Treaty of Paris (1920): Difference between revisions

Treaty of Paris
Type	Multilateral peace treaty
Signed	28 October 1920
Location	Paris, France
Original; signatories	Romania; France; United Kingdom; Italy; Japan (never ratified)
Ratifiers	Romania, France, UK, Italy

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The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia.^[1] The treaty, however, never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.^[2]^[3]

On 9 April 1918 (old style 27 March 1918), during the chaos of the Russian Civil War and following Romanian military intervention, the Bessarabian legislature (Sfatul Țării) voted in favor of the union of Bessarabia with Romania with 86 votes in favor, three against, and 36 abstentions, an act regarded by the Russians as a Romanian invasion.^[4]

As with the Treaty of Versailles, the 1920 treaty contained the Covenant of the League of Nations, and, as a result, it was not ratified by the United States. The United States refused initially to sign the Treaty on the grounds that Russia was not represented at the treaty conference.^[5]

The Paris Peace Treaty of 28 October 1920, formally recognized the union of Bessarabia with Romania. The union was recognized by the United Kingdom, France and Italy, but Japan did not ratify it, and the Soviet Union never recognized this Union.^[6]

References[edit]

^ Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia". The American Journal of International Law. 38 (4). American Society of International Law: 667–673. doi:10.2307/2192802. JSTOR 2192802. S2CID 146890589.
^ Ioan Bulei (March 1998). "Roma, 1924-1927". Magazin Istoric (3). Fundaţia Culturală Magazin Istoric. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
^ Foreign Affairs Association of Japan, 1940, Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs, Volume 9, p. 439
^ Edward Ozhiganov, "The Republic of Moldova: Transdniester and the 14th Army", in: Alexei Arbatov et al., (eds.) Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1997) pp. 145–209.
^ Wayne S Vucinich, Bessarabia In: Collier's Encyclopedia (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103
^ Altin Iliriani. "Romanian Unity and Moldavian Integration from the 19th Century until WW II". European Research and Information Center, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta - Northern Cyprus. Retrieved 4 December 2007.

External links[edit]

Text of the treaty at Australian Treaty Series.

[1] Malbone W. Graham (October 1944). "The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia". The American Journal of International Law. 38 (4). American Society of International Law: 667–673. doi:10.2307/2192802. JSTOR 2192802. S2CID 146890589.

[2] Ioan Bulei (March 1998). "Roma, 1924-1927". Magazin Istoric (3). Fundaţia Culturală Magazin Istoric. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2008.

[3] Foreign Affairs Association of Japan, 1940, Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs, Volume 9, p. 439

[4] Edward Ozhiganov, "The Republic of Moldova: Transdniester and the 14th Army", in: Alexei Arbatov et al., (eds.) Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1997) pp. 145–209.

[5] Wayne S Vucinich, Bessarabia In: Collier's Encyclopedia (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103

[6] Altin Iliriani. "Romanian Unity and Moldavian Integration from the 19th Century until WW II". European Research and Information Center, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta - Northern Cyprus. Retrieved 4 December 2007.

