Panicoideae

Panicoideae
	Sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum ) on Reunion Island
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Sweet grass (Poales)
Family :	Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily :	Panicoideae
Scientific name
	Panicoideae
	link

The Panicoideae are a subfamily of the sweet grasses (Poaceae). It is predominantly tropical and subtropical and includes important crops such as sugar cane ( Saccharum officinale ) and maize ( Zea mays ), as well as various types of millet .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The representatives of the Panicoideae are annual or perennial plants that form rhizomes and runners and often form lawns. They are predominantly herbaceous plants . The stalks are usually full, rarely hollow. The leaves stand in two rows (distich). The abaxial ligula is usually absent, rarely present as a fringe of hair. The adaxial ligula is a membrane or a fringe of hair, more rarely absent. The leaf blades are relatively wide to narrow, sometimes seemingly stalked. The leaf nerve is parallel. The leaf sheaths are usually not eyed. An adaxial palisade parenchyma is missing. Wreath anatomy is present or absent. The midrib is simple, less often complex. The stomata have triangular or dome-shaped side cells. There are two-cell microhairs.

Generative characteristics

The inflorescences are ears, grapes or panicles, or combinations of these. In the Andropogoneae there are bracts outside the spikelets . The spikelets are hermaphroditic or, more rarely, unisexual, in which case the plants are then dioecious or monoecious . There are usually two glumes , a sterile floret and a fertile floret. The spikelets are compressed on the back, less often not or on the side. The spikelets disintegrate to maturity below the glumes (above in the case of the Arundinelleae), or the inflorescence axes break apart. The lemma usually has no macro hairs. If it is awned, then only with an awn . The palea is developed or absent (in Andropogoneae). The Lodiculae are paired, sometimes absent, free, fleshy and mostly bald. There are three stamens . The ovary is usually bare, with no appendages at the tip. The two styles are free to fused.

The caryopses usually have short scars. The endosperm is hard, without fats, the starch grains are usually simple, rarely composed. The embryo is usually large, an epiblast is usually missing, and the scutellum cleft is present. The mesocotyl node is elongated. The leaf margins in the embryo usually overlap.

Chromosome sets and metabolic pathways

The basic chromosome number is x = 5, (7), 9, 10, (12, 14).

Among the Panicoideae there are both C3 and C4 plants (PCK, NAD-ME and NADP-ME types), as well as C3 / C4 intermediates.

Systematics and distribution

The subfamily Panicoideae is mainly found in the tropics and subtropics , and a number of species are also found in the temperate areas.

The sister family of the Panicoideae are the Centothecoideae . In the description of the Grass Phylogeny Working Group, the subfamily includes around 3270 species. The Panicoideae are divided into seven tribes :

Andropogoneae tribe: Andropogon gerardii

Tribe Andropogoneae: Andropogon virginicus

Tribe Andropogoneae: Bothriochloa barbinodis

Tribe Andropogoneae: Bothriochloa ewartiana

Tribe Andropogoneae: Job's Tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi )

Tribe Andropogoneae: Hyparrhenia hirta

Tribe Andropogoneae: Miscanthus oligostachyus

Tribus Andropogoneae: Chinese reed ( Miscanthus sinensis )

Tribus Andropogoneae: Wild black millet ( Sorghum halepense )

Tribus Andropogoneae: Millet ( Sorghum bicolor )

Andropogoneae tribe: maize ( Zea mays )

