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{{Infobox Artist |
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| name = Diego Rivera |
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| Born = |
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| image = Frida_Kahlo_Diego_Rivera_1932.jpg |
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| imagesize = 200px |
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| caption = [[Frida Kahlo]] and Diego Rivera in 1932, Photo by: [[Carl Van Vechten]] |
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| birthname =Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez |
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| birthdate = {{birth date|mf=yes|1886|12|8|mf=y}} |
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| location = [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]] |
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| deathdate = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1957|11|24|1886|12|8}} |
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| deathplace = [[Mexico City, Mexico]] |
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| nationality = [[Mexican]] |
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| field = [[Painting]], [[Muralist]] |
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| training = San Carlos Academy |
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| movement = [[Social Realism]] |
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| spouse(s) = [[Guadalupe Marín]], 1922–1929<br>[[Frida Kahlo]], 1929-1939 and 1940-1954 (her death) |
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| |
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| patrons = |
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| awards = |
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}} |
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'''Diego Rivera''' (December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957) was born '''Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez''' in [[Guanajuato City|Guanajuato, Gto.]]). He was a world-famous [[Mexican]] [[Painting|painter]], an active [[Communist]], and husband of [[Frida Kahlo]], 1929-1939 and 1940-1954 (her death). Rivera's large wall works in [[fresco]] helped establish the Mexican Mural Renaissance. Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted [[mural]]s in [[Mexico City]], [[Chapingo]], [[Cuernavaca]], [[San Francisco]], [[Detroit]], [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Rivera |url=http://www.abcgallery.com/R/rivera/rivera.html |publisher=Olga's Gallery |accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref> His 1931 retrospective exhibition at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in [[New York City]] was their [[second]]. |
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==Early life== |
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Diego Rivera was born in [[Guanajuato, Guanajuato|Guanajuato City]], [[Guanajuato]], to a well-off family. Rivera claimed to be descended, on his mother's side, from [[Jew]]s who converted to [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pr/Diego_Rivera.html |
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|title=The Religious Affiliation of Mexican Painter |
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|publisher=adherents.com |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref>, and, on his father's side, from Spanish nobility. Since he was ten years of age, Rivera studied art at the Academy of San Carlos in [[Mexico City]]. He was sponsored to continue study in [[Europe]] by [[Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez]], the governor of the State of [[Veracruz]]. |
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After arrival in Europe in 1907, Rivera initially went to study with Eduardo Chicharro in [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], and from there went to [[Paris]], [[France]], to live and work with the great gathering of artists in [[Montparnasse]], especially at [[La Ruche]], where his friend [[Amedeo Modigliani]] painted his portrait in 1914.<ref>[http://www.imageartsetc.com/stock-images/detail.asp?pid=1430]{{Dead link|date=December 2007|url=http://www.imageartsetc.com/stock-images/detail.asp?pid=1430}}</ref> His circle of close friends, which included [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], [[Chaim Soutine]], Modigliani's wife [[Jeanne Hébuterne]], [[Max Jacob]], gallery owner Leopold Zborowski, and [[Moise Kisling]], was captured for posterity by [[Marie Vorobieff]]-Stebelska ([[Marevna]]) in her painting "Homage to Friends from Montparnasse" What A Crazy Man |
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(1962).<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhibitions/?id=140&year=2003&pic=4 |
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|title=M.Marevna, 'Homage to Friends from Montparnasse', 1962, A private collection, Moscow |
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|publisher=The State Russian Museum |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref> |
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In those years, Paris was witnessing the beginning of [[cubism]] in paintings by such eminent painters as [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Georges Braque]]. From 1913 to 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced this new school of art. Around 1917, inspired by [[Paul Cézanne]]'s paintings, Rivera shifted toward [[Post-Impressionism]] with simple forms and large patches of vivid colors. His paintings began to attract attention, and he was able to display them at several exhibitions. |
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==Career in Mexico== |
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[[Image:Rivera-the-arsenal.jpg|thumb|left|''En el Arsenal'' detail, 1928]] |
