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'''''Cymbopogon martinii''''' is a species of [[Poaceae|grass]] in the [[Cymbopogon|lemon grass genus]] native to India and Indochina but widely cultivated in many places for its aromatic oil. It is best known by the common name '''palmarosa'''. Other common names include '''Indian geranium''', '''gingergrass''' and '''rosha''' or '''rosha grass'''.
'''''Cymbopogon martinii''''' is a species of [[Poaceae|grass]] in the [[Cymbopogon|lemon grass genus]] native to India and Indochina but widely cultivated in many places for its aromatic oil.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Prashar | first1 = A. | last2 = Hili | first2 = P. | last3 = Veness | first3 = R. | last4 = Evans | first4 = C. | year = 2003 | title = Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203002267# | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 63 | issue = 5| pages = 569–575 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Kaul | first2 = P. | last3 = Syamasundar | first3 = K. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | year = 2005 | title = Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/09266690/v21i0001/121_cpopaspmwvmb.xml | journal = IIndustrial Crops and Products | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 121–127 | doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002}}</ref> It is best known by the common name '''palmarosa''' (''palm rose'') as it smells sweet and rose-like. Other common names include '''Indian geranium''', '''gingergrass''' and '''rosha''' or '''rosha grass'''.


==Uses==
==Palmarosa Oil==
The [[essential oil]] of this plant, which contains the active compound [[geraniol]], is valued for its scent and for a number of traditional medicinal and household uses. Palmarosa oil has been shown to be an effective [[insect repellent]] when applied to stored grain and beans,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = R. | last2 = Srivastava | first2 = M. | last3 = Dubey | first3 = N. K. | year = 2007 | title = Evaluation of ''Cymbopogon martinii'' oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes | url = | journal = Journal of Food Protection | volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 172–78 }}</ref> an [[Anthelmintic|antihelmintic]] against [[nematode]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumaran | first1 = A. M. | last2 = D'souza | year = 2003 | first2 = P | last3 = Agarwal | first3 = A | last4 = Bokkolla | first4 = RM | last5 = Balasubramaniam | first5 = M | title = Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of ''Cymbopogon martinii'' | url = | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| page = 957 |pmid=13680833 | doi = 10.1002/ptr.1267|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and an [[Fungicide|antifungal]] and [[mosquito]] repellent.<ref name=CRC>Duke, J. A. and J. duCellier. (1993). ''CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 214.</ref>
The [[essential oil]] of this plant, which contains the active compound [[geraniol]], is valued for its scent and for a number of traditional medicinal and household uses. Palmarosa oil has been shown to be an effective [[insect repellent]] when applied to stored grain and beans,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumar | first1 = R. | last2 = Srivastava | first2 = M. | last3 = Dubey | first3 = N. K. | year = 2007 | title = Evaluation of ''Cymbopogon martinii'' oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes | url = | journal = Journal of Food Protection | volume = 70 | issue = 1| pages = 172–78 }}</ref> an [[Anthelmintic|antihelmintic]] against [[nematode]]s,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumaran | first1 = A. M. | last2 = D'souza | year = 2003 | first2 = P | last3 = Agarwal | first3 = A | last4 = Bokkolla | first4 = RM | last5 = Balasubramaniam | first5 = M | title = Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of ''Cymbopogon martinii'' | url = | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| page = 957 |pmid=13680833 | doi = 10.1002/ptr.1267|display-authors=etal}}</ref> and an [[Fungicide|antifungal]] and [[mosquito]] repellent.<ref name=CRC>Duke, J. A. and J. duCellier. (1993). ''CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops''. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 214.</ref>


Palmarosa oil, which has a scent similar to [[rose]]s, is added to soaps and cosmetics.<ref name=CRC/>
Palmarosa oil, which has a scent similar to [[rose]]s, is added to soaps and cosmetics.<ref name=CRC/>

