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{{Short description|4th month of the Hebrew calendar}}
{{Hebrew month|letname= Tammuz (תמוז‎)|previouslink=Sivan|previousletter=Sivan|nextlink= Av|nextletter=Av|num=10|days=29|season=[[summer]]|gregorian=[[June]]-[[July]]|filename=GoldCalf.jpg|size=280px|name=The Golden Calf|caption=Tammuz is the month of the sin of the [[golden calf]],<br>which resulted in [[Moses]] breaking the [[Ten Commandments]].}}
{{About|the Hebrew month|the Mesopotamian god after which the month takes its name|Dumuzid|the corresponding Babylonian month|Tammuz (Babylonian calendar)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox month
| image = GoldCalf.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Tammuz is the month of the sin of the [[golden calf]], which resulted in [[Moses]] breaking the tablets of the [[Ten Commandments]].
| native_name = {{Native name|he| {{Script/Hebrew|תַּמּוּז}}}}
| calendar = [[Hebrew calendar]]
| num = 4
| days = 29
| season = Summer (Northern Hemisphere)
| gregorian = June–July
| holidays = [[Seventeenth of Tammuz]]
| prev_month = [[Sivan]]
| next_month = [[Av (month)|Av]]
}}
[[File:Wall plaques Irish Jewish museum.jpg|thumb|Inscription at the [[Irish Jewish Museum]], with Gregorian and Hebrew dates.]]


'''Tammuz''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{Script/Hebrew|תַּמּוּז}}, ''{{transl|he|Tammūz}}''), or '''Tamuz,''' is the tenth month of the civil year and the fourth month of the ecclesiastical year on the [[Hebrew calendar]], and the modern [[Assyrian calendar]]. It is a month of 29 days, which occurs on the Gregorian calendar around June–July.
:''For the deity, see [[Tammuz (deity)]].


The name of the month was adopted from the [[Assyria]]n and [[Babylonian calendar|Babylonian month]] ''Araḫ Dumuzu'', named in honour of the [[Mesopotamian deity]] [[Dumuzid]].
'''Tammuz''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: '''תמוז''', <small>[[Hebrew language#Modern Hebrew|Standard]]</small> ''Tammuz'' <small>[[Tiberian vocalization|Tiberian]]</small> ''{{Unicode|Tammûz}}'') is the tenth month of the civil year and the fourth month of the ecclesiastical year on the [[Hebrew calendar]]. It is a summer month of 29 days.


== Holidays ==
The name of the month was adopted from the [[Babylonia]]n calendar, in which the month was named after one of the main Babylonian gods, [[Tammuz (deity)|Tammuz]] (Sumerian: Dumuzid)
'''17 Tammuz''' – [[Seventeenth of Tammuz]] – is a fast day from 1 hour before sunrise to sundown in remembrance of Jerusalem's walls being breached. 17 Tammuz is the beginning of [[The Three Weeks]], in which Jews follow similar customs as the ones followed during the [[Counting of the Omer|Omer]] from the day following [[Passover]] until the culmination of the mourning for the death of the students of [[Rabbi Akiva]] (the 33rd day of the Omer{{spaced ndash}}such as refraining from marriage and haircuts.)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://ohr.edu/holidays/tisha_bav/law_and_ritual/1146 |title= Laws of the Three Weeks |first= Yirmiyahu |last= Ullman |publisher= Ohr Somayach |access-date= 17 March 2019 }}</ref> The Three Weeks culminate with [[Tisha B'Av]] (9th of Av).


:Ashkenazi communities refrain from wine and meat from the beginning of the month of [[Av (month)|Av]], while Sefardi communities only do so from the second day of the month. The mourning continues until noon on the 10th of Av, the date on which the Second Temple's destruction was complete.
== Holidays in Tammuz ==
'''17 Tammuz''' - [[Seventeenth of Tammuz]] – ''(Fast Day)''
:17 Tammuz is a fast day from 1 hour before sunrise to sundown in remembrance of Jerusalem's walls being breached. 17 Tammuz is the beginning of the [[Three Weeks]], in which Jews follow similar customs as the ones followed during the [[Omer]] from the day following [[Passover]] until the culmination of the mourning for the death of the students of Rabbi [[Akiva]] ([[Akibah]]) the thirty-third day of the Omer - such as refraining from marriage, grooming festivals and fairs. The Three Weeks culminate with Tisha Be-Av (9th of Av).