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In 1920, urged by [[Alberto J. Pani]], the Mexican ambassador to France, Rivera left France and traveled through [[Italy]] studying its art, including [[Renaissance]] [[frescoes]]. After [[Jose Vasconcelos]] became Minister of Education, Rivera returned to Mexico in 1921 to become involved in the government sponsored Mexican mural program planned by Vasconcelos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Rivera: Biography |url=http://www.leninimports.com/diego_rivera.html |publisher=lenin@netcomuk.co.uk |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> The program included such [[Mexican people|Mexican]] artists as [[José Clemente Orozco]], [[David Alfaro Siqueiros]], and [[Rufino Tamayo]], and the French artist [[Jean Charlot]]. In January 1922<ref name=chronology>{{cite web |title=Diego Rivera: Chronology |url=http://www.geocities.com/laboronita/dr2.html |publisher=Yahoo! GeoCities |accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref>, he painted - experimentally in [[encaustic]] - his first significant mural ''Creation''<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.abcgallery.com/R/rivera/rivera128.html |
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|title=Diego Rivera. Creation. / La creación. 1922-3. |
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|publisher=Olga's Gallery |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref> in the Bolívar Auditorium of the [[National Preparatory School]] in Mexico City guarding himself with a pistol against [[right-wing]] students. |
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In the autumn of 1922, Rivera participated in the founding of the Revolutionary Union of Technical Workers, Painters and Sculptors, and later that year he joined the [[Mexican Communist Party]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Rivera |url=http://www.fbuch.com/diego.htm |publisher=Fred Buch |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> (including its [[Central Committee]]). His murals, subsequently painted in fresco only, dealt with Mexican society and reflected the country's [[Mexican Revolution|1910 Revolution]]. Rivera developed his own native style based on large, simplified figures and bold colors with an [[Aztec]] influence clearly present in murals at the [[Secretariat of Public Education]] in Mexico City<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.abcgallery.com/R/rivera/rivera-2.html |
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|title=Diego Rivera |
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|publisher=Olga's Gallery |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref> begun in September 1922, intended to consist of one hundred and twenty-four frescoes, and finished in 1928.<ref name=chronology /> |
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His art, in a fashion similar to the [[stele]]s of the [[Maya]], tells stories. The mural “En el Arsenal” (''In the Arsenal'')<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.abcgallery.com/R/rivera/rivera25.html |
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|title=Diego Rivera. From the cycle: Political Vision of the Mexican People (Court of Fiestas): Insurrection aka The Distribution of Arms. / El Arsenal - Frida Kahlo repartiendoarmas. |
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|publisher=Olga's Gallery |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref> shows on the right hand side [[Tina Modotti]] holding an ammunition belt and facing [[Julio Antonio Mella]], in a light hat, and [[Vittorio Vidale]] behind in a black hat. Rivera's [[radicalism|radical]] political beliefs, his attacks on the church and clergy, as well as his flirtations with [[Trotskyists]] and [[left-wing]] assassins made him a controversial figure even in communist circles. Some of Rivera's most famous murals are featured at the National School of Agriculture at [[Chapingo]] near [[Texcoco]] (1925–27), in the Cortés Palace in [[Cuernavaca]] (1929-30), and the National Palace in Mexico City (1929–30, 1935).<ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Rivera |url=http://www.britannica.com/hispanic_heritage/article-9063801 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Diego Rivera |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/diego-rivera |publisher=Answers.com |accessdate=2007-09-21}}</ref> After returning to Mexico in 1934, the quality of his mural works began to gradually decline.{{Fact|date=August 2008}} |
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==Later work abroad== |
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[[Image:Rivera detroit industry north.jpg|thumb|280px|''[[Detroit Industry]], North Wall, 1932-33. [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].]] |
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[[Image:Rivera detroit industry south.jpg|thumb|280px|''[[Detroit Industry]], South Wall'', 1932-33. [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].]] |
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In the autumn of 1927, Rivera arrived in [[Moscow]], accepting an invitation to take part in the celebration of the 10th anniversary of the [[October Revolution]]. Subsequently, he was to paint a mural for the [[Red Army]] Club in Moscow, but in 1928 he was ordered out by the authorities because of involvement in [[anti-Soviet]] politics, and he returned to Mexico. In 1929, Rivera was expelled from the [[Mexican Communist Party]]. His 1928 mural ''In the Arsenal'' was interpreted by some as evidence of Rivera's prior knowledge of the murder of [[Julio Antonio Mella]] allegedly by [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[assassin]] [[Vittorio Vidale]]. After divorcing Guadalupe (Lupe) Marin, Rivera married [[Frida Kahlo]] in August 1929. Also in 1929, the first English-language book on Rivera, American journalist [[Ernestine Evans]]'s ''The Frescoes of Diego Rivera'', was published in [[New York]]. In December, Rivera accepted a commission to paint murals in the Palace of Cortez in [[Cuernavaca]] from the American Ambassador to Mexico.<ref name=commission>{{cite web |title=The Commission |url=http://www.sfai.edu/page.aspx?page=35&navID=79§ionID=2 |publisher=San Francisco Art Institute |accessdate=2007-09-22}}</ref> |
