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'''Tondidarou''' is a small town and megalithic archaeological site in the [[Niafunké Cercle]], [[Timbuktu Region]], [[Mali]], northwest of [[Niafunké]], about 150 kilometres south-west of [[Timbuktu]].<ref name="Mokhtar1981">{{cite book|last=Mokhtar|first=G.|title=General History of Africa: Ancient civilizations of Africa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B3LNzqo5i0IC&pg=PA523|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101708-7|page=523}}</ref> The site, located on the eastern bank of [[Lac Tagadji]], was discovered in 1904 and is said to be "defined by three groups of stone megaliths", monoliths which are a "remarkable collection of phalliform stone monuments."<ref name="Sottas1997">{{cite book|last=Sottas|first=Beat|title=Forum suisse des africanistes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nDFCWY8THBUC&pg=PA69|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1997|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-3506-4|page=69}}</ref><ref name="Ki-Zerbo1981">{{cite book|last=Ki-Zerbo|first=Joseph|title=General History of Africa: Methodology and African prehistory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TaegVuj0bNUC&pg=PA630|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101707-0|page=630}}</ref> ''Ancient Egypt in Africa'' refers to the site as "Diop's 'Egypt-influenced' phalliform stone circle of Tondidarou".<ref name="O'ConnorReid2003">{{cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=David|last2=Reid|first2=Andrew|title=Ancient Egypt in Africa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zn3ViO-Vj-4C&pg=PA104|accessdate=12 July 2012|date=August 2003|publisher=Cavendish Publishing|isbn=978-1-84314-758-9|page=104}}</ref> [[Eugene Maes]] was the first to seriously document the stones at Tondidarou in 1924.<ref name="Branch1989">{{cite book|author=Smithsonian Institution. Libraries. National Museum of African Art Branch|title=The arts of Africa: an annotated bibliography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_5rrAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1989|publisher=African Studies Association|page=128}}</ref> It was extensively excavated in around 1980.<ref name="Fage1979">{{cite book|last=Fage|first=J. D.|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wHVGrxdt2X4C&pg=PA341|accessdate=12 July 2012|date=1 February 1979|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3|page=341}}</ref> The site is dated to 670 - 790 AD. |
'''Tondidarou''' is a small town and megalithic archaeological site in the [[Niafunké Cercle]], [[Timbuktu Region]], [[Mali]], northwest of [[Niafunké]], about 150 kilometres south-west of [[Timbuktu]].<ref name="Mokhtar1981">{{cite book|last=Mokhtar|first=G.|title=General History of Africa: Ancient civilizations of Africa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B3LNzqo5i0IC&pg=PA523|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101708-7|page=523}}</ref> The site, located on the eastern bank of [[Lac Tagadji]], was discovered by [[Jules Brévié]] in 1904 and is said to be "defined by three groups of stone megaliths", monoliths which are a "remarkable collection of phalliform stone monuments."<ref name="Sottas1997">{{cite book|last=Sottas|first=Beat|title=Forum suisse des africanistes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nDFCWY8THBUC&pg=PA69|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1997|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-3506-4|page=69}}</ref><ref name="Ki-Zerbo1981">{{cite book|last=Ki-Zerbo|first=Joseph|title=General History of Africa: Methodology and African prehistory|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TaegVuj0bNUC&pg=PA630|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1981|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-101707-0|page=630}}</ref> ''Ancient Egypt in Africa'' refers to the site as "Diop's 'Egypt-influenced' phalliform stone circle of Tondidarou".<ref name="O'ConnorReid2003">{{cite book|last1=O'Connor|first1=David|last2=Reid|first2=Andrew|title=Ancient Egypt in Africa|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Zn3ViO-Vj-4C&pg=PA104|accessdate=12 July 2012|date=August 2003|publisher=Cavendish Publishing|isbn=978-1-84314-758-9|page=104}}</ref> [[Eugene Maes]] was the first to seriously document the stones at Tondidarou in 1924.<ref name="Branch1989">{{cite book|author=Smithsonian Institution. Libraries. National Museum of African Art Branch|title=The arts of Africa: an annotated bibliography|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_5rrAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=12 July 2012|year=1989|publisher=African Studies Association|page=128}}</ref> It was extensively excavated in around 1980.<ref name="Fage1979">{{cite book|last=Fage|first=J. D.|title=The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wHVGrxdt2X4C&pg=PA341|accessdate=12 July 2012|date=1 February 1979|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21592-3|page=341}}</ref> The site is dated to 670 - 790 AD. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 15:33, 27 October 2015
Tondidarou | |
|---|---|
Town | |
| Country |  Mali |
| Region | Tombouctou Region |
| Cercle | Niafunké Cercle |
| Time zone | UTC+0 (GMT) |
Tondidarou is a small town and megalithic archaeological site in the Niafunké Cercle, Timbuktu Region, Mali, northwest of Niafunké, about 150 kilometres south-west of Timbuktu.[1] The site, located on the eastern bank of Lac Tagadji, was discovered by Jules Brévié in 1904 and is said to be "defined by three groups of stone megaliths", monoliths which are a "remarkable collection of phalliform stone monuments."[2][3] Ancient Egypt in Africa refers to the site as "Diop's 'Egypt-influenced' phalliform stone circle of Tondidarou".[4] Eugene Maes was the first to seriously document the stones at Tondidarou in 1924.[5] It was extensively excavated in around 1980.[6] The site is dated to 670 - 790 AD.
References
- ^ Mokhtar, G. (1981). General History of Africa: Ancient civilizations of Africa. UNESCO. p. 523. ISBN 978-92-3-101708-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Sottas, Beat (1997). Forum suisse des africanistes. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-8258-3506-4. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Ki-Zerbo, Joseph (1981). General History of Africa: Methodology and African prehistory. UNESCO. p. 630. ISBN 978-92-3-101707-0. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ O'Connor, David; Reid, Andrew (August 2003). Ancient Egypt in Africa. Cavendish Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-84314-758-9. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution. Libraries. National Museum of African Art Branch (1989). The arts of Africa: an annotated bibliography. African Studies Association. p. 128. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ Fage, J. D. (1 February 1979). The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1050. Cambridge University Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-521-21592-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
Further reading
- Saliege, JF, Person, A., Barry, I. and Fontes, P. (1980) 'Premieres datations de tumulus pre- islamiques au Mali: site mcgalithiquc de Tondidarou', Comptes rendus de /' Academic des Sciences, 291 (D), 12, pp. 981-4.
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