== In Jewish history ==
:Differences between [[Ashkenazic]] and [[Sefardic]] communities make the former overly more strict about the mourning followed during this weeks. For example, Ashkenazic communities refrain from wine and meat since the beginning of the month of [[Av]], while Sefardic communities only do so since the beginning of the week in which the 9th of Av occurs and until the end of such date or in some occasions the end of the 10th of Av, which marks the date in which the Second Temple's destruction was accomplished as well as an important part of the mourning of the Jewish Nation for the destruction of the communities of Gush Katif and North Samaria in Israel.
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
* '''3 Tammuz''' ({{circa|1272}} BCE){{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} &ndash; [[Joshua]] stops the sun ([[Book of Joshua]], 10:1–15)
* '''3 Tammuz''' (1927) &ndash; the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] was released from prison and sentenced to three years of exile in the city of Kostroma
* '''3 Tammuz''' (1994) &ndash; Death of Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]], the [[Chabad#Leadership|Lubavitcher Rebbe]]
* '''4 Tammuz''' (1171) &ndash; Death of [[Rabbeinu Tam]]
* '''4 Tammuz''' (1286) &ndash; [[Meir of Rothenburg]] imprisoned
* '''5 Tammuz''' (c. 592 BCE) &ndash; [[Ezekiel]] receives his "Chariot" vision ([[Book of Ezekiel]], 1:4–26)
* '''6 Tammuz''' (1976) &ndash; [[Operation Entebbe]]
* '''9 Tammuz''' (c. 586 BCE) &ndash; Jerusalem walls breached by [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], a date observed as a fast day until the second breaching of Jerusalem's walls by the Roman Empire on the 17th of Tammuz (70 CE)<ref>This is according to the [[Talmud]], [[Rosh Hashanah (Talmud)|Rosh Hashanah]] and Tur Orach Chaim 549. However, [[Karaite Jews]] continue to observe the fast on Tammuz 9.</ref>
* '''12-13 Tammuz''' (1927) Release of Chabad Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] from prison in [[Kostroma]], Soviet Union; observed by Chabad Hasidim as holy day
* '''15 Tammuz''' (1743) &ndash; Death of [[Chaim ibn Attar]]
* '''17 Tammuz''' (c. 1312 BCE){{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} &ndash; [[golden calf]] offered by the Jewish people, 40 days after the giving of the Torah at Har Sinai. In response, Moses smashed the first Tablets. This is the first of the five national tragedies mourned on this day.
* '''17 Tammuz''' (c. 586 BCE) &ndash; The [[korban]] in [[Solomon's Temple]] were discontinued.
* '''17 Tammuz''' (70) &ndash; Walls of Jerusalem breached by the [[Roman army]].
* '''17 Tammuz''' (135) The Roman general [[Sextus Julius Severus|Apostomus]] burned the [[Torah]] and placed an idol in the [[Second Temple]].
* '''21 Tammuz''' (1636) &ndash; Death of the [[Kabbalist]] [[Baal Shem]] [[Elijah Loans]], grandson of [[Johanan Luria]] and [[Josel of Rosheim]], and author of the ''Miklol Yofi'' (Amsterdam, 1695) commentary on [[Ecclesiastes]].
* '''21 Tammuz''' (2020) The last Remaining [[Jews of Yemen]] are captured by the [[Houthi movement|Houthi Militia]]
* '''22 Tammuz''' (1792) &ndash; Death of Rabbi [[Solomon of Karlin|Shlomo of Karlin]]
* '''23 Tammuz''' (1570) &ndash; Death of Rabbi [[Moses ben Jacob Cordovero]]
* '''26 Tammuz''' (2005) &ndash; Death of Rabbi [[Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft]]
* '''28 Tammuz''' (1841) &ndash; Death of Rabbi [[Moshe Teitelbaum (Ujhel)]]
* '''29 Tammuz''' (150) &ndash; Death of [[Johanan HaSandlar]]
* '''29 Tammuz''' (1105) &ndash; Death of [[Rashi]]
* '''29 Tammuz''' (1940) &ndash; Death of [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]]; secular observance by Israel as [[Jabotinsky Day]]


== In fiction ==
====Chabad-Lubavitch ====
* In the story of [[Xenogears]], Tammuz is the name of a country, named after the Hebrew month. In the official Japanese version translation, however, it was transliterated ''Tamuzu''. This was later further changed by the translation process to "Thames" for the English version.
Among the [[Chabad-Lubavitch]], two major events are celebrated in the first half of the month of Tammuz.