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In 1930, Rivera accepted an invitation to the [[United States]], where he painted several significant works. After arriving in [[San Francisco]] in November, he painted a mural for the Stock Exchange and a fresco for the California School of Fine Art, which is now in the [[San Francisco Art Institute]]).<ref name=commission /> In November 1931, Rivera had a retrospective exhibition at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in [[New York City]]. Rivera's wife, Frida Kahlo accompanied him to New York for the opening of the MoMA show. <ref>{{citation | title= Rivera Steals the Show at Sotheby's | author=Sarah Douglas | publisher=ARTINFO | year=2005 | date= May 25, 2005| url= http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/815/rivera-steals-the-show-at-sothebys/| accessdate=2008-04-17 }}</ref> Between 1932 and 1933, he completed a famous series of twenty-seven fresco panels entitled ''[[Detroit Industry]]'' on the walls of an inner court at the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]]. During the [[McCarthyism]] of the 1950s, a [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Diego_Rivera_Mural_Sign.jpg large sign] was placed in the courtyard defending the artistic merit of the murals while attacking his politics as "detestable." |
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His mural ''[[Man at the Crossroads]]'', begun in 1933 for the [[Rockefeller Center]] in [[New York City]], was removed after a furor erupted in the press over a portrait of [[Vladimir Lenin]] it contained. As a result of the negative publicity, a further commission was cancelled to paint a mural for an exhibition at the [[Chicago]] [[World's Fair]]. In December 1933, Rivera returned to Mexico, and he repainted ''Man at the Crossroads'' in 1934 in the [[Palacio de Bellas Artes]] in Mexico City. This surviving version was called ''[[Man, Controller of the Universe]]''. On June 5, 1940 Rivera returned for the last time to the United States to paint a ten-panel mural for the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco. ''Pan American Unity'' was unveiled November 29, 1940. The mural and its archives reside at [[City College of San Francisco]].<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.riveramural.org |
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|title=The Diego Rivera Mural Project |
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|publisher=City college of San Francisco |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref> |
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==Work in museum collections== |
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*[[Arizona State University]] Art Museum, [[Phoenix]], [[Arizona]] |
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*[[Art Institute of Chicago]], [[Illinois]] |
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*Arthur Ross Gallery, [[University of Pennsylvania]] |
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*[[Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery]], [[Great Britain]] |
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*[[DePaul University]] Museum, [[Chicago]], Illinois |
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*[[Detroit Institute of Arts]], [[Michigan]] |
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*[[Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco]], [[California]] |
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*Fundación Proa, [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] |
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*Guilford College Art Gallery, [[North Carolina]] |
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*[[Harvard University Art Museums]], [[New Haven, Connecticut]] |
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*[[Hermitage Museum]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]] |
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*[[Honolulu Academy of Arts]], [[Hawaii]] |
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*[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], California |
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*[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City]] |
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*[[Milwaukee Art Museum]], [[Wisconsin]] |
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*[[Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes]], Buenos Aires, Argentina |
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*[[Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York City]] |
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*[[National Gallery of Art]], [[Washington, D.C.]] |
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*[[Phoenix Art Museum]], Arizona |
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*[[Rhode Island School of Design Museum|Museum of the Rhode Island School of Design]], [[Providence, Rhode Island]] |
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*[[San Diego Museum of Art]], California |
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*[[São Paulo Art Museum]], [[Brazil]] |
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*[[Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art]], [[Iran]] |
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==Personal life== |
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[[Image:San-Angel-Casa-Rivera-Kahlo.jpg|thumb|House of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, San Ángel, [[Mexico City]] (built by [[Juan O'Gorman]] in 1930)]] |
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Rivera was a notorious womanizer who had fathered at least two illegitimate children by two different women. Angeline Beloff gave birth to a son, Diego (1916-1918). Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska gave birth to a daughter in 1918. He married his first wife, [[Guadalupe Marín]], in June 1922, with whom he had two daughters. He was still married when he met an art student known as [[Frida Kahlo]]. They married on August 21, 1929 when he was forty-two and she was twenty-two. Their mutual infidelities and his violent temper led to divorce in 1939, but they remarried December 8, 1940 in [[San Francisco]]. After Kahlo's death, Rivera married Emma Hurtado, his agent since 1946, on July 29, 1955. He died on November 24, 1957.<ref>{{Citation |
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|url=http://www.artinthepicture.com/artists/Diego_Rivera/biography.html |
