Andropogon

Andropogon
Andropogon gayanus - Horst in a savannah near Pama , Burkina Faso
Systematics
Monocots Commelinids Order : Sweet grass (Poales) Family : Sweet grasses (Poaceae) Subfamily : Panicoideae Genre : Andropogon
Scientific name
Andropogon
L.

The plant genus Andropogon belongs to the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The approximately 100 Andropogon species are mainly tropical savanna grasses from Africa and South America .

description

The Andropogon species are rarely annual (seven species), usually perennial (around 96 species) herbaceous plants . Most species are without rhizomes , five species are short and four species are long. They usually have upright stalks, which in some species, such as Andropogon gayanus , stand together in clumps.

The simple (about 44 species) or compound inflorescence usually consists of two or more racemose partial inflorescences with numerous spikelets . A perched fertile spikelet and a stalked sterile spikelet stand together, with one fertile and one sterile flower being contained in the fertile spikelets . The flowers contain two lodiculae and one to three stamens and the ovary.

use

The often large and robust stalks of many Andropogon species are used in the savannah regions of Africa for roofing (e.g. Andropogon tectorum ), for weaving mats or fences. Many species are valuable pasture grasses, but their populations have declined due to overexploitation in large parts of the Sahel and Sudan .

The use of Andropogon gayanus ("Gamba grass") as pasture grass in Australia led to much more intense savannah fires, as a result of which trees shrank significantly. Therefore the species is no longer allowed to be traded in Australia and is being controlled.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Andropogon was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . Synonyms for Andropogon L. nom. cons. are: Anatherum P.Beauv. , Arthrolophis (Trin.) Chiov. , Arthrostachys Desv. , Athrolophis (Trin.) Chiov. orth. var., Diectomis Kunth , Dimeiostemon Raf. , Eriopodium Hochst. nom. inval., Euklastaxon Steud. , Eupogon Desv. nom. inval., Heterochloa Desv. , Homoeatherum Nees , Hypogynium Nees , Leptopogon Roberty .

The genus Andropogon belongs to the tribe Andropogoneae in the subfamily Panicoideae within the sweet grass family (Poaceae).

There are only two species in Europe. Most of the species are native to (50) Africa and (44) South America. There are eight species in temperate Asia, eleven in tropical Asia, three species in Australasia, three species on the Pacific islands and 21 species in North America.

There are just over 100 species of Andropogon :

