Agent noun: Difference between revisions
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OwenBlacker (talk | contribs) Language tagging; added Welsh; minor edits |
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==Words related to agent noun== |
==Words related to agent noun== |
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{| class='wikitable' style='font-size: smaller; float: right;' |
{| class='wikitable' style='font-size: smaller; float: right;' |
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|+ Polish agental affixes |
|+ Polish agental affixes |
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! -cz |
! {{lang|pl|-cz}} |
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| bieg-ać 'to run' |
| {{lang|pl|bieg-ać}} 'to run' |
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| bieg-acz 'runner' |
| {{lang|pl|bieg-acz}} 'runner' |
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|- |
|- |
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! -rz |
! {{lang|pl|-rz}} |
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| pis-ać 'to write' |
| {{lang|pl|pis-ać}} 'to write' |
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| pis-arz 'writer' |
| {{lang|pl|pis-arz}} 'writer' |
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|- |
|- |
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! -c |
! {{lang|pl|-c}} |
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| |
| †{{lang|pl|kraw-ać}} 'to cut' |
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| kraw-iec 'tailor' |
| {{lang|pl|kraw-iec}} 'tailor' |
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|- |
|- |
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! -ca |
! {{lang|pl|-ca}} |
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| daw-ać 'to give' |
| {{lang|pl|daw-ać}} 'to give' |
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| daw-ca 'giver' |
| {{lang|pl|daw-ca}} 'giver' |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan= |
! rowspan="3" | {{lang|pl|-k}} |
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| pis-ać 'to write' |
| {{lang|pl|pis-ać}} 'to write' |
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| pis-ak 'marker' (pen) |
| {{lang|pl|pis-ak}} 'marker' (pen) |
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|- |
|- |
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| skak-ać 'to jump' |
| {{lang|pl|skak-ać}} 'to jump' |
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| skocz-ek 'jumper' |
| {{lang|pl|skocz-ek}} 'jumper' |
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|- |
|- |
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| chodz-ić 'to walk' |
| {{lang|pl|chodz-ić}} 'to walk' |
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| chodz-ik 'walker' (walking aid) |
| {{lang|pl|chodz-ik}} 'walker' (walking aid) |
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|- |
|- |
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! -l |
! {{lang|pl|-l}} |
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| nos-ić 'to carry' |
| {{lang|pl|nos-ić}} 'to carry' |
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| nos-ic-iel 'carrier' |
| {{lang|pl|nos-ic-iel}} 'carrier' |
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|- |
|- |
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! rowspan= |
! rowspan="3" | {{lang|pl|-nik}} |
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| pracow-ać 'to work' |
| {{lang|pl|pracow-ać}} 'to work' |
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| pracow-nik 'worker' |
| {{lang|pl|pracow-nik}} 'worker' |
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|- |
|- |
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| rob-ić 'to do' 'to work' <br> rob-ot-a 'work' |
| {{lang|pl|rob-ić}} 'to do' 'to work' <br/> {{lang|pl|rob-ot-a}} 'work' |
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| rob-ot-nik 'worker' |
| {{lang|pl|rob-ot-nik}} 'worker' |
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|- |
|- |
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| praw-ić 'to orate' 'to moralize' <br> praw-o 'law' <br> praw-y 'right' 'righteous' |
| {{lang|pl|praw-ić}} 'to orate' 'to moralize' <br/> {{lang|pl|praw-o}} 'law' <br/> {{lang|pl|praw-y}} 'right' 'righteous' |
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| praw-nik 'lawyer' |
| {{lang|pl|praw-nik}} 'lawyer' |
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|- |
|- |
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! -y |
! {{lang|pl|-y}} |
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| las 'forest' <br> leś-nik 'forester' |
| {{lang|pl|las}} 'forest' <br/> {{lang|pl|leś-nik}} 'forester' |
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| leś-nicz-y 'forester' |
| {{lang|pl|leś-nicz-y}} 'forester' |
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|} |
|} |
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An '''agentive affix''' is commonly used to form an agent noun from a verb. Examples: |
An '''agentive affix''' is commonly used to form an agent noun from a verb. Examples: |
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*English: "-er", "-or", "-ist". |
* English: "-er", "-or", "-ist". |
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*Basque: -le (ikasle "student" from ikasi "learn") |
* Basque: {{lang|eu|-le}} ({{lang|eu|ikasle}} "student" from {{lang|eu|ikasi}} "learn") |
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*German: -er, -ler, -ner, -or, -ör, -ist, -it, -ite, -ant, -ent (may be compounded with the feminine ending |
