Battle of Lwów (1920)

Battle of Lwów
Part of Polish-Bolshevik War
Date July-September, 1920 Location near Lwów, Ukraine Result Polish victory
Belligerents
Poland	Bolshevist Russia
Commanders and leaders
	Aleksandr Yegorov
Strength
+ 22.000	??

During the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 the city of Lwów (modern Lviv, Ukraine) was attacked by the forces of Aleksandr Yegorov. Since mid-June 1920 the 1st Cavalry Army of Semyon Budyonny was trying to reach the city from the north and east. At the same time Lwów was preparing the defence. The inhabitants raised and fully equipped three regiments of infantry and two regiments of cavalry as well as constructed defensive lines. The city was defended by an equivalent of three Polish divisions aided by one Ukrainian infantry division. Finally after almost a month of heavy fighting on August 16 the Red Army crossed the Bug river and, reinforced by additional 8 divisions of the so called Red Cossacks, started an assault on the city. The fighting occurred with heavy cassualties on both sides, but after three days the assault was halted and the Red Army retreated. With the crushing defeat of main forces of the Red Army in the battle of Warsaw, and the Polish victories at Komarów at Zadwórze, Russian forces were forced to retreat from Lwów.

For the heroic defence with large units of localy raised volunteers the city was awarded with the Virtuti Militari medal on 11 November 1920.

Lwów theatre of operations

Commanders and forces

Polish commanders included Czesław Mączyński, Domaszewicz (240), Zagórski (240), Tatar-Trześniowski (240), Abraham (cavalry), Krynicki, Śniadowski (artillery), Wit Sulimirski. Rómmel (1st Cavalry Division). Units: 240 Volunteers. Size: volunteers ~12,000. 1st Cavalry Division.

Soviet commanders included Semyon Budyonny, Jakira (cavalry), Kotowski (cavalry). Budionny's insistence (bordering on insubordination) on capturing Lwów has led to weakening Soviet forces near Warsaw and was a factor in their eventual defeat.

The battle

Around the time of Battle of Radzymin in mid-August, the Polish line of defence in the upper Bug river region had been breached by the Red Army. Polish units in that region had begun a series of delaying manevrouvers (like the battle of Zadwórze) and retreated towards Lwów.

Polish 1st Cavalry Division engaged Soviet units under Budionny near Artasowo and Żółtańce. Soviet units attempted to swing north, but were reached by the news that that the main Soviet forces had been defeated near Warsaw.

Related battles

Several battles near Lwów were decisive for the outcome of the entire war. They included:

• Battle of Zadwórze on 17 August ended in the near total destruction of Polish forces, but at the same time halted the Soviet advance preventing the forces of Siemion Budionnyi from either advancing towards unprepared Lwów or breaking off and helping the Soviet forces fighting in the Battle of Warsaw.
• Battle of Komarów on 31 August 1920, the biggest cavalry battle in the history of war since 1813 and the last great battle in which cavalry was used as such and not as mounted infantry. The Battle of Komarów was a complete disaster for the Russian 1st Cavalry Army which sustained heavy casualties and barely avoided being totally surrounded. After that battle, the 1st Cavalry Army morale has collapsed and the army which was one of the most feared of the Soviet troops was no longer considered an effective fighting force.

References

1. Jerzy Pogonowski (1921). Bój o Lwów; z walk Armji Ochotniczej z 1920 roku (Struggle for Lwów; the fights of the Volunteer Army in 1920) (doc). Gdańsk: Lotos. p. 73. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

See also

• Battle of Lwów (1918)
• Battle of Lwów (1939)
• Lwów Eagles
• Polish-Ukrainian War