Tribe Andropogoneae Dumort.
- Agenium Nees : The only three species are distributed from Bolivia to Argentina and Paraguay.
- Anadelphia hack. : The approximately 14 species are common in Africa.
- Andropogon L .: The approximately 117 species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics.
- Andropterum Stapf : It contains only one species:
  - Andropterum stolzii (Pilg.) CEHubb. : It is widespread from Tanzania to southern tropical Africa.
- Apluda L .: It contains only one species:
  - Apluda mutica L .: It occurs from Mauritius and Socotra to Taiwan and New Caledonia .
- Apocopis Nees : The range of the 16 species ranges from India to China and Malesia .
- Arthraxon P.Beauv. : The approximately 22 species arewidespreadin the tropics and subtropics of the Old World as far as Central Asia .
- Asthenochloa Buse : it contains only one species:
  - Asthenochloa tenera Buse : It occurs in the Philippines and from Java to central Malesia.
- Bhidea Stapf ex Bor : It contains only three species that are native to India.
- Bothriochloa Kuntze : It contains about 34 species, the genus is cosmopolitan. To her belongs:
  - Bearded grass ( Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng ): It is common in Eurasia and northwestern Africa.
  - Silver bearded grass ( Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. ): It is distributed in four subspecies from the southern United States to tropical South America.
- Capillipedium Stapf : It comprises about 17 species that are distributed in Africa, in tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the Pacific.
- Chasmopodium Stapf : It contains only two species that are native to tropical Africa.
- Chionachne R.Br. : The roughly nine species are distributed in tropical Asia to Hainan and in northern Australia.
- Chrysopogon Trin. : The approximately 48 species arewidespreadin the tropics to subtropics of the Old World , on Pacific islands, and in North America and the Caribbean. This also includes:
  - Goldbart ( Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. ): It occurs from France, Italy, Switzerland and Austria to Yunnan .
- Clausospicula Lazarides : It contains only one species:
  - Clausospicula extensa Lazarides : It occurs in northern Australia.
- Cleistachne Benth. : It contains only one type:
  - Cleistachne Sorghoid Benth. : It occurs from Ethiopia to southern Africa, on the southern Arabian Peninsula and in India.
- Coix L .: The only three species are widespread in Asia from India and Malesia to Taiwan and in northern Queensland. This subheading also includes four varieties:
  - Job's Tears ( Coix lacryma-jobi L. ): It is widespread from India to Taiwan and Malesia.
- Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon Spreng. ): The approximately 53 species are widespread in the tropics to subtropics of the Old World.
- Dichanthium Willemet : The 20 or so species are widespread in the tropics to subtropics of the Old World.
- Diheteropogon (Hack.) Stapf : The four species are common in Africa and Madagascar.
- Dimeria R.Br. : The approximately 60 species are widespread in Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, Madagascar, Australia and on islands in the western Pacific.
- Elionurus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. : The 15 or so species arewidespreadfrom Africa to India, Papua Asia to Australia and in the Neotropics .
- Elymandra Stapf : The six or so species are distributed in southeastern Brazil and from tropical to southern Africa.
- Glyphochloa Clayton : The eleven or so species are common in India.

Arundinella hirta

Tribus Arundinelleae: Loudetiopsis chrysothrix

Tribe Arundinelleae
- Arundinella Raddi : The distribution area of the approximately 47 species includes the tropics and subtropics and extends to the temperate zones of Asia.
- Chandrasekharania V.J. Nair, VSRamach. & Sreek. : It contains only one type:
  - Chandrasekharania keralensis V.J. Nair, VSRamach. & Sreek. : It occurs in the Indian state of Kerala.
- Danthoniopsis Stapf : The 16 or so species occur from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan.
- Dilophotriche (CEHubb.) Jacq.-Fél. : The three or so species are common in tropical West Africa.
- Garnotia Brongn. : The approximately 30 species occur from Aldabra to the Seychelles , on the southern Arabian Peninsula and from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the Pacific.
- Gilgiochloa Pilg. : It contains only one type:
  - Gilgiochloa indurata Pilg. : It occurs from Rwanda to southern tropical Africa.
- Jansenella Bor : It contains only one species:
  - Jansenella griffithiana (C.Muell.) Bor : It occurs from the Indian subcontinent to Myanmar.
- Loudetia Hochst. ex Steud. : The approximately 25 species occur in tropical and southern Africa, in Madagascar, on the southern Arabian Peninsula and from Bolivia to Brazil and Paraguay.
- Loudetiopsis Conert : The eleven or so species come from tropical West Africa to Chad and from Bolivia to Brazil and Paraguay.

Tribus Gynerieae: Gynerium sagittatum

Tribus Gynerieae Sánchez-Ken & LGClark :
- Gynerium Willd. ex P.Beauv. : It contains only one type:
  - Gynerium sagittatum (Aubl.) P.Beauv. : It occurs from Mexico to tropical America.

Tribe Hubbardieae:
- Hubbardia Bor : It contains only two types:
  - Hubbardia diandra Chandore, Gosavi & SRYadav : It occurs in India in southern Maharashtra and northwestern Karnataka.
  - Hubbardia heptaneuron Bor : It was found at waterfalls in India and is now extinct.