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+{{Short description|Failed 1920 treaty about Bessarabia}}
-The [[1920]] '''Treaty of Paris''' was an act signed by [[Romania]] and the Principal [[Allied Powers]] of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of [[Romania]]n sovereignty over [[Bessarabia]].<ref>{{citejournal|title=The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia|author=Malbone W. Graham|journal=The American Journal of International Law|date=Oct. 1944|volume=38|issue=4|publisher=American Society of International Law|url=http://www.jstor.org/view/00029300/di981654/98p0431z/2?frame=noframe&userID=83d7a986@caltech.edu/01c0a80a6a00501cd629c&dpi=3&config=jstor|accessdate=2007-12-08|format={{dead link|date=June 2008}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3A+intitle%3AThe+Legal+Status+of+the+Bukovina+and+Bessarabia&as_publication=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.<ref>{{citejournal|title=Roma, 1924-1927|author=Ioan Bulei|journal=Magazin Istoric|date=March. 1998|issue=3|publisher=Fundaţia Culturală Magazin Istoric|url=http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current3/mi13.htm|accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>
+{{For|other treaties of Paris|Treaty of Paris (disambiguation)}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
-On April 9, 1918 (old style March 27, 1918), during the chaos of the [[Russian Civil War]], the Bessarabian legislature (''[[Sfatul Ţării]]'') voted in favor of unification with Romania with 86 votes in favor, 3 against and 36 abstentions, an act regarded as a Romanian invasion by the Russians<ref>Edward Ozhiganov, ''The Republic of Moldova: Transdniester and the 14th Army'' In: Alexei Arbatov et al., (eds.) ''Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives'' (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1997) pp. 145-209.</ref>.
+{{Infobox treaty
+| name                 = Treaty of Paris
+| long_name            =
+| image                =
+| image_width          =
+| image_alt            =
+| caption              =
+| type                 = Multilateral peace treaty
+| context              =
+| date_drafted         =
+| date_signed          = {{Start date|df=yes|1920|10|28}}
+| location_signed      = [[Paris]], France
+| date_sealed          =
+| date_effective       =
+| condition_effective  =
+| date_expiration      =
+| date_expiry          =
+| mediators            =
+| negotiators          =
+| original_signatories = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}<br>{{flagcountry|French Third Republic}}<br>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br>{{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}}<br>{{flagcountry|Empire of Japan}} (never ratified)
+| signatories          =
+| parties              =
+| ratifiers            = Romania, France, UK, Italy
+| depositor            =
+| depositories         =
+| citations            =
+| language             =
+| languages            =
+| wikisource           =
+| wikisource1          =
+| footnotes            =
+}}
+The 1920 '''Treaty of Paris''' was an act signed by [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] and the principal [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over [[Bessarabia]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2192802|title=The Legal Status of the Bukovina and Bessarabia|author=Malbone W. Graham|journal=The American Journal of International Law|date=October 1944|volume=38|issue=4|publisher=American Society of International Law|pages=667–673|jstor=2192802|s2cid=146890589 }}</ref> The treaty, however, never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Roma, 1924-1927|author=Ioan Bulei|journal=Magazin Istoric|date=March 1998|issue=3|publisher=Fundaţia Culturală Magazin Istoric|url=http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current3/mi13.htm|accessdate=26 February 2008 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071017012543/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi1998/current3/mi13.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 17 October 2007}}</ref><ref>Foreign Affairs Association of Japan, 1940, ''Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese Affairs, Volume 9'', p. 439</ref>
-As with the [[Treaty of Versailles]], it contained the Covenant of the [[League of Nations]] and as a result was not ratified by the [[United States]]. The [[United States]] refused initially to sign the Treaty on the grounds that [[Russia]] was not represented at the Conference.<ref>Wayne S Vucinich, ''Bessarabia'' In: ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]'' (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103</ref>
+On 9 April 1918 (old style 27 March 1918), during the chaos of the [[Russian Civil War]] and following [[Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia|Romanian military intervention]], the Bessarabian legislature (''[[Sfatul Țării]]'') voted in favor of the [[union of Bessarabia with Romania]] with 86 votes in favor, three against, and 36 abstentions, an act regarded by the Russians as a Romanian invasion.<ref>Edward Ozhiganov, "The Republic of Moldova: Transdniester and the 14th Army", in: Alexei Arbatov et al., (eds.) ''Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives'' (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1997) pp. 145–209.</ref>
-The Paris Peace Treaty of October 28, 1920, formally recognized the union of Bessarabia with Romania. The Soviet Union and Japan never recognized this Union.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.east-west-wg.org/cst/cst-mold/19thww2.html|title=Romanian Unity and Moldavian Integration from the 19th Century until WW II|author=Altin Iliriani|publisher=European Research and Information Center, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta - Northern Cyprus|accessdate=2007-12-04}}</ref>
+As with the [[Treaty of Versailles]], the 1920 treaty contained the Covenant of the [[League of Nations]], and, as a result, it was not ratified by the [[United States]]. The [[United States]] refused initially to sign the Treaty on the grounds that [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russia]] was not represented at the treaty conference.<ref>Wayne S Vucinich, ''Bessarabia'' In: ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]'' (Crowell Collier and MacMillan Inc., 1967) vol. 4, p. 103</ref>
+The Paris Peace Treaty of 28 October 1920, formally recognized the union of Bessarabia with Romania. The union was recognized by the United Kingdom, France and Italy, but Japan did not ratify it, and the Soviet Union never recognized this Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewwg.vlamynck.eu/cst/cst-mold/19thww2.html|title=Romanian Unity and Moldavian Integration from the 19th Century until WW II|author=Altin Iliriani|publisher=European Research and Information Center, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta - Northern Cyprus|accessdate=4 December 2007}}</ref>
 ==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
-<references />
+== External links ==
-[[Category:1920 in law]]
+* [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1927/15.html Text of the treaty] at Australian Treaty Series.
-[[Category:Treaties of Romania|Paris]]
-{{Euro-hist-stub}}
+{{Great Union}}
-{{Romania-stub}}
-{{Moldova-stub}}
-[[fr:Traité de Paris (1920)]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Treaty of Paris (1920)}}
+[[Category:1920 in Paris]]
-[[it:Trattato di Parigi (1920)]]
-[[he:הסכם פריז (1920)]]
+[[Category:October 1920 events]]
+[[Category:Greater Romania]]
-[[ro:Tratatul de la Paris (1920)]]
+[[Category:Great Union (Romania)]]
+[[Category:France–Romania relations]]
+[[Category:Italy–Romania relations]]
+[[Category:Romania–United Kingdom relations]]
+[[Category:Territorial evolution of Romania]]
+[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1920]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the Empire of Japan]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the French Third Republic]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Romania|Paris]]
+[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)]]