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-29|title=Almost Saving Whales: The Ambiguity of Success at the International Whaling Commission [Full Text]|url=https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2012/almost-saving-whales-the-ambiguity-of-success-at-the-international-whaling-commission-full-text/|access-date=2021-01-05|website=Ethics & International Affairs|language=en-US|archive-date=21 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521105424/https://www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2012/almost-saving-whales-the-ambiguity-of-success-at-the-international-whaling-commission-full-text/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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As of January 2014, eight states that were formerly parties to the convention have withdrawn by denouncing it. These states are Canada (which withdrew on 30 June 1982), [[Egypt]], [[Greece]], [[Jamaica]], [[Mauritius]], [[Philippines]], the [[Seychelles]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref name=ratifications>{{cite web|title=INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE REGULATION OF WHALING|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/191051.pdf|website=state.gov|publisher=Government of the United States|accessdate=5 July 2015|format=PDF|date=2 December 1946}}</ref> [[Belize]], [[Brazil]], [[Dominica]], [[Ecuador]], [[Iceland]], Japan, [[New Zealand]], and [[Panama]] have all withdrawn from the convention for a period of time after ratification but subsequently have ratified it a second time.<ref name = ratifications/> The [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], and [[Sweden]] have all withdrawn from the convention twice, only to have accepted it a third time.<ref name = ratifications/> |
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Im asian and i like spring rolls |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{wikisource|International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling}} |
{{wikisource|International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling}} |
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<references/> |
<references/> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{portal|Oceans}} |
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*[http://www.iwcoffice.org/private/downloads/1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw/convention.pdf Text of the Convention at the IWC website] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095822/http://www.iwcoffice.org/private/downloads/1r2jdhu5xtuswws0ocw04wgcw/convention.pdf Text of the Convention at the IWC website] |
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*[ |
*[https://iwc.int/members.htm Ratifications] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling}} |
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Latest revision as of 19:57, 25 April 2024
The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is an international environmental agreement aimed at the "proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry".[2] It governs the commercial, scientific, and aboriginal subsistence whaling practices of 88 member nations.[2]
The convention is a successor to the 1931 Geneva Convention for Regulation of Whaling and the 1937 International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling, established in response to the overexploitation of whales in the post-World War I period.[3][4] Neither instrument was effective, but each provided the framework for the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, which was spearheaded by the United States and signed by 15 nations in Washington, D.C., on 3 December 1946;[3] the convention took effect on 10 November 1948.[5] A protocol broadening the scope of the convention's enforcement was signed on 19 November 1956.
The objectives of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling are to protect all whale species from overhunting; establish a system of international regulation for whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and safeguard for future generations the important natural resources represented by whale stocks. The primary instrument implementing these aims is the International Whaling Commission, established by the convention as its main decision-making body.[6] The IWC meets annually and adopts a binding "schedule" that regulates catch limits, whaling methods, protected areas, and the right to carry out scientific research involving the killing of whales.
Members[edit]
As of January 2021, there are 88 parties to the convention.[7] The initial signatories were Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Although Norway is party to the convention, it maintains an objection to the 1986 IWC global moratorium and it does not apply to it.[8]
Withdrawals[edit]
Nine states have withdrawn from the convention since its ratification: Canada, Egypt, Guatemala, Greece, Jamaica, Mauritius, Philippines, the Seychelles and Venezuela.[9]
Belize, Brazil, Dominica, Ecuador, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, and Panama have all withdrawn from the convention temporarily but ratified it second time;[9] the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden have each withdrawn from the convention twice, only to have accepted it a third time.[9]
Japan is the most recent member to depart, in January 2019, so as to resume commercial whaling.[10]
Effectiveness[edit]
There have been consistent disagreement over the scope of the convention. The 1946 Convention does not define a 'whale'. Some members of IWC claim that it has the legal competence to regulate catches of only great whales (the baleen whales and the sperm whale). Others believe that all cetaceans, including the smaller dolphins and porpoises, fall within IWC jurisdiction.[11][12]
An analysis by the Carnegie Council determined that while the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling has had "ambiguous success" owing to its internal divisions, it has nonetheless "successfully managed the historical transition from open whale hunting to highly restricted hunting. It has stopped all but the most highly motivated whale-hunting countries. This success has made its life more difficult, since it has left the hardest part of the problem for last."[13]
References[edit]
- ^ Membership Archived 26 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. iwcoffice.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
- ^ a b "International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling" (PDF). iwcoffice.org. Washington. 2 December 1946. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ a b "International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling". United Nations. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ Hourihane, J. O. B. (1 July 1937). "International Agreement for the Regulation of Whaling". Nature. 140 (3535): 180–181. Bibcode:1937Natur.140..180J. doi:10.1038/140180a0. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ^ Key Documents Archived 21 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. iwcoffice.org. Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
- ^ "Where did the idea of the International Whaling Commission come from and why?". wwf.panda.org. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ International Whaling Commission. "Membership". iwc.int.
- ^ "International Whaling Commission". Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ a b c "International convention for the regulation of whaling" (PDF). state.gov. Government of the United States. 10 August 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
- ^ Normile, Dennis (10 January 2019). "Why Japan's exit from international whaling treaty may actually benefit whales". Science | AAAS. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
- ^ International Whaling Commission. "Cetacea". iwcoffice.org. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012.
- ^ "Cetacea". iwc.int.
- ^ "Almost Saving Whales: The Ambiguity of Success at the International Whaling Commission [Full Text]". Ethics & International Affairs. 29 March 2012. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
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