== See also ==
'''3 Tammuz''' - [[Gimmel Tammuz]] - the [[yahrtzeit]] (anniversary of the death) of the seventh Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson]]. <br>
* [[Jewish astrology]]
'''12 Tammuz and 13 Tammuz''' - [[Festival of Redemption]] - commemorating the days on which the previous Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi [[Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn]] was released from imprisonment in the [[Soviet Union]] for teaching Judaism.
* "Tammūz" (Arabic: ﺗﻤﻮﺯ), is also the name for the month of July in [[Iraq]], the [[Levant]] and Turkey ("Temmuz" in [[Turkish language|Turkish]]). In [[Syriac language|Syriac]] it is ''ܬܡܘܙ''. In [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], and the [[Palestinian territories]], the [[2006 Lebanon War]] is generally known as حرب تموز ''Ḥarb Tammūz'' (i.e. the July War), following the Arab custom of naming the Arab-Israeli wars after months or years.


== References ==
==Tammuz in Jewish history==
{{Reflist}}
'''3 Tammuz''' - [[Joshua]] stops the sun.<br />
'''4 Tammuz''' - ([[1171]]) - Death of [[Rabbeinu Tam]]<br />
'''4 Tammuz''' - ([[1286]]) - [[Meir of Rothenburg|Maharam]] imprisoned <br />
'''5 Tammuz''' - ([[429 BCE]]) - [[Ezekiel|Ezekiel's]] vision of the "Chariot" <br />
*<small>On the 5th of Tammuz of the Hebrew year 3332 ([[429 BCE]]), Ezekiel, the only one of the [[Prophet]]s to prophesy outside of the Holy Land, had a vision of the Divine "Chariot" representing the spiritual infrastructure of creation. See Ezekiel 1:4-26</small>
'''6 Tammuz''' - ([[1976]]) - [[Operation Entebbe|Entebbe Rescue]] <br />
'''9 Tammuz''' - ([[586 BCE]]) - Jerusalem Walls breached <br />
*<small>The [[Babylonian]] armies of [[King Nebuchadnezzar]] breached the walls of [[Jerusalem]] on the 9th of Tammuz in the Hebrew year 3338 ([[586 BCE]]). [[King Ziddikiahu]] (pronounced ''Tsidikyahu'' - known as [[Zedekiah]] in [[English language|English]]) of [[Judah]] was captured and taken to [[Babylon]]. A month later, the capture of Jerusalem was completed with the destruction of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Holy Temple]] and the exile of all but a small number of Jews to Babylon]]). Tammuz 9 was observed as a fast day until the second breaching of Jerusalem's walls (by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]]) on the 17th of Tammuz, Hebrew year 3830 ([[70]] CE), at which time the Rabbis moved the fast to that date. This is according to the [[Talmud]], [[Rosh Hashanah ([[Talmud]])|Rosh Hashanah]] and Tur Orach Chaim 549]]. However, [[Karaite Jews]] continue to observe the fast on Tammuz 9.</small>
'''15 Tammuz''' - ([[1743]]) - Death of [[Chaim ibn Attar|Rabbi Chayim ben Attar]] ([[Ohr HaChayim]]) <br />
'''17 Tammuz''' - ([[586 BCE]]) - [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]] service disrupted <br />
*<small>The daily sacrificial offerings ([[Korban Tamid]]) in the [[Holy Temple]] were discontinued, three weeks before the Babylonians' destruction of the First Temple in 586 BCE.</small>
'''17 Tammuz''' - ([[70 CE]]) - Jerusalem Walls Breached <br />
*<small>The other three national tragedies mourned on Tammuz 17 are connected with the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] conquest of Jerusalem and their destruction of the Second Temple in the year 70 CE: Firstly, the walls of the besieged city of Jerusalem were breached. Secondly, the Roman general [[Apostomus]] burned the [[Torah]] and, third he placed an idol in the Holy Temple. The fighting in Jerusalem continued for three weeks until the 9th of Av, when the Holy Temple was set aflame.</small>
'''21 Tammuz''' - ([[1636]]) - Death of [[Baal Shem of Worms]] <br />
*<small>[[Kabbalist]] Rabbi [[Eliyahu ben Moshe Loanz]], known as "Rabbi Eliyahu Baal Shem" of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Germany]], died on the 21st of Tammuz of the Hebrew year 5396 ([[1636]] CE). He was a grandson of the [[shtadlan]] (Jewish activist) [[Josel of Rosheim|Rabbi Joselman of Rosheim]], and the author of [[Michlal Yofi]] commentary on [[Ecclesiastes]].</small>
'''22 Tammuz''' - ([[1792]]) - Death of Rabbi Shlomo of [[Karlin (Hasidic dynasty)|Karlin]] <br />
'''23 Tammuz''' - ([[1570]]) - Death of Rabbi [[Moshe Cordovero]] <br />
'''28 Tammuz''' - ([[1841]]) - Death of [[Yismach Moshe]] <br />
'''29 Tammuz''' - ([[1105]]) - Death of [[Rashi]] <br />


