Newton Slave Burial Ground: Difference between revisions
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=== Lead === |
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Officially colonized by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1627,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|last2=Corruccini|first2=Robert S.|date=1983|title=Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/203517|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=14|issue=1|pages=65–90|doi=10.2307/203517|issn=0022-1953}}</ref> [[Barbados]] was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.<ref |
Officially colonized by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1627,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|last2=Corruccini|first2=Robert S.|date=1983|title=Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/203517|journal=The Journal of Interdisciplinary History|volume=14|issue=1|pages=65–90|doi=10.2307/203517|issn=0022-1953}}</ref> [[Barbados]] was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.<ref name=":0" /> The Bajan economy was driven by, and dependent on, [[Slavery|slave labor]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Corruccini|first=Robert S.|last2=Handler|first2=Jerome S.|last3=Mutaw|first3=Robert J.|last4=Lange|first4=Frederick W.|date=1982|title=Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=59|issue=4|pages=443–459|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330590414|issn=1096-8644}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Shuler|first=K. A.|date=2011|title=Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.1108|journal=International Journal of Osteoarchaeology|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=66–81|doi=10.1002/oa.1108|issn=1099-1212}}</ref> which played out on [[Cash crop|cash-crop]] [[Plantation|plantations]] throughout the island.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> One such site was Newton Plantation, roughly 9.2 km (5.7 mi) east of the port of [[Bridgetown]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newton Plantation Collection {{!}} Lowcountry Digital Library|url=https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/content/newton-plantation-collection/|access-date=2022-02-04|language=en-US}}</ref> The adjacent Newton Slave Burial Ground became the final resting place of (hundreds? thousands?) of African, Afro-Caribbean, and Afro-Bajan slaves from c. 1660-1820.<ref name=":2" /> |
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=== Article body === |
=== Article body === |
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Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of [[Maroons|Maroon]] communities on the island.<ref |
Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of [[Maroons|Maroon]] communities on the island.<ref name=":0" /> Increasingly draconian preventative tactics were implemented at the site to dissuade potential escapees, including slaves being branded with an "N" to indicate their status as property of the Newton Plantation.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Handler|first=Jerome S.|date=1997-01-01|title=Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002605|journal=New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids|volume=71|issue=3-4|pages=183–225|doi=10.1163/13822373-90002605|issn=1382-2373}}</ref> Slaves continued to escape in spite of these measures,<ref name=":3" /> settling in Barbados and acquiring fraudulent documents attesting to their freedom or escaping the island completely.<ref name=":3" /> Barbados was subject to such an extreme influx of slaves,<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Galenson|first=David W.|date=1982|title=The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120603|journal=The Journal of Economic History|volume=42|issue=3|pages=491–511|issn=0022-0507}}</ref> though, that the plantation's authority did not always invest in pursuing escapees, and even manumitted elderly slaves no longer able to work in the cane fields.<ref name=":3" /> Indeed, people of [[Black people|African descent]] made up three-quarters of the island's population by 1700,<ref name=":4" /> and enslaved Black Africans made up between 70 and 90 percent of migration to the island between 1670 and 1720.<ref name=":4" /> |
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[[Osteology]] has shed light on the quality of slave life and their cultural lifeways at the plantation. Examination of skeletal remains at the Newton burial ground suggests a life expectancy of 29 years, a figure in conflict with historical records indicating a life expectancy of 20 years.<ref |
[[Osteology]] has shed light on the quality of slave life and their cultural lifeways at the plantation. Examination of skeletal remains at the Newton burial ground suggests a life expectancy of 29 years, a figure in conflict with historical records indicating a life expectancy of 20 years.<ref name=":1" /> Despite the slightly longer lifespan, skeletal remains also yields evidence of periodic starvation among Newton's slave population.<ref name=":1" /> Moreover, osteological analysis suggests a low infant mortality rate, again in contrast with a historical demography that reports high rates of death among infants.<ref name=":1" /> Tooth analysis indicates slaves regularly smoked tobacco and exhibited incisor mutilations,<ref name=":1" /> the latter of which may have been a performative practice retained from the African continent or adopted by indigenous Caribbeans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Roksandic|first=Mirjana|last2=Alarie|first2=Kaitlynn|last3=Suárez|first3=Roberto Rodríguez|last4=Huebner|first4=Erwin|last5=Roksandic|first5=Ivan|date=2016-04-12|title=Not of African Descent: Dental Modification among Indigenous Caribbean People from Canímar Abajo, Cuba|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153536|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e0153536|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153536|issn=1932-6203|pmc=PMC4829177|pmid=27071012}}</ref> Human remains at Newton were buried in a deliberate, non-arbitrary manner, possibly indicating the maintenance of systems of kinship among the site's slaves.<ref name=":1" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 17:09, 21 February 2022
