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{{family name hatnote|Cruzat|Góngora|lang=Spanish}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =
|honorific-prefix =
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|caption =
|caption =
|order =
|order =
|office = [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]
|office = 33rd [[Governor-General of the Philippines]]
|term_start = 25 July 1690
|term_start = 25 July 1690
|term_end = 8 December 1701
|term_end = 8 December 1701
|predecessor = [[Alonso de Avila Fuertes]]
|predecessor = [[Alonso de Avila Fuertes]]
|successor = [[Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri]]
|successor = [[Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarrí]]
|birth_date =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_date = 14 June [[1702]]
|death_place =
|death_place = [[Pacific Ocean]]
|restingplace =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|restingplacecoordinates =
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|committees =
|committees =
|portfolio =
|portfolio =
|signature =
|signature = Fausto Cruzat y Góngora's signature.svg
}}
}}
'''Fausto Cruzat y Góngora''' was Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] from 1690 to 1701.
'''Fausto Cruzat y Góngora''' († 14 June 1702, on the Pacific aboard the [[Manila galleon]] en route to [[Acapulco]]) was a Spanish [[Governor-General of the Philippines]] from 1690 to 1701, therefore the second-longest serving governor after [[Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León|Rafael María de Aguilar]] (governor from 1793 to 1806).
He is thought to be one of the most capable of the Spanish colonial officials in his day.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}
He is thought to be one of the most capable of the Spanish colonial officials in his day.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}


==Biography==
Fausto Cruzat y Góngora was born in [[Pamplona]] intoa distinguished family in the nobility of [[Navarre]].
Fausto Cruzat y Góngora was born in [[Pamplona]] into a distinguished family in the nobility of [[Navarre]].
He became a soldier and a knight of the [[Order of Santiago]].
He became a soldier and a knight of the [[Order of Santiago]].
He arrived in the Philippines in July 1690, assuming control of the government from the Audience of Manila.
He arrived in the Philippines in July 1690, assuming control of the government from the [[Real Audiencia of Manila]].
He immediately began the task of overhauling the administration, improving and streamlining the administration of taxes.
He immediately began the task of overhauling the administration as well as improving and streamlining taxation.
He settled a large debt owed to Mexico, and reduced expenses to the level that the islands could become self-sufficient.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}
He settled a large debt owed to the [[Caja Real]] in [[Mexico City]], and reduced expenses to the level that the islands could become self-sufficient.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}
He rebuilt the governor's palace in Manila on its present site, with two wings separated by an open atrium.
He rebuilt the [[Palacio del Gobernador]] in Manila on its present site, with two wings separated by an open atrium.
His residence was on the second floor of the south wing, and his secretariat on the lower floor.
His residence was on the second floor of the south wing, and his secretariat on the lower floor.
The northern wing was occupied by the Real Audiencia or Supreme Court.
The northern wing was occupied by the Real Audiencia (Royal Supreme Court).{{sfn|Palacio del Gobernador}}


On 1 October 1696 he issued a new set of Governance Rules, based on rules drawn up fifty years before by [[Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera]].
On 1 October 1696, he issued a new set of governance rules, based on rules drawn up fifty years before by [[Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera]].
The rules ensured that ''Alcaldes Mayores'' and other local authorities were strictly subordinate to the central government and that no major decision was taking without approval by Manila. Mechanisms to prevent corruption included a prohibition on accepting gifts.
The rules ensured that [[alcaldes mayores]] and other local authorities were strictly subordinate to the crown and that no major decision was taking place without approval by royal officials in Manila. Mechanisms to prevent corruption included a prohibition on accepting gifts.
The rules instituted annual inspections by the ''Alcaldes Mayores'' in their territories.
The rules instituted annual inspections by the alcaldes mayores in their territories. Filipinos were given greater legal rights and guarantees, and were allowed to engage in industry or commerce.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}
The Filipinos were given greater legal rights and guarantees, and were allowed to engage in industry or commerce.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}


Cruzat had to deal with disputes within the church. In late 1697 the Archbishop appointed secular clergy to the parishes, but the monks refused to give up control of the churches.
Cruzat had to deal with disputes within the Roman Catholic Church in Southeast Asia. In late 1697, the [[archbishop of Manila]] [[Diego Camacho y Ávila]] appointed secular clergy to the parishes, but the friars of the regular orders refused to give up control of the churches. In response, Governor Cruzat sent soldiers to occupy these churches and remove them by force. This did not solve the problem, because there were not enough secular clergy in the islands, thus leaving many parishes without priests. The problem remained until the archbishop was transferred to [[Guadalajara]], Mexico, in 1706.
Governor Cruzat sent soldiers to occupy the churches by force. This did not solve the problem, because there were not enough secular clergy, so most of the people were without priests.
The problem remained until the archbishop was transferred to headquarters in [[Guadalajara]], Mexico, in 1706.
Another problem arose when the crown ordered the regularization of all land property titles.
The religious orders were by far the largest landholders, but they refused to show the inspector their titles.
Two bishops became involved on different sides in the dispute, one supporting the monks and the other the inspector.
⚫
The argument mounted to the point where the bishops mutually excommunicated each other. It took all of Cruzat's tact to obtain a compromise and restore peaces among the prelates.{{sfn|Fernández|1984|p=150-151}}


