Newton Slave Burial Ground: Difference between revisions
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Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of [[Maroons|Maroon]] communities on the island.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Increasingly draconian preventative tactics were implemented at the site to dissuade potential escapees, including slaves being branded with an "N" to indicate their status as property of the Newton Plantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Slaves continued to escape in spite of these measures,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> settling in Barbados and acquiring fraudulent documents attesting to their freedom or escaping the island completely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Barbados was subject to such an extreme influx of slaves,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> though, that the plantation's authority did not always invest in pursuing escapees, and even manumitted elderly slaves no longer able to work in the cane fields.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Indeed, people of [[Black people|African descent]] made up three-quarters of the island's population by 1700,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> and enslaved Black Africans made up between 70 and 90 percent of migration to the island between 1670 and 1720.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> |
Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of [[Maroons|Maroon]] communities on the island.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Increasingly draconian preventative tactics were implemented at the site to dissuade potential escapees, including slaves being branded with an "N" to indicate their status as property of the Newton Plantation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Slaves continued to escape in spite of these measures,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> settling in Barbados and acquiring fraudulent documents attesting to their freedom or escaping the island completely.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Barbados was subject to such an extreme influx of slaves,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> though, that the plantation's authority did not always invest in pursuing escapees, and even manumitted elderly slaves no longer able to work in the cane fields.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Indeed, people of [[Black people|African descent]] made up three-quarters of the island's population by 1700,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> and enslaved Black Africans made up between 70 and 90 percent of migration to the island between 1670 and 1720.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> |
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Osteology has shed light on the quality of slave life and their cultural lifeways at the plantation. Examination of skeletal remains at the Newton burial ground suggests a life expectancy of 29 years, a figure in conflict with historical records indicating a life expectancy of 20 years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref> Despite the slightly longer lifespan, skeletal remains also yields evidence of periodic starvation among Newton's slave population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref> Moreover, osteological analysis suggests a low infant mortality rate, again in contrast with a historical demography that reports high rates of death among infants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref> Tooth analysis indicates slaves regularly smoked tobacco and exhibited incisor mutilations,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref> the latter of which may have been a performative practice retained from the African continent or adopted by indigenous Caribbeans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roksandic|first=Mirjana|last2=Alarie|first2=Kaitlynn|last3=Suárez|first3=Roberto Rodríguez|last4=Huebner|first4=Erwin|last5=Roksandic|first5=Ivan|date=2016-04-12|title=Not of African Descent: Dental Modification among Indigenous Caribbean People from Canímar Abajo, Cuba|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153536|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e0153536|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153536|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC4829177|pmid=27071012}}</ref> Human remains at Newton were buried in a deliberate, non-arbitrary manner, possibly indicating the maintenance of systems of kinship among the site's slaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
Revision as of 01:55, 18 February 2022
Sources for Newton article:
Osteology & kinship: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414
Infection & mortality: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.1108
Witch??: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03374222
Isotopic analysis, diet, & diaspora: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2198&context=adan
Enslaved lifeways: https://www.jstor.org/stable/203517?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
More: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C24&q=Newton+Slave+Burial+Ground&btnG=
Newton Plantation: https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/content/newton-plantation-collection/
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Lead
Officially colonized by the British in 1627,[1] Barbados was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.[2] The Bajan economy was driven by, and dependent on, slave labor,[3][4][5] which played out on cash-crop plantations throughout the island.[6][7] One such site was Newton Plantation, roughly 9.2 km (5.7 mi) east of the port of Bridgetown.[8] The adjacent Newton Slave Burial Ground became the final resting place of (hundreds? thousands?) of African, Afro-Caribbean, and Afro-Bajan slaves from c. 1660-1820.[9]
Article body
Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of Maroon communities on the island.[10] Increasingly draconian preventative tactics were implemented at the site to dissuade potential escapees, including slaves being branded with an "N" to indicate their status as property of the Newton Plantation.[11] Slaves continued to escape in spite of these measures,[12] settling in Barbados and acquiring fraudulent documents attesting to their freedom or escaping the island completely.[13] Barbados was subject to such an extreme influx of slaves,[14] though, that the plantation's authority did not always invest in pursuing escapees, and even manumitted elderly slaves no longer able to work in the cane fields.[15] Indeed, people of African descent made up three-quarters of the island's population by 1700,[16] and enslaved Black Africans made up between 70 and 90 percent of migration to the island between 1670 and 1720.[17]
Osteology has shed light on the quality of slave life and their cultural lifeways at the plantation. Examination of skeletal remains at the Newton burial ground suggests a life expectancy of 29 years, a figure in conflict with historical records indicating a life expectancy of 20 years.[18] Despite the slightly longer lifespan, skeletal remains also yields evidence of periodic starvation among Newton's slave population.[19] Moreover, osteological analysis suggests a low infant mortality rate, again in contrast with a historical demography that reports high rates of death among infants.[20] Tooth analysis indicates slaves regularly smoked tobacco and exhibited incisor mutilations,[21] the latter of which may have been a performative practice retained from the African continent or adopted by indigenous Caribbeans.[22] Human remains at Newton were buried in a deliberate, non-arbitrary manner, possibly indicating the maintenance of systems of kinship among the site's slaves.[23]
References
- ^ Handler, Jerome S.; Corruccini, Robert S. (1983). "Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/203517. ISSN 0022-1953.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S.; Corruccini, Robert S. (1983). "Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/203517. ISSN 0022-1953.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S.; Corruccini, Robert S. (1983). "Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/203517. ISSN 0022-1953.
- ^ Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
- ^ Shuler, K. A. (2011). "Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1002/oa.1108. ISSN 1099-1212.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S.; Corruccini, Robert S. (1983). "Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/203517. ISSN 0022-1953.
- ^ Shuler, K. A. (2011). "Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1002/oa.1108. ISSN 1099-1212.
- ^ "Newton Plantation Collection | Lowcountry Digital Library". Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ Shuler, K. A. (2011). "Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1002/oa.1108. ISSN 1099-1212.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ^ Galenson, David W. (1982). "The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723". The Journal of Economic History. 42 (3): 491–511. ISSN 0022-0507.
- ^ Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ^ Galenson, David W. (1982). "The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723". The Journal of Economic History. 42 (3): 491–511. ISSN 0022-0507.
- ^ Galenson, David W. (1982). "The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723". The Journal of Economic History. 42 (3): 491–511. ISSN 0022-0507.
- ^ Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
- ^ Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
- ^ Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
- ^ Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
- ^ Roksandic, Mirjana; Alarie, Kaitlynn; Suárez, Roberto Rodríguez; Huebner, Erwin; Roksandic, Ivan (2016-04-12). "Not of African Descent: Dental Modification among Indigenous Caribbean People from Canímar Abajo, Cuba". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0153536. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153536. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4829177. PMID 27071012.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.