Yery: Difference between revisions
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'''Yery''' or '''Yeru''' (Ы, ы, usually called "Ы" {{IPA-ru|ɨ|}} in modern [[Russian language|Russian]] or "еры" ''yerý'' historically) is a letter in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]]. It represents the phoneme {{IPA|/i/}} after non-palatalized (hard) consonants in the [[Belarusian alphabet|Belarusian]] and [[Russian alphabet]]s. Because of phonological processes, the actual realization of {{IPA|/i/}} after alveolar consonants (‹д›, ‹з›, ‹л›, ‹н›, ‹р›, ‹с›, ‹т›, or ‹ц›) is retracted to a [[close central unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, or {{IPA|[ʷi]}} after the labials ‹б›, ‹в›, ‹м›, ‹п›., In [[Rusyn language#Alphabet|Rusyn]] it represents a sound that is a bit harder that {{IPA|[ɨ]}} and close to the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] sound ''î''. In some situations it may occur after palatalized consonants (e.g.: '' |
'''Yery''' or '''Yeru''' (Ы, ы, usually called "Ы" {{IPA-ru|ɨ|}} in modern [[Russian language|Russian]] or "еры" ''yerý'' historically) is a letter in the [[Cyrillic alphabet]]. It represents the phoneme {{IPA|/i/}} after non-palatalized (hard) consonants in the [[Belarusian alphabet|Belarusian]] and [[Russian alphabet]]s. Because of phonological processes, the actual realization of {{IPA|/i/}} after alveolar consonants (‹д›, ‹з›, ‹л›, ‹н›, ‹р›, ‹с›, ‹т›, or ‹ц›) is retracted to a [[close central unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, or {{IPA|[ʷi]}} after the labials ‹б›, ‹в›, ‹м›, ‹п›., In [[Rusyn language#Alphabet|Rusyn language]] it represents a sound that is a bit harder that {{IPA|[ɨ]}} and close to the [[Romanian language|Romanian]] sound ''î''. In some situations it may occur after [[palatalisaton|palatalized]] consonants (e.g.: ''синьый'' which means "blue", which is never the case in Russian), and often follows ‹к›, ‹г›, ‹ґ› and ‹х›. |
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While vowels in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (e.g. ‹а› and ‹я›, both represent {{IPA|/a/}} and the latter denotes a preceding palatalized consonant), ‹ы› is more complicated; while it appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from ‹и› and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not ‹ы› and ‹и› denote different phonemes. |
While vowels in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (e.g. ‹а› and ‹я›, both represent {{IPA|/a/}} and the latter denotes a preceding palatalized consonant), ‹ы› is more complicated; while it appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from ‹и› and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not ‹ы› and ‹и› denote different phonemes. |
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Like many Cyrillic letters, originally the letter yery was formed from a [[ligature]] {{slavonic|ꙑ}}—formed from [[Yer]] ‹ъ› and ‹і› (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or [[I (Cyrillic)|Izhe]] (‹и›, whose former letterform resembled ‹н›). In medieval manuscripts, it is almost without exception found as ‹ъі› or ‹ъи›. Once the letters ‹ъ› and ‹ь› subsequently lost their values as vowels in the [[Slavic languages]], the current simplified form ‹ы› evolved. |
Like many Cyrillic letters, originally the letter yery was formed from a [[ligature]] {{slavonic|ꙑ}}—formed from [[Yer]] ‹ъ› and ‹і› (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or [[I (Cyrillic)|Izhe]] (‹и›, whose former letterform resembled ‹н›). In medieval manuscripts, it is almost without exception found as ‹ъі› or ‹ъи›. Once the letters ‹ъ› and ‹ь› subsequently lost their values as vowels{{clarification needed|date=June 2010}}<!-- must ъ have value as a vowel to be a part of digraph? --> in the [[Slavic languages]], the current simplified form ‹ы› evolved. |
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[[Image:Yeri.png|left|thumb|The letter Yery in several fonts]] |
[[Image:Yeri.png|left|thumb|The letter Yery in several fonts]] |
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The letter is usually [[Romanization of Russian|romanized]] into [[English language|English]] and most other West-European languages as ‹y›, e.g. [[Krylov]] ([[family name]], Крылов), although it may be used for other purposes as well (such as in [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]). This spelling matches [[Polish language|Polish]], where Latin ‹y› represents the same sound; Russian ‹ы› is used to transliterate Polish ‹y› into Cyrillic (e.g. Maryla |
The letter is usually [[Romanization of Russian|romanized]] into [[English language|English]] and most other West-European languages as ‹y›, e.g. [[Krylov]] ([[family name]], Крылов), although it{{clarification needed|date=June 2010}} may be used for other purposes as well (such as in [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]]). This spelling matches [[Polish language|Polish]], where Latin ‹y› represents the same sound; Russian ‹ы› is used to transliterate Polish ‹y› into Cyrillic (e.g. Maryla – Марыля). |