* German: {{lang|de|-er}}, {{lang|de|-ler}}, {{lang|de|-ner}}, {{lang|de|-or}}, {{lang|de|-ör}}, {{lang|de|-ist}}, {{lang|de|-it}}, {{lang|de|-ite}}, {{lang|de|-ant}}, {{lang|de|-ent}} (may be compounded with the feminine ending {{lang|de|-in}}) |
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*French: -(t)eur([[masculine|m.]]) |
* French: {{lang|fr|-(t)eur}} ([[masculine|m.]]); {{lang|fr|-(t)euse}}, {{lang|fr|-trice}}, {{lang|fr|-iste}} ([[feminine|f.]]) |
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*Greek: -ήρ, τήρ |
* Greek: {{lang|el|-ήρ}}, {{lang|el|-τήρ}} |
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*Hungarian: no specific agentive suffix, the [[nominalization]] of [[present participle]] (suffix: |
* Hungarian: no specific agentive suffix, the [[nominalization]] of [[present participle]] (suffix: {{lang|hu|-ó/-ő}}, according to [[vowel harmony]]) is used instead; examples: {{lang|hu|dolgozó}} ("worker"), {{lang|hu|szerelő}} ("repairman"), {{lang|hu|vezető}} ("leader", "driver", "electrical conductor") |
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*Latin: -tor (m.) / -trix (f.) / -trum (n.) / -torius, -a, -um (adj.) as in |
* Latin: {{lang|la|-tor}} (m.) / {{lang|la|-trix}} (f.) / {{lang|la|-trum}} (n.) / {{lang|la|-torius}}, {{lang|la|-a}}, {{lang|la|-um}} (adj.) as in {{lang|la|arator}} / {{lang|la|aratrix}} /{{lang|la|aratrum}} / {{lang|la|aratorius}}; {{lang|la|-sor}} (m.) / {{lang|la|-strix}} (f.) / {{lang|la|-strum}} (n.) / {{lang|la|-sorius}}, {{lang|la|-a}}, {{lang|la|-um}} (adj.) as in {{lang|la|assessor}} / {{lang|la|assestrix}} / {{lang|la|*assestrum}} / {{lang|la|assessorius}}; see also: {{lang|la|-ens}} |
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*Maori: kai- |
* Maori: {{lang|mi|kai-}} |
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*Persian: ـنده (-ande): from persent roots; as in گوینده (gūyande; speaker) from گفتن، گوی- (goftan, gūy-; to speak) |
* Persian: {{lang|fa|ـنده}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|-ande}}): from persent roots; as in {{lang|fa|گوینده}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|gūyande}}; speaker) from {{lang|fa|گفتن، گوی-}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|goftan, gūy-}}; to speak) / {{lang|fa|ـار}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|-ār}}) : from past roots; as in {{lang|fa|خواستار}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|x<sup>w</sup>āstār}}; wanter) from {{lang|fa|خواستن، خواه-}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|x<sup>w</sup>āstan, x<sup>w</sup>āh-}}; to want). / {{lang|fa|ـگر}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|-gar}}): from nouns ; as in {{lang|fa|کارگر}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|kārgar}}; worker) from {{lang|fa|کار}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|kār}}; work)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parsi.wiki/fa/wiki/topicdetail/e1e46578abf04cdabe3aa8b782029553 |title="Agent noun-اسم فاعل" in Dehkhoda Dictionary|last=|first=|date=|website=Parsi Wiki|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>. |
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*Polish: see table |
* Polish: see table |
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*Spanish: -dor(a) |
* Spanish: {{lang|es|-dor(a)}} |
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*Finnish: -ja/-jä (puhua |
* Finnish: {{lang|fi|-ja}}/{{lang|fi|-jä}} ({{lang|fi|puhua}} "speak", {{lang|fi|puhuja}} "speaker"; {{lang|fi|lyödä}} "hit", {{lang|fi|lyöjä}} "hitter"); {{lang|fi|-uri}} (borrowed from '-or'/'er', probably via German) |
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*Russian: -чик or -ник (m.) / -чица or -ница (f.) as in |
* Russian: {{lang|ru|-чик}} or {{lang|ru|-ник}} (m.) / {{lang|ru|-чица}} or {{lang|ru|-ница}} (f.) as in {{lang|ru|ученик}} "student"; {{lang|ru|-тель}} (m.) / {{lang|ru|-тельница}} (f.) as in {{lang|ru|учитель}} "teacher"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://masterrussian.com/nounsandcases/suffixes.htm |title=Suffixes of Russian Nouns - Examples and Translation of Russian Suffixes |website=masterrussian.com |access-date=2017-02-15 }}</ref> |
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*Dutch: -er, -ende, -or, -iet, -ant |
* Dutch: {{lang|nl|-er}}, {{lang|nl|-ende}}, {{lang|nl|-or}}, {{lang|nl|-iet}}, {{lang|nl|-ant}} |
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* Welsh: {{lang|cy|-wr}} (m.), {{lang|cy|-ores}} (f.) |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*Maria Wojtyła-Świerzowska, |
* {{lang|pl|Maria Wojtyła-Świerzowska|italic=no}}, {{lang|pl|Prasłowiańskie nomen agentis|italic=yes}} ("Protoslavic Nomen Agentis"), Wrocław, 1975 |
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{{ling-morph-stub}} |
{{ling-morph-stub}} |
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⚫ |
Revision as of 11:32, 28 April 2019
In linguistics, an agent noun (in Latin, nomen agentis) is a word that is derived from another word denoting an action, and that identifies an entity that does that action.[1] For example, "driver" is an agent noun formed from the verb "drive".[2]
Usually, derived in the above definition has the strict sense attached to it in morphology, that is the derivation takes as an input a lexeme (an abstract unit of morphological analysis) and produces a new lexeme. However, the classification of morphemes into derivational morphemes (see word formation) and inflectional ones is not generally a straightforward theoretical question, and different authors can make different decisions as to the general theoretical principles of the classification as well as to the actual classification of morphemes presented in a grammar of some language (for example, of the agent noun-forming morpheme).