Andropogon bicornis Andropogon eucomus Andropogon gayanus Andropogon gerardii Andropogon glomeratus Andropogon hallii Andropogon leucostachyus Andropogon virginicus Andropogon abyssinicus R.Br. ex Fresen : It is distributed from Eritrea and Ethiopia via Kenya , Tanzania and Uganda to Angola . Andropogon aequatoriensis Hitchc. : It iswidespreadfrom Colombia to Ecuador . Andropogon africanus Franch. : It occurs in tropical Africa. Andropogon alopecurus (Desv.) Hack. : It occurs on islands in western Indian Orean. Andropogon amethystinus Steud. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula, in southern India and in Myanmar. Andropogon andringitrensis (A. Camus) Voronts. (Syn .: Andropogon humbertii A. Camus ): It occurs in Madagascar. Andropogon angustatus (J.Presl) Steud. : It occurs from Mexico to Brazil and on Cuba. Andropogon appendiculatus Nees : It occurs from Zimbabwe to southern Africa. Andropogon arctatus Chapm. : It occurs in the southeastern United States. Andropogon arenarius Hack. : It occurs from southern and southeastern Brazil to Uruguay. Andropogon aridus Clayton : It occurs in Somalia. Andropogon auriculatus Stapf : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Chad. Andropogon barretoi Norrmann & Quarín : It occurs in Brazil. Andropogon bentii Stapf : It occurs on Socotra. Andropogon bicornis L .: It occurs in tropical and subtropical America. Andropogon bourgaei hack. : It occurs from southern Mexico to Belize. Andropogon brachystachyus Chapm. : It occurs in the southeastern United States. Andropogon brasiliensis A.Zanin & Longhi-Wagner : It occurs in southeastern Brazil. Andropogon brazzae Franch. : It occurs from Chad to the Congo region and from southern tropical Africa to Namibia. Andropogon burmanicus Bor : It occurs in Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. Andropogon campestris Trin. : It occurs in southeastern Brazil. Andropogon canaliculatus Schumach. : It occurs in tropical Africa. Andropogon capillipes Nash : It occurs in the southeastern USA. Andropogon carinatus Nees : It occurs from Costa Rica to Brazil. Andropogon × catarinensis Norrmann & N. Nagah. = Andropogon arenarius × Andropogon bicornis : Brazil. Andropogon chevalieri Reznik : It occurs from tropical West Africa to the Central African Republic. Andropogon chinensis (Nees) Merr. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa, on the Arabian Peninsula and from India to Indochina and southern China. Andropogon chrysostachyus Steud. : It occurs from Ethiopia to Tanzania. Andropogon columbiensis Gir.-Cañas : It occurs in Colombia. Andropogon × coloratus Hack. = Andropogon hypogynus × Andropogon lateralis : Northeastern Argentina. Andropogon cordatus Swallen : It occurs in Bolivia. Andropogon crassus Sohns : It occurs in Venezuela. Andropogon crossotos Cope : It occurs in Yemen. Andropogon crucianus Renvoize : It occurs from Bolivia to Brazil. Andropogon curvifolius Clayton : It occurs in tropical West Africa. Andropogon distachyos L .: It occurs on the Canary Islands, from the Mediterranean region to Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. Andropogon diuturnus Sohns : It occurs in Venezuela. Andropogon durifolius Renvoize : It occurs in eastern Brazil. Andropogon eucomus Nees (including Andropogon huillensis Rendle ): It occurs in two subspecies from the Congo region to Uganda and to southern Africa, the Comoros and Madagascar. Andropogon exaratus Hack. : It occurs from Paraguay to northeast Argentina. Andropogon festuciformis Rendle : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa. Andropogon floridanus Scribn. : It occurs in Alabama, Georgia and Florida. Andropogon gabonensis Stapf : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Angola. Andropogon gayanus Kunth : It occurs in four varieties on the Cape Verde Islands and from tropical to southern Africa. Andropogon gerardi Vitman : It occurs in two varieties in North and Central America. Andropogon glaucescens Kunth : It occurs in western South America. Andropogon glaucophyllus Roseng., BRArrill. & Izag. : It occurs in Brazil and Uruguay. Andropogon glaziovii Hack. : It occurs from Bolivia to Brazil and Paraguay. Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. : It occurs in two varieties in the Caribbean and from North and Central America to Guyana. Andropogon greenwayi Napper : It occurs from Ethiopia to Tanzania and on the southwestern Arabian Peninsula. Andropogon × guaraniticus N. Nagah. & Norrmann = Andropogon macrothrix × Andropogon selloanus : Northeastern Argentina. Andropogon gyrans Ashe : It occurs from the USA to Mexico, Belize and Honduras. Andropogon hallii Hack. : It occurs in Canada and the USA. Andropogon heterantherus Stapf : It occurs in eastern tropical Africa. Andropogon hypogynus Hack. : It occurs in tropical South America. Andropogon ibityensis A. Camus : It occurs in central Madagascar. Andropogon imerinensis Bosser : It occurs in central Madagascar. Andropogon incomptus Clayton : It occurs in the West African Guinea. Andropogon indetonsus Sohns : It occurs from Venezuela to northern Brazil. Andropogon ingratus Hack. : It occurs in eastern Brazil. Andropogon insolitus Sohns : It occurs in Venezuela. Andropogon ivohibensis A. Camus (Syn .: Andropogon vohiboryensis ): It occurs in central and southeastern Madagascar. Andropogon ivorensis Adjan. & Clayton : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Cameroon. Andropogon kelleri hack. : It occurs in Ethiopia and Somalia. Andropogon lacunosus