Isachneae tribe:
- Coelachne R.Br. : The eleven or so species occur in tropical Africa, Madagascar and from tropical and subtropical Asia to northern Australia.
- Heteranthoecia Stapf : It contains only one species:
  - Heteranthoecia guineensis (Franch.) Robyns : It is common in tropical Africa.
- Isachne R.Br. : The approximately 99 species occur in the tropics and subtropics.
- Limnopoa C.E. Hubb . : It contains only one type:
  - Limnopoa meeboldii (CEC fish.) CEHubb. : It occurs in southwest India .
- Sphaerocaryum Nees ex Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
  - Sphaerocaryum malaccense (Trin.) Pilg. : It occurs from Sri Lanka to southern China and the Philippines.

Tribe Paniceae: Axonopus compressus

Paniceae tribe: Cenchrus echinatus

Tribus Paniceae: Blood-red foxglove ( Digitaria sanguinalis )

Tribus Paniceae: Real chicken millet ( Echinochloa crus-galli )

Tribus Paniceae: prickly husk ( Oplismenus undulatifolius )

Tribus Paniceae: Real millet ( Panicum miliaceum )

Tribe Paniceae: Paspalum saccharoides

Paniceae tribe: Pennisetum caffrum

Tribe Paniceae: Pennisetum setaceum

Tribus Paniceae: Millet ( Setaria italica )

Tribus Paniceae: Red millet ( Setaria pumila )

Tribe Paniceae: Spinifex littoreus

Tribe Paniceae: inflorescence of Zygochloa paradoxa

Tribe Paniceae R.Br. in Flinders

Achlaena Griseb. : With only one type:
Achlaena piptostachya Griseb. : It occurs in Cuba and Jamaica. It is also called Arthropogon piptostachyus (Griseb.) Pilg by some authors . put to Arthropogon .

Acritochaete Pilg. : It contains only one type:
Acritochaete volkensii Pilg. : It occurs from Nigeria to Ethiopia and Tanzania.

Acroceras Stapf : The approximately 24 species occur in the tropics and subtropics.

Alexfloydia B.K.Simon : It contains only one species:
Alexfloydia repens B.K.Simon : It occurs only in east-northeast New South Wales .

Alloteropsis J. Presl : The five or so species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World.

Altoparadisium Filg, Davidse, Zuloaga & Morrone : The roughly two species are common in Brazil and Bolivia.

Amphicarpum Kunth : The approximately two species occur only in the eastern USA.

Ancistrachne S.T.Blake : The four species occur in the Philippines, in eastern Australia and in New Caledonia.

Anthaenantia P.Beauv. : The four or so species are common in the Neotropics.

Anthaenantiopsis Mez ex Pilg. : The four species are common in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina.

Anthephora Schreb. : The five or so species are distributed in the Neotropics and from Africa to Iran.

Arthragrostis Lazarides : The four or so species occur only in the Australian state of Queensland .

Arthropogon Nees : The five or so species occur in Jamaica and Cuba and are common in Colombia, Bolivia and Brazil.

Axonopus P.Beauv. : The 71 or so species are found in tropical Africa, the Neotropics and Easter Island .

Baptorhachis Clayton & Renvoize : It contains only one species:
Baptorhachis foliacea (Clayton) Clayton : It occurs only in Mozambique.

Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. : The approximately 119 species occur in the tropics and subtropics. But they are also placed in the genus Urochloa .

Calyptochloa C.E. Hubb. : It contains about three species that occur in the Australian state of Queensland.

Canastra Morrone, Zuloaga, Davidse & Filg. : It contains only two species that occur in southern and southeastern Brazil.

Cenchrus L .: The 108or sospecies (including Pennisetum ) occur in America and in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World.

Centrochloa Swallen : It contains only one species:
Centrochloa singularis Swallen : It occurs in Brazil. Some authors put it as Axonopus singularis (Swallen) Alicia López & Morrone to Axonopus .

Chaetium Nees : The only three species occur in Cuba, from Mexico to Venezuela and in northeastern Brazil.

Chaetopoa C.E. Hubb. : It contains only two species that occur in Tanzania.

Chamaeraphis R.Br. : It contains only one type:
Chamaeraphis hordeacea R.Br. : It occurs in northern Australia.

