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'''''Neocinnamomum''''' (新樟属, ''xin zhang shu'') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s belonging to the family [[Lauraceae]]. They are [[evergreen]] shrubs or small trees, indigenous to Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.
'''''Neocinnamomum''''' (新樟属, ''xin zhang shu'') is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s belonging to the family [[Lauraceae]]. They are [[evergreen]] shrubs or small trees, indigenous to Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam.
<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/viewTrees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref><ref name=FOC2>[http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/pdf/pdf07/Neocinnamomum.pdf Flora of China]</ref>
<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/viewTrees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref><ref name=FOC2>[http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/pdf/pdf07/Neocinnamomum.pdf Flora of China]</ref><ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref>


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''Neocinnamomum'' require a warm and wet climate with no extremes of heat and cold.<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref> They occupy mid to high elevations<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref> and montane [[laurel forests]].<ref name=newsletter>[http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume1number2/Neocinnamomum.html Newsletter of the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden]</ref>
==Overview==
⚫
They require a warm and wet climate with no extremes of heat and cold.<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref> from southern China, to Thailand, and Vietnam, sparsely in Sumatra, not in Malaya. They require a warm and wet climate with no extremes of heat and cold.<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref>


They inhabit in mid to high elevations<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref> and montane [[laurel forests]].<ref name=newsletter>[http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume1number2/Neocinnamomum.html Newsletter of the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden]</ref>
''Neocinnamomum'' leaves resemble those of true cinnamon (''[[Cinnamomum]]'') in possessing strongly three-veined blades, but they are arranged alternately rather than oppositely.<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref>
⚫
The flowers are very small and bisexual.<ref name=FOC2/><ref name=Wang/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum|year=1939|author=Caroline K. Allen|title=Studies in ''Cinnamomum'' and ''Neocinnamomum''|volume=20|pages=44–63|url=http://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_35196_studiesincinnamomumandneocinna1939/studiesincinnamomumandneocinna1939#page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref> The inflorescences are highly condensed, with poorly defined branching, their overall shape described as "glomerules".<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal|author=Wang, Z.-h.; Li, J.; Conran, J.; Li, H.-w.|year=2010|title=Phylogeny of the Southeast Asian endemic genus ''Neocinnamomum'' H. Liu (Lauraceae)|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=290|issue=1|pages=173–184|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0359-1}}</ref> Pollination is by insects.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Susan S. Renner|year=2004|title=Variation in diversity among Laurales, Early Cretaceous to Present|journal=Biologiske Skrifter|volume=55|pages=441–458|url=http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Laurales%20clocks2005.pdf}}</ref> The seeds are dispersed by birds, which eat the fruit<ref>http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13431/1/IJTK%2011%281%29%20166-171.pdf</ref> which are berry-like [[drupes]].<ref name=FOC2/> The red fruits of N.caudatum are eaten by human Garo tribes in India.<ref>http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13431/1/IJTK%2011%281%29%20166-171.pdf</ref> The fruits are ellipsoid or globose (round). Some species also propagate vegetatively.<ref name=FOC2/>

These trees and shrubs are characteristic of the lower strata of the tropical rainforest but some species are at 20 m tall. Although there can be months in which there is less rain, no prolonged dry season should occur and rain received on about 150 days per year.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Present from rocky and stony ground to waterlogged and marshy areas.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

With their strongly three-nerved blades, these genus look like a cinnamon with alternately arranged leaves.<ref>http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf</ref>
⚫
The pollination is by insects<ref>{{cite journal|author=Susan S. Renner|year=2004|title=Variation in diversity among Laurales, Early Cretaceous to Present|journal=Biologiske Skrifter|volume=55|pages=441–458|url=http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Laurales%20clocks2005.pdf}}</ref> that pollinate the very small bisexual<ref name=FOC2/> flowers.<ref name=Wang/><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Arnold Arboretum|year=1939|author=Caroline K. Allen|title=Studies in ''Cinnamomum'' and ''Neocinnamomum''|volume=20|pages=44–63|url=http://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_35196_studiesincinnamomumandneocinna1939/studiesincinnamomumandneocinna1939#page/n13/mode/2up}}</ref> The inflorescences are highly condensed, with poorly defined branching, their overall shape described as "glomerules".<ref name=Wang>{{cite journal|author=Wang, Z.-h.; Li, J.; Conran, J.; Li, H.-w.|year=2010|title=Phylogeny of the Southeast Asian endemic genus ''Neocinnamomum'' H. Liu (Lauraceae)|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=290|issue=1|pages=173–184|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0359-1}}</ref> Birds disperse the seeds by avidly eat the fruit<ref>http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13431/1/IJTK%2011%281%29%20166-171.pdf</ref> which are berry-like [[drupes]].<ref name=FOC2/> The red fruits of N.caudatum are eaten by human Garo tribes in India.<ref>http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13431/1/IJTK%2011%281%29%20166-171.pdf</ref> The fruit are ellipsoid or round ("globose"). The trees flower in rainy season and the fruits ripen 6 months later.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Some species propagate vegetatively too.<ref name=FOC2/>