Another problem arose when the crown ordered the regularization of all land property titles. The regular orders were by far the largest landholders in the Philippines, but they refused to show the inspector their titles. Two bishops became involved on different sides in the dispute, one supporting the friars and the other the inspector.
⚫
[[Philip V of Spain]], the first monarch of the [[House of Bourbon]], inherited the crown on 1 November 1700. Fausto Cruzat was replaced as governor by Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri in December 1701.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}}
⚫
The argument mounted to the point where the bishops mutually excommunicated each other. It took all of Cruzat's tact to obtain a compromise and restore peaces among the prelates.{{sfn|Fernández|1984|p=150-151}}
He died on 14 June 1702.

⚫
His son [[Juan Cruzat y Góngora]] was made Marques de Góngora.{{sfn|Cárdenas Piera|Cadenas y Vicent|1994|p=58}}
⚫
[[Philip V of Spain]], the first monarch of the [[House of Bourbon]], inherited the crown on 1 November 1700. Fausto Cruzat was replaced as governor by [[Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarrí]] in December 1701.{{sfn|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}} He died on 14 June 1702 on his way back to Spain via Mexico, aboard of the Acapulco galleon.<ref>Christoph Rosenmüller: ''Patrons, partisans, and palace intrigues - the court society of colonial Mexico 1702-1710''. Calgary: Univ. of Calgary Press, circa 2008, p.83</ref>
His grandson [[Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora]] became governor of [[New Mexico]].{{sfn|Irles Vicente|1997|p=166}}

⚫
His son Juan Cruzat y Góngora was later made [[Marques de Góngora]].{{sfn|Cárdenas Piera|Cadenas y Vicent|1994|p=58}} His grandson [[Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora]] became governor of [[New Mexico]].{{sfn|Irles Vicente|1997|p=166}}


==References==
==References==
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'''Sources'''
'''Sources'''
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last1=Cárdenas Piera|first1=Emilio de |last2=Cadenas y Vicent|first2=Vicente de |title=Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII: Años 1778 a 1788, números 1,856 al 2,073
*{{cite book |ref=harv
⚫
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlGUUFoVX0YC&pg=PA58|access-date=2012-10-10
⚫
|last1=Cárdenas Piera|first1=Emilio de |last2=Cadenas y Vicent|first2=Vicente de |title=Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII: Años 1778 a 1788, números 1,856 al 2,073
⚫
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mlGUUFoVX0YC&pg=PA58|accessdate=2012-10-10
|date=1994-02-01|publisher=Ediciones Hidalguia|isbn=978-84-87204-61-6}}
|date=1994-02-01|publisher=Ediciones Hidalguia|isbn=978-84-87204-61-6}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}} |url=http://www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=cruzat-y-gongora-fausto
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias}} |url=http://www.mcnbiografias.com/app-bio/do/show?key=cruzat-y-gongora-fausto
|work=Biografías |title=Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto (¿-?).
|work=Biografías |title=Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto (¿-?).
|accessdate=2012-10-10}}
|access-date=2012-10-10}}
⚫
*{{cite book |last=Fernández|first=Luis Suárez|title=Historia General de España y América: América en el Siglo XVII
*{{cite book |re=harv
⚫
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M7ux6GrzvygC&pg=PA150|access-date=2012-10-10
⚫
|last=Fernández|first=Luis Suárez|title=Historia General de España y América: América en el Siglo XVII
⚫
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M7ux6GrzvygC&pg=PA150|accessdate=2012-10-10
|year=1984|publisher=Ediciones Rialp|isbn=978-84-321-2104-3|page=150}}
|year=1984|publisher=Ediciones Rialp|isbn=978-84-321-2104-3|page=150}}
*{{cite journal |ref=harv |url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/4801/1/RHM_16_08.pdf |title=ITALIANOS EN LA ADMINISTRACIÓN TERRITORIAL ESPAÑOLA DEL SIGLO XVIII
*{{cite journal |url=http://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/4801/1/RHM_16_08.pdf |title=ITALIANOS EN LA ADMINISTRACIÓN TERRITORIAL ESPAÑOLA DEL SIGLO XVIII
|last=Irles Vicente|first=María del Carmen |journal=REVISTA DE HISTORIA MODERNA |volume=5 |issue=16 |year=1997
|last=Irles Vicente|first=María del Carmen |journal=Revista de Historia Moderna |volume=5 |issue=16 |year=1997
|accessdate=2012-10-10}}
|access-date=2012-10-10}}
*{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Palacio del Gobernador}} |url=http://intramuros2007.wordpress.com/2007/02/18/palacio-del-gobernador/
|title=Palacio del Gobernador |work=Intramuros
|access-date=2012-10-10}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
{{Head of State of the Philippines}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Gongora, Fausto Cruzat y}}
[[Category:17th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish people]]
[[Category:Captains General of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Captains General of the Philippines]]
[[tl:Fausto Cruzat]]
[[pam:Fausto Cruzat y Gongora]]