Sources for Newton article:
Osteology & kinship: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ajpa.1330590414
Infection & mortality: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/oa.1108
Witch??: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03374222
Isotopic analysis, diet, & diaspora: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2198&context=adan
Enslaved lifeways: https://www.jstor.org/stable/203517?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
More: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C24&q=Newton+Slave+Burial+Ground&btnG=
Newton Plantation: https://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/content/newton-plantation-collection/
 | This template is not to be used in article space. This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution. If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Article Draft
Lead
Officially colonized by the British in 1627,[1] Barbados was by the end of the seventeenth century the richest possession of Britain's Caribbean empire.[1] The Bajan economy was driven by, and dependent on, slave labor,[1][2][3] which played out on cash-crop plantations throughout the island.[1][3] One such site was Newton Plantation, roughly 9.2 km (5.7 mi) east of the port of Bridgetown.[4] The adjacent Newton Slave Burial Ground became the final resting place of (hundreds? thousands?) of African, Afro-Caribbean, and Afro-Bajan slaves from c. 1660-1820.[3]
Article body
Until the last quarter of the 17th century, the Newton Plantation was a major source of Maroon communities on the island.[1] Increasingly draconian preventative tactics were implemented at the site to dissuade potential escapees, including slaves being branded with an "N" to indicate their status as property of the Newton Plantation.[5] Slaves continued to escape in spite of these measures,[5] settling in Barbados and acquiring fraudulent documents attesting to their freedom or escaping the island completely.[5] Barbados was subject to such an extreme influx of slaves,[6] though, that the plantation's authority did not always invest in pursuing escapees, and even manumitted elderly slaves no longer able to work in the cane fields.[5] Indeed, people of African descent made up three-quarters of the island's population by 1700,[6] and enslaved Black Africans made up between 70 and 90 percent of migration to the island between 1670 and 1720.[6]
Osteology has shed light on the quality of slave life and their cultural lifeways at the plantation. Examination of skeletal remains at the Newton burial ground suggests a life expectancy of 29 years, a figure in conflict with historical records indicating a life expectancy of 20 years.[2] Despite the slightly longer lifespan, skeletal remains also yields evidence of periodic starvation among Newton's slave population.[2] Moreover, osteological analysis suggests a low infant mortality rate, again in contrast with a historical demography that reports high rates of death among infants.[2] Tooth analysis indicates slaves regularly smoked tobacco and exhibited incisor mutilations,[2] the latter of which may have been a performative practice retained from the African continent or adopted by indigenous Caribbeans.[7] Human remains at Newton were buried in a deliberate, non-arbitrary manner, possibly indicating the maintenance of systems of kinship among the site's slaves.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e Handler, Jerome S.; Corruccini, Robert S. (1983). "Plantation Slave Life in Barbados: A Physical Anthropological Analysis". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 14 (1): 65–90. doi:10.2307/203517. ISSN 0022-1953.
- ^ a b c d e f Corruccini, Robert S.; Handler, Jerome S.; Mutaw, Robert J.; Lange, Frederick W. (1982). "Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 59 (4): 443–459. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330590414. ISSN 1096-8644.
- ^ a b c Shuler, K. A. (2011). "Life and death on a Barbadian sugar plantation: historic and bioarchaeological views of infection and mortality at Newton Plantation". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1002/oa.1108. ISSN 1099-1212.
- ^ "Newton Plantation Collection | Lowcountry Digital Library". Retrieved 2022-02-04.
- ^ a b c d Handler, Jerome S. (1997-01-01). "Escaping slavery in a Caribbean plantation society : marronage in Barbados, 1650s-1830s". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 71 (3–4): 183–225. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002605. ISSN 1382-2373.
- ^ a b c Galenson, David W. (1982). "The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673-1723". The Journal of Economic History. 42 (3): 491–511. ISSN 0022-0507.
- ^ Roksandic, Mirjana; Alarie, Kaitlynn; Suárez, Roberto Rodríguez; Huebner, Erwin; Roksandic, Ivan (2016-04-12). "Not of African Descent: Dental Modification among Indigenous Caribbean People from Canímar Abajo, Cuba". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0153536. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153536. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4829177. PMID 27071012.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)