Chlorocalymma Clayton : it contains only one species:
Chlorocalymma cryptacanthum Clayton : It occurs only in Tanzania.

Cleistochloa C.E. Hubb. : The only three species occur between New Guinea and eastern Australia.

Cliffordiochloa B.K.Simon : It contains only one species:
Cliffordiochloa parvispicula B.K.Simon : It is only found in Queensland. But it is also placed as stone chisma laxum (Sw.) Zuloaga to the genus stone chisma .

Cyphochlaena Hack. : The distribution of the two species is limited to the Comoros and Madagascar.

Cyrtococcum Stapf : The approximately 14 species are widespread in the Paleotropic.

Dallwatsonia B.K.Simon : It contains only one species:
Dallwatsonia felliana B.K.Simon : It occurs only in the Australian state of Queensland. Some authors put it as Hymenachne felliana (BKSimon) Zuloaga to Hymenachne .

Fingergrass ( Digitaria Haller ): The genus is cosmopolitan and contains about 262 species.

Dissochondrus (Hildebr.) Kuntze : It contains only one species:
Dissochondrus biflorus (Hildebr.) Kuntze : It only occurs in Hawaii .

Eccoptocarpha Launert : It contains only one species:
Eccoptocarpha obconiciventris Launert : It occurs from Tanzania to northern Zambia.

Chicken millet ( Echinochloa P.Beauv. ): It is cosmopolitan and includes around 34 species.

Echinolaena Desv. : The distribution of the approximately seven species ranges from Mexico to Argentina and also Madagascar.

Entolasia Stapf : The approximately six species occur in Africa and from New Guinea to Australia.

Eriochloa Kunth : The genus is cosmopolitan and contains about 34 species.

Gerritea Zuloaga, Morrone & Killeen : It contains only one species:
Gerritea pseudopetiolata Zuloaga, Morrone & Killeen : It occurs only in Bolivia.

Holcolemma Stapf & CEHubb. : The three species are distributed from Somalia to Tanzania and Sri Lanka to India as well as in northeastern Australia.

Homolepis Cha : The five or so species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Homopholis C.E. Hubb. : It contains only one type:
Homopholis belsonii C.E. Hubb . : It occurs only in the Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales.

Hydrothauma C.E. Hubb . : It contains only one type:
Hydrothauma manicatum C.E. Hubb . : It occurs in the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo and in Zambia .

Hygrochloa Lazarides : The two species occur in northern Australia.

Hylebates Chippind. : The two species are distributed from Kenya , Tanzania , Mozambique , Zambia to Zimbabwe .

Hymenachne P.Beauv. : The eleven or so species arewidespreadin the Neotropics, in tropical Africa, in northeastern Australia and from Assam to China and Indochina .

Ichnanthus P.Beauv. : The approximately 29 species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics.

Ixophorus Schldl. : It contains only one type:
Ixophorus unisetus (J.Presl) Schldl. : It occurs from Mexico to Colombia, in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Lasiacis (Griseb.) Hitchc. : The approximately 15 species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Lecomtella A. Camus : It contains only one species:
Lecomtella madagascariensis A. Camus : It occurs in Madagascar.

Leucophrys Rendle : With up to three species, which are also placed with Urochloa .

Louisiella C.E. Hubb . & J.Léonard : It contains only two types:

Louisiella elephantipes (Nees ex Trin.) Zuloaga : It occurs from Mexico to tropical America.

Louisiella fluitans C.E. Hubb . & J.Léonard : It occurs from Cameroon to southern Sudan.

Megaloprotachne C.E. Hubb. : It contains only one type:
Megaloprotachne albescens C.E. Hubb. : It is common in southern Africa. However, some authors put it as Digitaria albescens (CEHubb.) Lo Medico & ASVega to Digitaria .

Megathyrsus (Pilg.) BKSimon & SWLJacobs : With up to three species. You will also beplacedat Urochloa .

Melinis P.Beauv. : The approximately 22 species are common in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.

Mesosetum Steud. : The approximately 26 species are common in the Neotropic.

Microcalamus Franch. : It contains only one type:
Microcalamus barbinodis Franch. : It is common in west-central tropical Africa.

Neurachne R.Br. : The eight or so species occur only in Australia.