===Cultivation===
This grass grows fairly tall, ranging from (1.3–3 meters) in height with a pale green colour and a strong thin stem. This crop grows slowly, taking 3 months to flower; once it has flowered, it can be [[harvest]]ed. It received the name palmarosa from the sweet-smelling floral rose aroma it gives off.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Rajput | first2 = D. | last3 = Patel | first3 = R. | year = 2014 | title = Improving Yield and Quality of Palmarosa [Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Var. Motia Burk.] with Sulfur Fertilization | url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01904167.2014.957395 | journal = Journal of Plant Nutrition | volume = 38| issue = 3| pages = 384–396| doi=10.1080/01904167.2014.957395}}</ref> It is widely used for rose smelling perfumes and cosmetics around the world.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mallavarapu | first1 = G. | last2 = Rajeswara Rao | first2 = B. | last3 = Kaul | first3 = P. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | last5 = Bhattacharya | first5 = A. | year = 1998 | title = Volatile constituents of the essential oils of the seeds and the herb of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/details/08825734/v13i0003/167_vcoteopmwvmb.xml | journal = Journal of Plant Nutrition | volume = 13 | issue = | pages = 167–169 | doi=10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199805/06)13:3<167::aid-ffj719>3.0.co;2-b}}</ref> It is also known to help repel [[mosquito]]es and flavour [[tobacco]] products. It has been added into [[medicine|medicinal]] solutions for stiff joints, bilious complaints, [[skin disease]], and [[aromatherapy]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Kaul | first2 = P. | last3 = Syamasundar | first3 = K. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | year = 2005 | title = Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/09266690/v21i0001/121_cpopaspmwvmb.xml | journal = IIndustrial Crops and Products | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 121–127 | doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002}}</ref>

===Where/how the product is grown, raised, processed===
Palmarosa is wildly grown in wetlands in provinces of India, including Nepal.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Guenther | first1 = E | year = 1952 | title = Recent developments in essential oil production | url = http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/001 | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 6 | issue = 4| pages = 355–378 | doi=10.1007/bf02984884}}</ref> The Palmarosa oil is extracted from the stem of the grass by distillation of dried leaves.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kumaran | first1 = A. | last2 = D'Souza | first2 = P. | last3 = Agarwal | first3 = A. | last4 = Bokkolla | first4 = R. | last5 = Balasubramaniam | first5 = M. | year = 2003 | title = Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.1267/abstract | journal = Phytotherapy Research | volume = 17 | issue = 8| pages = 957–957 | doi=10.1002/ptr.1267 | pmid=13680833}}</ref> Once the stems and leaves have been distilled for two to three hours, to separate the oil from the palmarose, then the leftover distilled grass is turned into organic matter and becomes manure or is composted.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Kaul | first2 = P. | last3 = Syamasundar | first3 = K. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | year = 2005 | title = Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/09266690/v21i0001/121_cpopaspmwvmb.xml | journal = Industrial Crops and Products | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 121–127 | doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002}}</ref>