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Native Russian words do not begin with ‹ы› (except for the specific verb ''ыкать'', “to say the ‹ы›-sound″), but many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in [[Russia]]) that begin with this letter do exist, for example [[Ytyk-Kyuyol]] (Ытык-Кюёль), [[Ygyatta]] (Ыгыатта), a village and a river in [[Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]] respectively, or [[Eulji Mundeok]] (Ыльчи Мундок), a Korean military leader. |
Native Russian words do not begin with ‹ы› (except for the specific verb ''ыкать'', “to say the ‹ы›-sound″), but many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in [[Russia]]) that begin with this letter do exist, for example [[Ytyk-Kyuyol]] (Ытык-Кюёль), [[Ygyatta]] (Ыгыатта), a village and a river in [[Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]] respectively, or [[Eulji Mundeok]] (Ыльчи Мундок), a Korean military leader. |
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In the [[Ukrainian alphabet]], the sound similar to Russian ‹ы› is denoted by ‹и›, and the |
In the [[Ukrainian alphabet]], the sound {{IPA-uk|ɪ|}} similar to Russian ‹ы› is denoted by ‹и›, and the letter ‹ы› never appeared in Ukrainian text. Conversely, Ukrainian ‹и› usually (but not always) is transcribed to Russian as ‹ы›. |
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The letter ‹ы› is also used in some [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] alphabets where it denotes a [[back vowel|darker]] sound [[close back unrounded vowel|[ɯ]]]. Corresponding letter in Latin script is ‹ı› ([[dotless I]]). |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* [[Close central unrounded vowel]] |
* [[Close central unrounded vowel]] |
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* [[Soft sign|Ь, ь |
* [[Soft sign|Ь, ь – Soft sign (Cyrillic)]] |
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* [[Yer|Ъ, ъ |
* [[Yer|Ъ, ъ – Yer ''or'' Hard sign (Cyrillic)]] |
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* [[I (Cyrillic)|И, и |
* [[I (Cyrillic)|И, и – (Cyrillic)]] |
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{{Cyrillic-alphabet-stub}} |
{{Cyrillic-alphabet-stub}} |
Revision as of 15:50, 12 June 2010
Yery or Yeru (Ы, ы, usually called "Ы" [ɨ] in modern Russian or "еры" yerý historically) is a letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It represents the phoneme /i/ after non-palatalized (hard) consonants in the Belarusian and Russian alphabets. Because of phonological processes, the actual realization of /i/ after alveolar consonants (‹д›, ‹з›, ‹л›, ‹н›, ‹р›, ‹с›, ‹т›, or ‹ц›) is retracted to a close central unrounded vowel [ɨ], or [ʷi] after the labials ‹б›, ‹в›, ‹м›, ‹п›., In Rusyn language it represents a sound that is a bit harder that [ɨ] and close to the Romanian sound î. In some situations it may occur after palatalized consonants (e.g.: синьый which means "blue", which is never the case in Russian), and often follows ‹к›, ‹г›, ‹ґ› and ‹х›.
While vowels in the Cyrillic alphabet may be divided into iotated and non-iotated pairs (e.g. ‹а› and ‹я›, both represent /a/ and the latter denotes a preceding palatalized consonant), ‹ы› is more complicated; while it appears only after hard consonants, its phonetic value differs from ‹и› and there is some scholarly disagreement as to whether or not ‹ы› and ‹и› denote different phonemes.
Like many Cyrillic letters, originally the letter yery was formed from a ligature ꙑ—formed from Yer ‹ъ› and ‹і› (formerly written either dotless or with two dots) or Izhe (‹и›, whose former letterform resembled ‹н›). In medieval manuscripts, it is almost without exception found as ‹ъі› or ‹ъи›. Once the letters ‹ъ› and ‹ь› subsequently lost their values as vowels[clarification needed] in the Slavic languages, the current simplified form ‹ы› evolved.
The letter is usually romanized into English and most other West-European languages as ‹y›, e.g. Krylov (family name, Крылов), although it[clarification needed] may be used for other purposes as well (such as in digraphs). This spelling matches Polish, where Latin ‹y› represents the same sound; Russian ‹ы› is used to transliterate Polish ‹y› into Cyrillic (e.g. Maryla – Марыля).
Native Russian words do not begin with ‹ы› (except for the specific verb ыкать, “to say the ‹ы›-sound″), but many proper and common nouns of non-Russian origin (including some geographical names in Russia) that begin with this letter do exist, for example Ytyk-Kyuyol (Ытык-Кюёль), Ygyatta (Ыгыатта), a village and a river in Sakha (Yakutia) Republic respectively, or Eulji Mundeok (Ыльчи Мундок), a Korean military leader.
In the Ukrainian alphabet, the sound [ɪ] similar to Russian ‹ы› is denoted by ‹и›, and the letter ‹ы› never appeared in Ukrainian text. Conversely, Ukrainian ‹и› usually (but not always) is transcribed to Russian as ‹ы›.
The letter ‹ы› is also used in some Turkic alphabets where it denotes a darker sound [ɯ]. Corresponding letter in Latin script is ‹ı› (dotless I).
References
- Russian: An interactive online reference grammar, by Dr Robert Beard