== External links ==
{{listdev}}

== Other uses ==
* "Temmouz" ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ﺗﻤﻮﺯ), is also the name for the month of July in the [[Levant]] and [[Turkey]].

==References In fiction==

* In the story of [[Xenogears]], '''Tammuz''' is the name of a country, named after the Hebrew month. In the official Japanese version translation, however, it was transliterated '''Tamuzu'''. This was later further changed by the translation process to '''Thames''' for the English version.

==References==
* [http://www.chabad.org/calendar/ This Month in Jewish History]
* [http://www.chabad.org/calendar/ This Month in Jewish History]


{{Jewish and Israeli holidays}}
{{HebrewMonths}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Tammuz (Hebrew month)| ]]
[[Category:Months of the Hebrew calendar]]
[[Category:Months of the Hebrew calendar]]

[[ar:تموز]]
[[ca:Tammuz]]
[[cs:Tamuz]]
[[de:Tammus]]
[[es:Tamuz]]
[[eo:Tamuzo]]
[[fr:Tammouz]]
[[id:Tamus]]
[[it:Tammuz (mese)]]
[[he:תמוז]]
[[nl:Tammoez]]
[[no:Tammuz]]
[[nn:Tammúz]]
[[pl:Tamuz]]
[[ro:Tammuz]]
[[ru:Таммуз (месяц)]]
[[yi:תמוז]]

Latest revision as of 14:34, 15 May 2024

This article is about the Hebrew month. For the Mesopotamian god after which the month takes its name, see Dumuzid. For the corresponding Babylonian month, see Tammuz (Babylonian calendar).

Tammuz
Tammuz is the month of the sin of the golden calf, which resulted in Moses breaking the tablets of the Ten Commandments.
Native nameתַּמּוּז‎ (Hebrew)
CalendarHebrew calendar
Month number4
Number of days29
SeasonSummer (Northern Hemisphere)
Gregorian equivalentJune–July
Significant daysSeventeenth of Tammuz
← Sivan
Av →
Inscription at the Irish Jewish Museum, with Gregorian and Hebrew dates.

Tammuz (Hebrew: תַּמּוּז‎, Tammūz), or Tamuz, is the tenth month of the civil year and the fourth month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar, and the modern Assyrian calendar. It is a month of 29 days, which occurs on the Gregorian calendar around June–July.

The name of the month was adopted from the Assyrian and Babylonian month Araḫ Dumuzu, named in honour of the Mesopotamian deity Dumuzid.

Holidays[edit]

17 Tammuz – Seventeenth of Tammuz – is a fast day from 1 hour before sunrise to sundown in remembrance of Jerusalem's walls being breached. 17 Tammuz is the beginning of The Three Weeks, in which Jews follow similar customs as the ones followed during the Omer from the day following Passover until the culmination of the mourning for the death of the students of Rabbi Akiva (the 33rd day of the Omer – such as refraining from marriage and haircuts.)[1] The Three Weeks culminate with Tisha B'Av (9th of Av).

Ashkenazi communities refrain from wine and meat from the beginning of the month of Av, while Sefardi communities only do so from the second day of the month. The mourning continues until noon on the 10th of Av, the date on which the Second Temple's destruction was complete.

In Jewish history[edit]

In fiction[edit]

  • In the story of Xenogears, Tammuz is the name of a country, named after the Hebrew month. In the official Japanese version translation, however, it was transliterated Tamuzu. This was later further changed by the translation process to "Thames" for the English version.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ullman, Yirmiyahu. "Laws of the Three Weeks". Ohr Somayach. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  2. ^ This is according to the Talmud, Rosh Hashanah and Tur Orach Chaim 549. However, Karaite Jews continue to observe the fast on Tammuz 9.

External links[edit]

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