Revision as of 15:44, 17 May 2024

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cruzat and the second or maternal family name is Góngora.
Fausto Cruzat y Góngora
33rd Governor-General of the Philippines
In office
25 July 1690 – 8 December 1701
Preceded byAlonso de Avila Fuertes
Succeeded byDomingo Zabálburu de Echevarrí
Personal details
Died14 June 1702
Pacific Ocean
ProfessionSoldier
Signature

Fausto Cruzat y Góngora († 14 June 1702, on the Pacific aboard the Manila galleon en route to Acapulco) was a Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines from 1690 to 1701, therefore the second-longest serving governor after Rafael María de Aguilar (governor from 1793 to 1806). He is thought to be one of the most capable of the Spanish colonial officials in his day.[1]

Biography

Fausto Cruzat y Góngora was born in Pamplona into a distinguished family in the nobility of Navarre. He became a soldier and a knight of the Order of Santiago. He arrived in the Philippines in July 1690, assuming control of the government from the Real Audiencia of Manila. He immediately began the task of overhauling the administration as well as improving and streamlining taxation. He settled a large debt owed to the Caja Real in Mexico City, and reduced expenses to the level that the islands could become self-sufficient.[1] He rebuilt the Palacio del Gobernador in Manila on its present site, with two wings separated by an open atrium. His residence was on the second floor of the south wing, and his secretariat on the lower floor. The northern wing was occupied by the Real Audiencia (Royal Supreme Court).[2]

On 1 October 1696, he issued a new set of governance rules, based on rules drawn up fifty years before by Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera. The rules ensured that alcaldes mayores and other local authorities were strictly subordinate to the crown and that no major decision was taking place without approval by royal officials in Manila. Mechanisms to prevent corruption included a prohibition on accepting gifts. The rules instituted annual inspections by the alcaldes mayores in their territories. Filipinos were given greater legal rights and guarantees, and were allowed to engage in industry or commerce.[1]

Cruzat had to deal with disputes within the Roman Catholic Church in Southeast Asia. In late 1697, the archbishop of Manila Diego Camacho y Ávila appointed secular clergy to the parishes, but the friars of the regular orders refused to give up control of the churches. In response, Governor Cruzat sent soldiers to occupy these churches and remove them by force. This did not solve the problem, because there were not enough secular clergy in the islands, thus leaving many parishes without priests. The problem remained until the archbishop was transferred to Guadalajara, Mexico, in 1706.

Another problem arose when the crown ordered the regularization of all land property titles. The regular orders were by far the largest landholders in the Philippines, but they refused to show the inspector their titles. Two bishops became involved on different sides in the dispute, one supporting the friars and the other the inspector. The argument mounted to the point where the bishops mutually excommunicated each other. It took all of Cruzat's tact to obtain a compromise and restore peaces among the prelates.[3]

Philip V of Spain, the first monarch of the House of Bourbon, inherited the crown on 1 November 1700. Fausto Cruzat was replaced as governor by Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarrí in December 1701.[1] He died on 14 June 1702 on his way back to Spain via Mexico, aboard of the Acapulco galleon.[4]

His son Juan Cruzat y Góngora was later made Marques de Góngora.[5] His grandson Gervasio Cruzat y Góngora became governor of New Mexico.[6]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto - Biografias.
  2. ^ Palacio del Gobernador.
  3. ^ Fernández 1984, p. 150-151.
  4. ^ Christoph Rosenmüller: Patrons, partisans, and palace intrigues - the court society of colonial Mexico 1702-1710. Calgary: Univ. of Calgary Press, circa 2008, p.83
  5. ^ Cárdenas Piera & Cadenas y Vicent 1994, p. 58.
  6. ^ Irles Vicente 1997, p. 166.

Sources

  • Cárdenas Piera, Emilio de; Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de (1994-02-01). Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII: Años 1778 a 1788, números 1,856 al 2,073. Ediciones Hidalguia. ISBN 978-84-87204-61-6. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  • "Cruzat y Góngora, Fausto (¿-?)". Biografías. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  • Fernández, Luis Suárez (1984). Historia General de España y América: América en el Siglo XVII. Ediciones Rialp. p. 150. ISBN 978-84-321-2104-3. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  • Irles Vicente, María del Carmen (1997). "ITALIANOS EN LA ADMINISTRACIÓN TERRITORIAL ESPAÑOLA DEL SIGLO XVIII" (PDF). Revista de Historia Moderna. 5 (16). Retrieved 2012-10-10.
  • "Palacio del Gobernador". Intramuros. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
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