===Growing conditions===
The most efficient way to grow palmarosa is in a nursery with lots of irrigation and soil pH of 7-8.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maheshwari | first1 = P. | last2 = Tandon | first2 = S. | year = 1959 | title = Agriculture and economic development in India | url = | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 205–242 | doi=10.1007/bf02860584}}</ref> Two or three days before planting, it is best to overwhelm the soil with water to increase soil moisture above 60% when planting the seeds. This moisture increases the germination of the seed and increases weed control in the nursery beds as well. It is also recommended to flood the soil once a month to maintain a high moisture level in the soil. Irrigation in a nursery is most important for the first 40 days. Palmarosa grass grows well in sandy texture soil with low nitrogen, sufficient phosphorus and potassium. Weeds are a problem and keeping them out of the nursery beds will increase the yield. Manual weeding must be done often and involves a well-trained eye to uncover the weeds.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = M. | last3 = Singh | first3 = D. | year = 1997 | title = Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii ) nursery | url = http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=7616697&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESep7U4zOX0OLCmr0yep65Srqi4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGut0mwrbFPuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA | journal = International Journal of Pest Management | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 45–48 | doi=10.1080/096708797228979}}</ref> Also, palmarosa is often intercropped to help suppress the weeds, thus increasing yields and the land efficiency. Mostly farmers intercrop with pigeon pea, also millet and sorghum work well with row or strip intercropping because palmarosa can be harvested three to four times a year.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maheshwari | first1 = P. | last2 = Tandon | first2 = S. | year = 1959 | title = Agriculture and economic development in India | url = http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/001 | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 205–242 | doi=10.1007/bf02860584}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rajeswara Rao | first1 = B. | last2 = Kaul | first2 = P. | last3 = Syamasundar | first3 = K. | last4 = Ramesh | first4 = S. | year = 2005 | title = Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.) | url = http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/details/09266690/v21i0001/121_cpopaspmwvmb.xml | journal = Industrial Crops and Products | volume = 21 | issue = 1| pages = 121–127 | doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002}}</ref>

===Labour cost and issues===
It is mainly used in the perfumery industry not just for the pleasant smell but also as a source of high-grade geranial.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Prashar | first1 = A. | last2 = Hili | first2 = P. | last3 = Veness | first3 = R. | last4 = Evans | first4 = C. | year = 2003 | title = Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203002267# | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 63 | issue = 5| pages = 569–575 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7}}</ref> The geranial level received from the palmarosa oil is not always the same—it depends on three factors: first being how the diphosphate is removed from the geranyl diphosphate (GPP); second the process of converting geranial into the form of geranyl acetate; and lastly the process of converting geranyl acetate into the geranial. If these steps are done incorrectly the level of geranial will be low along with the profits.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dubey | first1 = V. | last2 = Bhalla | first2 = R. | last3 = Luthra | first3 = R. | year = 2003 | title = An esterase is involved in geraniol production during palmarosa inflorescence development | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203001146# | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 63 | issue = 3| pages = 257–264 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00114-6}}</ref>

===Inputs required===
A nursery is needed or there will be poor growth yields, that may not bring any profit to the farmer and potentially the farmer could have an economical loss. This requirement increases the startup cost for farmers which some farmers are unable to pay.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maheshwari | first1 = P. | last2 = Tandon | first2 = S. | year = 1959 | title = Agriculture and economic development in India | url = http://resolver.scholarsportal.info/resolve/001 | journal = Economic Botany | volume = 13 | issue = 3| pages = 205–242 | doi=10.1007/bf02860584}}</ref> If not grown in a nursery this will increase the weeding labour inputs by over 70% and decrease the yield. Farmers will be spending more time weeding the plots and will receive a smaller return then if they had a nursery.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Singh | first1 = A. | last2 = Singh | first2 = M. | last3 = Singh | first3 = D. | year = 1997 | title = Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) nursery | url = http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=P&P=AN&K=7616697&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESep7U4zOX0OLCmr0yep65Srqi4S7WWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGut0mwrbFPuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA | journal = International Journal of Pest Management | volume = 43 | issue = 1| pages = 45–48 | doi=10.1080/096708797228979}}</ref>

===Health or nutritional informant===
Palmarosa oil is also known as an antifungal that fights against {{Not a typo|Aspergillus niger}}, commonly known as black mold, Chaetomium globosum also known as moldy soil and Penicillium funiculosum, which is a plant pathogen.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Prashar | first1 = A. | last2 = Hili | first2 = P. | last3 = Veness | first3 = R. | last4 = Evans | first4 = C. | year = 2003 | title = Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942203002267# | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 63 | issue = 5| pages = 569–575 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:25, 23 July 2017

Cymbopogon martinii
File:Cymbopogon martinii.png
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Monocots
(unranked):
Commelinids
Order:
Poales
Family:
Poaceae
Genus:
Cymbopogon
Species:
C. martinii
Binomial name
Cymbopogon martinii
Synonyms[1]

Cymbopogon martinii is a species of grass in the lemon grass genus native to India and Indochina but widely cultivated in many places for its aromatic oil.[3][4] It is best known by the common name palmarosa (palm rose) as it smells sweet and rose-like. Other common names include Indian geranium, gingergrass and rosha or rosha grass.