''N. mekongense'' is a species that grows in the mountains north of [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]], China. It is popular with butterflies, which possibly are attracted by secretions from extrafloral nectaries.<ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Neocinnamomum_Genus.asp Zipcode Zoo]</ref>
''N. mekongense'' is a species that grows in the mountains north of [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]], China. It is popular with butterflies, which possibly are attracted by secretions from extrafloral nectaries.<ref>[http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Plantae/Neocinnamomum_Genus.asp Zipcode Zoo]</ref>


The fossil record suggests that both ''Neocinnamomum'' and the related genus ''[[Caryodaphnopsis]]'' have an ancient [[Laurasia|Laurasian]] origin.{{citation needed|May 2012}}<ref>http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Chanderbali_et_alAMBG2001.pdf</ref>
Neocinnamomum is known only from tropical Asia, and with the closely related genus [[Caryodaphnopsis]] represent the only early lineages in Lauraceae that are present in Asia but are not also known to occur in Africa, Madagascar, and Australia, in contrast to widespread genera in [[Cryptocaryeae]] and [[Cassytha]]. The fossil record suggests that both Caryodaphnopsis and Neocinnamomum have an ancient [[Laurasia|Laurasian]] origen. The fossil wood taxon [[Caryodaphnopsoxylon]] richteri Gottwald (1992) places the unique xylem anatomy of Caryodaphnopsis in Late Eocene Germany. The fossil flower [[Neusenia]] tetrasporangiata Eklund from Late Cretaceous North America compares favorably with Neocinnamomum, and flowers and fruits from the same locality can be compared to Caryodaphnopsis.<ref>http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Chanderbali_et_alAMBG2001.pdf</ref>
==Species{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}==
==Species{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}==
* ''[[Neocinnamomum caudatum]]'' (Nees) Merrill
* ''[[Neocinnamomum caudatum]]'' (Nees) Merrill

Revision as of 07:18, 26 May 2012

Neocinnamomum
Neocinnamomum delavayi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Magnoliids
Order:
Laurales
Family:
Lauraceae
Genus:
Neocinnamomum

Species

See text

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neocinnamomum.

Neocinnamomum (新樟属, xin zhang shu) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees, indigenous to Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia (Sumatra), Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. [1][2][3]

Neocinnamomum require a warm and wet climate with no extremes of heat and cold.[4] They occupy mid to high elevations[5] and montane laurel forests.[6]

Neocinnamomum leaves resemble those of true cinnamon (Cinnamomum) in possessing strongly three-veined blades, but they are arranged alternately rather than oppositely.[7] The flowers are very small and bisexual.[2][8][9] The inflorescences are highly condensed, with poorly defined branching, their overall shape described as "glomerules".[8] Pollination is by insects.[10] The seeds are dispersed by birds, which eat the fruit[11] which are berry-like drupes.[2] The red fruits of N.caudatum are eaten by human Garo tribes in India.[12] The fruits are ellipsoid or globose (round). Some species also propagate vegetatively.[2]

N. mekongense is a species that grows in the mountains north of Dali, China. It is popular with butterflies, which possibly are attracted by secretions from extrafloral nectaries.[13]

The fossil record suggests that both Neocinnamomum and the related genus Caryodaphnopsis have an ancient Laurasian origin.[citation needed][14]

Species[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/viewTrees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf
  2. ^ a b c d Flora of China
  3. ^ http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf
  4. ^ http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf
  5. ^ http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf
  6. ^ Newsletter of the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden
  7. ^ http://xtbg-botany.wikispaces.com/file/view/Trees+of+Tropical+Asia+Laurales+small.pdf
  8. ^ a b Wang, Z.-h.; Li, J.; Conran, J.; Li, H.-w. (2010). "Phylogeny of the Southeast Asian endemic genus Neocinnamomum H. Liu (Lauraceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 290 (1): 173–184.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Caroline K. Allen (1939). "Studies in Cinnamomum and Neocinnamomum". Journal of the Arnold Arboretum. 20: 44–63.
  10. ^ Susan S. Renner (2004). "Variation in diversity among Laurales, Early Cretaceous to Present" (PDF). Biologiske Skrifter. 55: 441–458.
  11. ^ http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13431/1/IJTK%2011%281%29%20166-171.pdf
  12. ^ http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/13431/1/IJTK%2011%281%29%20166-171.pdf
  13. ^ Zipcode Zoo
  14. ^ http://www.umsl.edu/~renners/Chanderbali_et_alAMBG2001.pdf


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