Odontelytrum Hack. : It contains only one type:
Odontelytrum abyssinicum Hack. : It is common in tropical Africa and Yemen. It is put by some authors as Cenchrus abyssinicus (Hack.) Morrone to the genus Cenchrus .

Ophiochloa Filg., Davidse & Zuloaga : The only two species are common in Brazil.

Oplismenopsis Parodi : it contains only one species:
Oplismenopsis najada (Hack. & Arech.) Parodi : It occurs in southern Brazil, Uruguay and northeastern Argentina.

Oplismenus P.Beauv. : The seven or so species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics to the Caucasus. Including:
Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P.Beauv. : It occurs in Europe in Spain, Italy, Switzerland and the former Yugoslavia to Iran, from Ethiopia to South Africa, Cameroon, from China to Japan and tropical Asia, in Australia and on islands in the western Indian Ocean.

Oryzidium C.E. Hubb . & Schweick. : It contains only one type:
Oryzidium barnardii C.E. Hubb . & Schweick. : It occurs from southern tropical Africa to Namibia.

Otachyrium Nees : The eight or so species are distributed from Trinidad to tropical South America.

Ottochloa Dandy : The roughly three species occur in tropical Africa and from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia.

Panicum ( Panicum L. , incl. Dichanthelium (Hitchc & Chase) Gould. ): The genus is cosmopolitan widely distributed and includes about 446 species.

Paractaenum P.Beauv. : It contains only one type:
Paractaenum novae-hollandiae P.Beauv. : It occurs in western and central Australia.

Paraneurachne S.T.Blake : It contains only one species:
Paraneurachne muelleri (Hack.) STBlake : It occurs in Australia. It is also called Neurachne muelleri Hack by some authors . placed in the genus Neurachne .

Paratheria Griseb. : The only two species are distributed from tropical Africa to Namibia as well as on Madagascar and in the Neotropic.

Paspalum L. (incl. Thrasyopsis Parodi ): The approximately 322 species are widespread from tropical Asia to the islands in the Pacific, in Africa and in the New World.

Lamp cleaner grass ( Pennisetum Rich. Ex Pers. ): The approximately 82 species are widespread in Africa, from Asia to Australia and in the Neotropics. Some authors also place them in the genus Cenchrus .

Plagiantha Renvoize : it contains only one species:
Plagiantha tenella Renvoize : It occurs in northeastern Brazil.

Poecilostachy's hack. : The 15 or so species are common in tropical Africa and Madagascar.

Pseudechinolaena Stapf : The approximately six species widespread from the tropics to the subtropics.

Pseudochaetochloa Hitchc. : It contains only one type:
Pseudochaetochloa australiensis Hitchc. : It occurs in western Australia.

Pseudoraphis handle. : The seven or so species are distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australia.

Reimarochloa Hitchc. : The approximately three species are widespread from the southern United States to Argentina and Paraguay.

Reynaudia Kunth : It contains only one species:
Reynaudia filiformis (Spreng. Ex Schult.) Kunth : It occurs in Cuba , Hispaniola and Jamaica.

Sacciolepis Nash : The approximately 26 species occur from the tropics and subtropics north to the USA and east to East Asia.

Scutachne Hitchc. & Chase : With just one type:
Scutachne dura (Griseb.) Hitchc. & Chase : It occurs in Cuba, Hispaniola and Jamaica.

Bristle millet ( Setaria P. Beauv. ): The approximately 137 species are distributed almost worldwide.

Setariopsis Scribn. ex Millsp. : The two species occur from Arizona to Venezuela.

Snowdenia C.E. Hubb. : The four species are common in tropical Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.

Spheneria Kuhlm. : It contains only one type:
Spheneria kegelii (CAMuell.) Pilg. : It is common from Guyana and Suriname to western Brazil.

Spinifex L .: The approximately five species are distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to Australasia and to the islands in the southwestern Pacific.

Stone Chism Raf. : The seven species are widespread in the Neotropic.

Stenotaphrum Trin. : The seven species are widespread from the tropics to the subtropics.

Stereochlaena Hack. : The four species are distributed from Tanzania to southern Africa.

Streptolophus Hughes : it contains only one species:
Streptolophus sagittifolius Hughes : It occurs in Angola.