Palmarosa Oil

The essential oil of this plant, which contains the active compound geraniol, is valued for its scent and for a number of traditional medicinal and household uses. Palmarosa oil has been shown to be an effective insect repellent when applied to stored grain and beans,[5] an antihelmintic against nematodes,[6] and an antifungal and mosquito repellent.[7]

Palmarosa oil, which has a scent similar to roses, is added to soaps and cosmetics.[7]

Cultivation

This grass grows fairly tall, ranging from (1.3–3 meters) in height with a pale green colour and a strong thin stem. This crop grows slowly, taking 3 months to flower; once it has flowered, it can be harvested. It received the name palmarosa from the sweet-smelling floral rose aroma it gives off.[8] It is widely used for rose smelling perfumes and cosmetics around the world.[9] It is also known to help repel mosquitoes and flavour tobacco products. It has been added into medicinal solutions for stiff joints, bilious complaints, skin disease, and aromatherapy.[10]

Where/how the product is grown, raised, processed

Palmarosa is wildly grown in wetlands in provinces of India, including Nepal.[11] The Palmarosa oil is extracted from the stem of the grass by distillation of dried leaves.[12] Once the stems and leaves have been distilled for two to three hours, to separate the oil from the palmarose, then the leftover distilled grass is turned into organic matter and becomes manure or is composted.[13]

Growing conditions

The most efficient way to grow palmarosa is in a nursery with lots of irrigation and soil pH of 7-8.[14] Two or three days before planting, it is best to overwhelm the soil with water to increase soil moisture above 60% when planting the seeds. This moisture increases the germination of the seed and increases weed control in the nursery beds as well. It is also recommended to flood the soil once a month to maintain a high moisture level in the soil. Irrigation in a nursery is most important for the first 40 days. Palmarosa grass grows well in sandy texture soil with low nitrogen, sufficient phosphorus and potassium. Weeds are a problem and keeping them out of the nursery beds will increase the yield. Manual weeding must be done often and involves a well-trained eye to uncover the weeds.[15] Also, palmarosa is often intercropped to help suppress the weeds, thus increasing yields and the land efficiency. Mostly farmers intercrop with pigeon pea, also millet and sorghum work well with row or strip intercropping because palmarosa can be harvested three to four times a year.[16][17]

Labour cost and issues

It is mainly used in the perfumery industry not just for the pleasant smell but also as a source of high-grade geranial.[18] The geranial level received from the palmarosa oil is not always the same—it depends on three factors: first being how the diphosphate is removed from the geranyl diphosphate (GPP); second the process of converting geranial into the form of geranyl acetate; and lastly the process of converting geranyl acetate into the geranial. If these steps are done incorrectly the level of geranial will be low along with the profits.[19]

Inputs required

A nursery is needed or there will be poor growth yields, that may not bring any profit to the farmer and potentially the farmer could have an economical loss. This requirement increases the startup cost for farmers which some farmers are unable to pay.[20] If not grown in a nursery this will increase the weeding labour inputs by over 70% and decrease the yield. Farmers will be spending more time weeding the plots and will receive a smaller return then if they had a nursery.[21]