J.G.Anderson : It occurs in Cameroon and from Tanzania to Swaziland. Andropogon lateralis Nees : It occurs in tropical America. Andropogon lehmannii Pilg. : It occurs from Colombia to Peru. Andropogon leprodes Cope : It is only found in Somalia. Andropogon leucostachyus Kunth : It occurs in tropical America. Andropogon liebmannii Hack. : It occurs from the southeastern United States to Mexico. Andropogon ligulatus (Stapf) Clayton : It occurs from Tanzania to southern tropical Africa. Andropogon lima (Hack.) Stapf : It occurs in Cameroon and from southern Sudan to Malawi. Andropogon × lindmanii Hack. = Andropogon arenarius × Andropogon lateralis : It occurs from southern Brazil to Uruguay. Andropogon lividus Thwaites : It occurs in India and Sri Lanka. Andropogon longiberbis Hack. : It occurs in the southeastern United States and the Bahamas. Andropogon macrophyllus Stapf : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Cameroon and Bioko . Andropogon macrothrix Trin. : It occurs from Brazil to northeast Argentina and western Cuba. Andropogon mannii Hook. f. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa. Andropogon monocladus A. Zanin & Longhi-Wagner : It occurs in Brazil. Andropogon multiflorus Renvoize : It occurs in Colombia, Bolivia and in southeastern Brazil. Andropogon munroi C.B. Clarke : It occurs from the Himalayas to Sichuan and Yunnan. Andropogon palustris Pilg. : It occurs in west-central Brazil. Andropogon × paraguariensis Norrmann & N. Nagah. = Andropogon bicornis × Andropogon glaziovii : Paraguay. Andropogon perligulatus Stapf : It occurs in tropical Africa. Andropogon pinguipes Stapf : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Cameroon. Andropogon platyphyllus Hack. : It occurs in Colombia. Andropogon pohlianus Hack. : It occurs in Brazil. Andropogon polyptychos Steud. : It occurs in southern India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand. Andropogon pringlei Scribn. & Merr. : It occurs in Mexico. Andropogon pseudapricus Stapf : It occurs in tropical Africa. Andropogon pteropholis Clayton : It occurs in western tropical Africa. Andropogon pumilus Roxb. : It occurs from the Indian subcontinent to Myanmar. Andropogon pungens Cope : It occurs in Somalia and Kenya. Andropogon pusillus Hook. f. : It occurs from Nigeria to Cameroon. Andropogon scabriglumis Swallen : It occurs in Ecuador. Andropogon schirensis Hochst. ex A.Rich. : It occurs in tropical and southern Africa. Andropogon selloanus (Hack.) Hack. : It occurs from Mexico to northern Argentina. Andropogon × subtilior (Hack.) Norrmann = Andropogon bicornis × Andropogon lateralis : southern Brazil to northeastern Argentina. Andropogon tectorum Schumach. & Thonn. : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Chad . Andropogon tenuiberbis Hack. : It occurs from western tropical Africa to Tanzania. Andropogon ternarius Michx. : It occurs from the central and eastern United States to northeast Mexico. Andropogon ternatus (Spreng.) Nees : It occurs in tropical South America. Andropogon textilis Rendle : It occurs from Tanzania to southern tropical Africa. Andropogon thorelii A.Camus : It occurs in Laos and Vietnam. Andropogon tolimensis Pilg. : It occurs in Colombia. Andropogon tracyi Nash : It occurs in the southeastern United States. Andropogon trichozygus Baker : It occurs in central Madagascar. Andropogon tsaratananensis A.Camus : It occurs in northern Madagascar. Andropogon urbanianus Hitchc. : It occurs on Hispaniola. Andropogon vetus Son (Syn .: Andropogon perdignus son ): It occurs from southern Colombia to the southern Venezuela. Andropogon virgatus Desv. ex Ham. : It occurs in tropical America. Andropogon virginicus L .: It occurs in North and Central America and from the Caribbean to Venezuela.

The genus Andropogon no longer includes:

• Andropogon aromaticus Roxb. => Acorus calamus L.
• Andropogon contortus L. => Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult.
• Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. => Diectomis fastigiata (Sw.) P.Beauv.
• Andropogon gracilis Spreng. => Schizachyrium gracile (Spreng.) Nash
• Andropogon gryllus L. => Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin.
• Andropogon hirtus L. => Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
• Andropogon ischaemum L. => Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng
• Andropogon reedii Hitchc. & Ekman => Schizachyrium reedii (Hitchc. & Ekman) Borhidi & Catasús

swell

• Andropogon in WD Clayton, KT Harman H. & Williamson, (2006 onwards), GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora .

Single references

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Andropogon in WD Clayton, KT Harman H. & Williamson, (2006 onwards), GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora .
2. ^ Queensland Government 2008. Biosecurity . ( Memento of the original from May 19, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 587 kB)  
3. ^ Andropogon in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Andropogon. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 9, 2018.
5. ↑ Complete list of species, 2008 at GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora .

Web links

Commons : Andropogon  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Andropogon in U. Brunken, M. Schmidt, S. Dressler, T. Janssen, A. Thiombiano, & G. Zizka: West African plants - A Photo Guide , Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt / Main, 2008.

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