Johannes Vares: Difference between revisions
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| predecessor1 = ''Position established'' |
| predecessor1 = ''Position established'' |
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| successor1 = [[Eduard Päll]] |
| successor1 = [[Eduard Päll]] |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|01|12| |
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|01|12|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Kiisa, Viljandi County|Kiisa]] (now [[Viljandi Parish]]), [[Kreis Fellin]], [[Governorate of Livonia]], [[Russian Empire]] |
| birth_place = [[Kiisa, Viljandi County|Kiisa]] (now [[Viljandi Parish]]), [[Kreis Fellin]], [[Governorate of Livonia]], [[Russian Empire]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|11|29|1890|01|12| |
| death_date = {{death date and age|1946|11|29|1890|01|12|df=y}} |
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| death_place = [[Tallinn]], [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[Soviet Union]] |
| death_place = [[Tallinn]], [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[Soviet Union]] |
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Revision as of 13:56, 19 February 2022
Johannes Vares | |
|---|---|
 Johannes Vares in 1931 | |
| Prime Minister of Estonia | |
| In office 21 June 1940 – 25 August 1940 | |
| President | Konstantin Päts |
| Preceded by | Jüri Uluots |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished (de facto) |
| Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonia SSR | |
| In office 25 August 1940 – 29 November 1946 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Eduard Päll |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 12 January 1890 Kiisa (now Viljandi Parish), Kreis Fellin, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire |
| Died | 29 November 1946 (aged 56) Tallinn, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union |
| Nationality | Estonian |
| Political party | CPSU |
| Other political affiliations | Communist Party of Estonia |
| Alma mater | University of Kiev |
| Profession | Poet, writer, doctor, gynecologist |
Johannes Vares (12 January 1890 [O.S. 31 December 1889] – 29 November 1946), commonly known as Johannes Vares Barbarus, was an Estonian poet, medical doctor, and politician.
Vares was born in Kiisa Heimtali Parish (now in Viljandi Parish), Kreis Fellin, and educated at Pärnu Gymnasium. He later studied medicine at the University of Kiev, in present-day Ukraine.
Vares served as a military physician in World War I, and after that as a military physician for the Estonian army during the Estonian Liberation War (1918–1920), he was awarded the Estonian Cross of Liberty for the participation, but Vares denied the offer.
Vares later worked as a doctor in Pärnu, and became a well known Estonian poet as well as radical socialist, using the pen name Johannes Barbarus.
When Soviet troops occupied Estonia in June 1940, Andrei Zhdanov forced President Konstantin Päts to appoint Vares as prime minister of a communist-dominated puppet government. Päts resigned in July, and Vares took over most presidential duties under the title of "Prime Minister in duties of the President," thus giving a stamp of legality to the final stages of Estonia's annexation by the Soviet Union. Vares headed the delegation to Moscow on August 6 that petitioned the Soviet authorities to incorporate Estonia into the Soviet Union, an act that has tainted him forever as a traitor to the Estonian people.[1] When the annexation became final, Vares remained nominal head of state as chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Estonia. He became a Central Committee member of the restructured Estonian Communist (Bolshevik) Party on 12 September 1940.
Following the German invasion of Estonia in 1941, Vares fled to Russia, where he lived in exile[2] from 1941 to 1944, until the Soviets reconquered Estonia.
On 20 April 1944, the Electoral Committee of the Republic of Estonia (the institution specified in the Constitution for electing the Acting President of the Republic) held a clandestine meeting in Tallinn. The participants included Jüri Uluots, the last Prime Minister of Estonia before the Soviet occupation, the substitute for Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Johan Holberg, the chairman of the Chamber of Deputies Otto Pukk, the second deputy vice-chairman of the National Council Alfred Maurer, and State judge Mihkel Klaassen. The Committee declared Päts' appointment of Vares as Prime Minister had been illegal. Accordingly, it held that Uluots had assumed the President's duties from 21 June 1940 onwards.[3]
Since the end of the Soviet Union, Estonia has maintained that all laws passed by the Vares government were void, since the upper house of Parliament had been dissolved soon after the Soviet occupation and was never reconvened. The 1938 constitution required that all laws pass both chambers before being promulgated. This included the electoral law under which the blatantly rigged elections of 14–15 July were conducted. It was this election that produced the so-called "People's Riigikogu" which declared Estonia a Soviet republic and "requested" to join the Soviet Union.
After returning to Estonia, Vares came under investigation by the Soviet NKVD for his activities in the Estonian War of Independence. He committed suicide in Presidential Palace in Tallinn, in November 1946.[4]
See also
Citations and references
- ^ Miljan 2004, p. 486.
- ^ Pettibone, Charles D. (2014). THE ORGANIZATION AND ORDER OF BATTLE OF MILITARIES IN WORLD WAR II. Vol. IX - THE OVERRUN & NEUTRAL NATIONS OF EUROPE AND LATIN AMERICAN ALLIES. Trafford Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-1490733876.
- ^ L. Mälksoo, Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law, Nordic Journal of International Law, Volume 69, Number 3 / March, 2000
- ^ Duevel, Christian (28 June 1971). "Estonian Party Journal Reverts to "Un-Marxist" Terminology on Stalin's "Personality Cult"". Blinken Open Society Archives. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
Cited sources
- Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4904-6.
External links
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Artists | |
- 1890 births
- 1946 suicides
- People from Viljandi Parish
- People from Kreis Fellin
- Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Estonia
- Heads of state of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Prime Ministers of Estonia
- Members of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, 1940–1947
- First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
- Estonian male poets
- 20th-century Estonian poets
- Estonian military doctors
- Soviet physicians
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
- Russian military personnel of World War I
- Estonian military personnel of the Estonian War of Independence
- Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 4th class
- Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
- Recipients of the Cross of Liberty (Estonia)
- Recipients of the Order of Lenin
- Suicides by firearm in Estonia
- Estonian politicians who committed suicide
- Soviet politicians who committed suicide