Health or nutritional informant

Palmarosa oil is also known as an antifungal that fights against Aspergillus niger, commonly known as black mold, Chaetomium globosum also known as moldy soil and Penicillium funiculosum, which is a plant pathogen.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ The International Plant Names Index
  3. ^ Prashar, A.; Hili, P.; Veness, R.; Evans, C. (2003). "Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Phytochemistry. 63 (5): 569–575. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7.
  4. ^ Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Syamasundar, K.; Ramesh, S. (2005). "Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.)". IIndustrial Crops and Products. 21 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002.
  5. ^ Kumar, R.; Srivastava, M.; Dubey, N. K. (2007). "Evaluation of Cymbopogon martinii oil extract for control of postharvest insect deterioration in cereals and legumes". Journal of Food Protection. 70 (1): 172–78.
  6. ^ Kumaran, A. M.; D'souza, P; Agarwal, A; Bokkolla, RM; Balasubramaniam, M; et al. (2003). "Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (8): 957. doi:10.1002/ptr.1267. PMID 13680833.
  7. ^ a b Duke, J. A. and J. duCellier. (1993). CRC Handbook of Alternative Cash Crops. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 214.
  8. ^ Rajeswara Rao, B.; Rajput, D.; Patel, R. (2014). "Improving Yield and Quality of Palmarosa [Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. Var. Motia Burk.] with Sulfur Fertilization". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 38 (3): 384–396. doi:10.1080/01904167.2014.957395.
  9. ^ Mallavarapu, G.; Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Ramesh, S.; Bhattacharya, A. (1998). "Volatile constituents of the essential oils of the seeds and the herb of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.)". Journal of Plant Nutrition. 13: 167–169. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1026(199805/06)13:3<167::aid-ffj719>3.0.co;2-b.
  10. ^ Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Syamasundar, K.; Ramesh, S. (2005). "Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.)". IIndustrial Crops and Products. 21 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002.
  11. ^ Guenther, E (1952). "Recent developments in essential oil production". Economic Botany. 6 (4): 355–378. doi:10.1007/bf02984884.
  12. ^ Kumaran, A.; D'Souza, P.; Agarwal, A.; Bokkolla, R.; Balasubramaniam, M. (2003). "Geraniol, the putative anthelmintic principle of Cymbopogon martinii". Phytotherapy Research. 17 (8): 957–957. doi:10.1002/ptr.1267. PMID 13680833.
  13. ^ Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Syamasundar, K.; Ramesh, S. (2005). "Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.)". Industrial Crops and Products. 21 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002.
  14. ^ Maheshwari, P.; Tandon, S. (1959). "Agriculture and economic development in India". Economic Botany. 13 (3): 205–242. doi:10.1007/bf02860584.
  15. ^ Singh, A.; Singh, M.; Singh, D. (1997). "Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii ) nursery". International Journal of Pest Management. 43 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1080/096708797228979.
  16. ^ Maheshwari, P.; Tandon, S. (1959). "Agriculture and economic development in India". Economic Botany. 13 (3): 205–242. doi:10.1007/bf02860584.
  17. ^ Rajeswara Rao, B.; Kaul, P.; Syamasundar, K.; Ramesh, S. (2005). "Chemical profiles of primary and secondary essential oils of palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats var. motia Burk.)". Industrial Crops and Products. 21 (1): 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2004.02.002.
  18. ^ Prashar, A.; Hili, P.; Veness, R.; Evans, C. (2003). "Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Phytochemistry. 63 (5): 569–575. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7.
  19. ^ Dubey, V.; Bhalla, R.; Luthra, R. (2003). "An esterase is involved in geraniol production during palmarosa inflorescence development". Phytochemistry. 63 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00114-6.
  20. ^ Maheshwari, P.; Tandon, S. (1959). "Agriculture and economic development in India". Economic Botany. 13 (3): 205–242. doi:10.1007/bf02860584.
  21. ^ Singh, A.; Singh, M.; Singh, D. (1997). "Pre-plant weed control for a palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii) nursery". International Journal of Pest Management. 43 (1): 45–48. doi:10.1080/096708797228979.
  22. ^ Prashar, A.; Hili, P.; Veness, R.; Evans, C. (2003). "Antimicrobial action of palmarosa oil (Cymbopogon martinii) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Phytochemistry. 63 (5): 569–575. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00226-7.

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