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|title=Diego Rivera — Biography |
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|publisher=artinthepicture.com |
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|accessdate=[[2007-12-14]]}}</ref> |
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==Fictional portrayals== |
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Diego Rivera was portrayed by [[Ruben Blades]] in 1999's ''[[Cradle Will Rock]]'', and by [[Alfred Molina]] in 2002's ''[[Frida]]''. |
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==See also== |
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*[[Frida Kahlo]] |
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*[[Elaine Hamilton]] |
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*[[María Izquierdo]] |
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*[[José Clemente Orozco]] |
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*[[David Alfaro Siqueiros]] |
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*[[Rockefeller Center]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons|Diego Rivera}} |
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{{wikisource author|Diego Rivera}} |
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*[http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/2004/rivera/intro.shtm The Cubist Paintings of Diego Rivera: Memory, Politics, Place at the National Gallery of art, Washington] |
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* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/rivera_diego.html Artcyclopedia] - Links to Rivera's works |
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* [http://www.artchive.com/artchive/ftptoc/rivera_ext.html Artchive] - Biography and images of Rivera's works |
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*[http://www.nndb.com/people/263/000024191/ Short biography with photograph] |
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*[http://www.geocities.com/laboronita/dr2.html?200516 "Chronology & photographs"] (year by year, animated) |
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*[http://www.diego-rivera.org/biography.html Detailed biography] (with timeline and paintings) |
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*[http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/rivera_d.html Biographical note with photographs] |
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*[http://home.hccnet.nl/att.leurs/kbb036.html Short illustrated biography] (in Dutch) |
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*[http://www.mexonline.com/diegorivera.htm Biographical note] (with self-portrait and photographs with [[Trotsky]] and [[Frida Kahlo]]) |
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*[http://www.fbuch.com/painting.htm Self-portrait from 1941 and other paintings] |
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*[http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Mll/Spanish/Projects/Trejo-Zacarias/english.htm Marela Trejo Zacarías: "Visual Biography of Diego Rivera"] |
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*[http://www.dia.org/asp/search/ExecuteSearch.asp?artist=Diego+M%2E+Rivera&AID=9621 Diego Rivera at the Detroit Institute of Arts] |
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* [http://www.riveramural.com/ Diego Rivera Mural Project] |
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* [http://www.guanajuatocapital.com/guanajuato/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=81&Itemid=29 Diego Rivera House Museum] |
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* [http://www.diegorivera.com/ Virtual Diego Rivera Web Museum] |
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* [http://www.abcgallery.com/R/rivera/rivera.html Diego Rivera's paintings and bio at Olga's Gallery] |
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* [http://fbuch.com/cubism.htm "Diego Rivera: Master Cubist"] (12th painting in sequence: "Motherhood – Angelina and the Child Diego" (1916) depicting his common-law wife with their baby son.) |
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* [http://www.rusmuseum.ru/eng/exhibitions/?id=140&year=2003&pic=4 Painting by Marie Vorobieff-Stebelska] ([[Marevna]]) depicting on the very left herself, Diego Rivera and their daughter Marika, and on the right their mutual friends from Montparnasse, namely (top left to right:) [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], [[Chaim Soutine]], [[Amedeo Modigliani]] and his wife [[Jeanne Hébuterne]], [[Max Jacob]], the gallery owner Leopold Zborowski, and (bottom right corner:) [[Moise Kisling]]. |
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*[http://tierra.free-people.net/artes/paintings-diego-rivera.php Life and paintings of Diego Rivera] |
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* {{findagrave|18404}} |
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*[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/findingaids/weatjohn.htm John Weatherwax Papers Relating to Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rivera, Diego}} |
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[[Category:Mexicans of Jewish descent]] |
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[[Category:Members of El Colegio Nacional]] |
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[[Category:Cubism]] |
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[[Category:Mexican painters]] |
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[[Category:Muralists]] |
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[[Category:Rockefeller Center]] |
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[[Category:Mexican atheists]] |
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[[Category:People from Guanajuato, Guanajuato]] |
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[[Category:Social realist artists]] |
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[[Category:1886 births]] |
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[[Category:1957 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Mexican Trotskyists]] |
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Revision as of 12:58, 10 October 2008
CHRIS WANTS MCRUM