-cz | bieg-ać 'to run' | bieg-acz 'runner' |
---|---|---|
-rz | pis-ać 'to write' | pis-arz 'writer' |
-c | †kraw-ać 'to cut' | kraw-iec 'tailor' |
-ca | daw-ać 'to give' | daw-ca 'giver' |
-k | pis-ać 'to write' | pis-ak 'marker' (pen) |
skak-ać 'to jump' | skocz-ek 'jumper' | |
chodz-ić 'to walk' | chodz-ik 'walker' (walking aid) | |
-l | nos-ić 'to carry' | nos-ic-iel 'carrier' |
-nik | pracow-ać 'to work' | pracow-nik 'worker' |
rob-ić 'to do' 'to work' rob-ot-a 'work' |
rob-ot-nik 'worker' | |
praw-ić 'to orate' 'to moralize' praw-o 'law' praw-y 'right' 'righteous' |
praw-nik 'lawyer' | |
-y | las 'forest' leś-nik 'forester' |
leś-nicz-y 'forester' |
An agentive affix is commonly used to form an agent noun from a verb. Examples:
- English: "-er", "-or", "-ist".
- Basque: -le (ikasle "student" from ikasi "learn")
- German: -er, -ler, -ner, -or, -ör, -ist, -it, -ite, -ant, -ent (may be compounded with the feminine ending -in)
- French: -(t)eur (m.); -(t)euse, -trice, -iste (f.)
- Greek: -ήρ, -τήρ
- Hungarian: no specific agentive suffix, the nominalization of present participle (suffix: -ó/-ő, according to vowel harmony) is used instead; examples: dolgozó ("worker"), szerelő ("repairman"), vezető ("leader", "driver", "electrical conductor")
- Latin: -tor (m.) / -trix (f.) / -trum (n.) / -torius, -a, -um (adj.) as in arator / aratrix /aratrum / aratorius; -sor (m.) / -strix (f.) / -strum (n.) / -sorius, -a, -um (adj.) as in assessor / assestrix / *assestrum / assessorius; see also: -ens
- Maori: kai-
- Persian: ـنده (-ande): from persent roots; as in گوینده (gūyande; speaker) from گفتن، گوی- (goftan, gūy-; to speak) / ـار (-ār) : from past roots; as in خواستار (xwāstār; wanter) from خواستن، خواه- (xwāstan, xwāh-; to want). / ـگر (-gar): from nouns ; as in کارگر (kārgar; worker) from کار (kār; work)[3].
- Polish: see table
- Spanish: -dor(a)
- Finnish: -ja/-jä (puhua "speak", puhuja "speaker"; lyödä "hit", lyöjä "hitter"); -uri (borrowed from '-or'/'er', probably via German)
- Russian: -чик or -ник (m.) / -чица or -ница (f.) as in ученик "student"; -тель (m.) / -тельница (f.) as in учитель "teacher"[4]
- Dutch: -er, -ende, -or, -iet, -ant
- Welsh: -wr (m.), -ores (f.)
See also
References
- ^ "agent noun". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Panther, Klaus-Uwe; Thornburg, Linda L.; Barcelona, Antonio (2009). Metonymy and metaphor in grammar. Vol. 25. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 101. ISBN 90-272-2379-3.
- ^ ""Agent noun-اسم فاعل" in Dehkhoda Dictionary". Parsi Wiki.
{{cite web}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=
(help) - ^ "Suffixes of Russian Nouns - Examples and Translation of Russian Suffixes". masterrussian.com. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
External links
Further reading
- Maria Wojtyła-Świerzowska, Prasłowiańskie nomen agentis ("Protoslavic Nomen Agentis"), Wrocław, 1975