Streptostachys Desv. : The sixor sospecies are distributed from Trinidad to Paraguay.

Taeniorhachis Cope : It contains only one species:
Taeniorhachis repens Cope : It occurs in Somalia.

Tarigidia Stent : It contains only two species found in southern Africa and Puerto Rico.

Tatianyx Zuloaga & Soderstr. : It contains only one type:
Tatianyx arnacites (Trin.) Zuloaga & Soderstr. : It occurs in northern and eastern Brazil.

Thrasya Kunth : The approximately 22 species are distributed from Mexico and Trinidad to tropical South America.

Thuarea Pers. : The only two species occur in Madagascar and from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the Pacific.

Thyridachne C.E. Hubb . : It contains only one type:
Thyridachne tisserantii C.E. Hubb . : It occurs from the Central African Republic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Thyridolepis S.T.Blake : The only three species occur in Australia.

Trachys Pers. : It contains three species found from India to Myanmar and Sri Lanka.

Tricholaena Schrad. : The fouror sospecies arewidespreadfrom Africa and the Mediterranean to the Arabian Peninsula and India.

Triscenia Griseb. : It contains only one type:
Triscenia ovina Griseb. : It occurs in Cuba.

Uranthoecium Stapf : It contains only one species:
Uranthoecium truncatum (Maiden & Betche) Stapf : It occurs in central and east-central Australia.

Urochloa P.Beauv. (Syn .: Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. ): The 80 or so species occur in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World and in Mexico.

Walwhalleya Wills & JJBruhl (Syn .: Whalleya Wills & JJBruhl ): The four species occur only in eastern and south-eastern Australia.

Whiteochloa C.E. Hubb. : The six or so species occur from the Lesser Sunda Islands to Australia.

Xerochloa R.Br. : The three types occur in Thailand, Java and Australia.

Yakirra Lazarides & RDWebster : The seven species occur in Myanmar and in northern and central Australia. Some authors also place them in the genus Panicum .

Yvesia A.Camus : It contains only one species:
Yvesia madagascariensis A.Camus : It occurs in Madagascar.

Zygochloa S.T.Blake : It contains only one species:
Zygochloa paradoxa (R.Br.) STBlake : It occurs in central and east-central Australia.

Tribus Steyermarkochloeae Davidse & RPEllis
- Arundoclaytonia Davidse & RPEllis : It contains only one species:
  - Arundoclaytonia dissimilis Davidse & RPEllis : It occurs only in eastern and northeastern Brazil.
- Steyermarkochloa Davidse & RPEllis : It contains only one species:
  - Steyermarkochloa angustifolia (Spreng.) Judz. : It occurs in Colombia, Venezuela and northern Brazil.

use

There are a few important useful plants in the Panicoideae subfamily:

Corn ( Zea mays L. )
Sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum L. )
Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf )
Some types of millet

supporting documents

Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.

Individual evidence

^ Grass Phylogeny Working Group: Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.
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^ Andropogoneae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
↑ Arundinelleae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
↑ Isachneae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.
↑ Paniceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
↑ Steyermarkochloeae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.

Web links

Commons : Panicoideae - collection of images, videos and audio files

[GrassPhylogenyWorkingGroup2001-1] Grass Phylogeny Working Group: Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder: Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae). In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 88, 2001, pp. 373-457.

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh ^ei ^ej ^ek ^el ^em ^en ^eo ^ep ^eq ^er ^es ^et ^eu ^ev ^ew ^ex ^ey ^ez ^fa ^fb ^fc ^fd ^fe ^ff ^fg ^fh ^fi ^fj ^fk ^fl ^fm ^fn ^fo ^fp ^fq ^fr ^fs ^ft ^fu ^fv ^fw ^fx ^fy ^fz ^ga ^gb ^gc ^gd ^ge ^gf ^gg ^gh ^gi ^gj ^gk ^gl ^gm ^gn ^go ^gp ^gq ^gr ^gs ^gt ^gu ^gv ^gw ^gx ^gy ^gz ^ha ^hb ^hc ^hd ^he ^hf ^hg ^hh Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Poaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Accessed February 1, 2020.

[3] Andropogoneae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.

[4] Arundinelleae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.

[5] Isachneae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.

[6] Paniceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 17, 2014.

[7] Steyermarkochloeae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 27, 2008.