Upwind scheme

In computational fluid dynamics, the upwind schemes are any of a class of discretization methods to solve hyperbolic partial differential equations numerically. The wave equation, the advection equation, the Euler equations in fluid dynamics, etc. belongs to hyperbolic PDEs. Upwind schemes use an adaptive or solution-sensitive finite difference stencil to numerically simulate more properly the direction of propagation of information in a flow field. More specifically, upwind schemes attempt to discretize hyperbolic partial differential equations by using differencing biased in the direction determined by the sign of the characteristic speeds. Historically, the origin of upwind methods can be traced back to the work of Courant, Isaacson, and Reeves who proposed the CIR method.

Model equation

To illustrate the method, consider the following one-dimensional linear wave equation

$\qquad {\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}+a{\frac {\partial u}{\partial x}}=0$

It describes a wave propagating in the $x$-direction with a velocity $a$. The preceding equation is also a mathematical model for one-dimensional linear advection. Consider a typical grid point $i$ in the domain. In a one-dimensional domain, there are only two direction associated with point $i$ - left and right. If $a$ is positive the left side is called upwind side and right side is the downwind side. Similarly, if $a$ is negative the left side is called downwind side and right side is the upwind side. If the finite difference scheme for the derivative, $\partial u/\partial x$ contain more points in the upwind side, the scheme is called an upwind-biased or simply upwind scheme.

First-order upwind scheme

The simplest upwind scheme possible is the first-order upwind scheme. It is given by

$\quad (1)\qquad {\frac {u_{i}^{n+1}-u_{i}^{n}}{\Delta t}}+a{\frac {u_{i}^{n}-u_{i-1}^{n}}{\Delta x}}=0\quad {\text{for}}\quad a>0$

$\quad (2)\qquad {\frac {u_{i}^{n+1}-u_{i}^{n}}{\Delta t}}+a{\frac {u_{i+1}^{n}-u_{i}^{n}}{\Delta x}}=0\quad {\text{for}}\quad a<0$

Defining

$\qquad \qquad a^{+}={\text{max}}(a,0)\,,\qquad a^{-}={\text{min}}(a,0)$

and

$\qquad \qquad u_{x}^{-}={\frac {u_{i}^{n}-u_{i-1}^{n}}{\Delta x}}\,,\qquad u_{x}^{+}={\frac {u_{i+1}^{n}-u_{i}^{n}}{\Delta x}}$

the two conditional equations (1) and (2) can be combined and written in a compact form as

$\quad (3)\qquad u_{i}^{n+1}=u_{i}^{n}-\Delta t\left[a^{+}u_{x}^{-}+a^{-}u_{x}^{+}\right]$

Equation (3) is a general way of writing any upwind-type schemes. The upwind scheme is stable if the following Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition (CFL) condition is satisfied.

$\qquad \qquad c=\left|{\frac {a\Delta t}{\Delta x}}\right|\leq 1.$

A Taylor series analysis of the upwind scheme discussed above will show that it is first-order accurate in space and time. The first-order upwind scheme introduces severe numerical diffusion in the solution where large gradients exists.

Second-order upwind scheme

The spatial accuracy of the first-order upwind scheme can be improved by choosing a more accurate finite difference stencil for the approximation of spatial derivative. For the second-order upwind scheme, $u_{x}^{-}$ in equation (3) is defined as

$\qquad \qquad u_{x}^{-}={\frac {3u_{i}^{n}-4u_{i-1}^{n}+u_{i-2}^{n}}{2\Delta x}}$

and $u_{x}^{+}$ is defined as

$\qquad \qquad u_{x}^{+}={\frac {-u_{i+2}^{n}+4u_{i+1}^{n}-3u_{i}^{n}}{2\Delta x}}$

This scheme is less diffusive compared to the first-order accuarte scheme.

Third-order upwind scheme

For the third-order upwind scheme, $u_{x}^{-}$ in equation (3) is defined as

$\qquad \qquad u_{x}^{-}={\frac {2u_{i+1}+3u_{i}-6u_{i-1}+u_{i-2}}{6\Delta x}}$

and $u_{x}^{+}$ is defined as

$\qquad \qquad u_{x}^{+}={\frac {-u_{i+2}+6u_{i+1}-3u_{i}-2u_{i-1}}{6\Delta x}}$

This scheme is less diffusive compared to the second-order accurate scheme. However, it is known to introduce slight dispersive errors in the region where the gradient is high.

See also

• Finite volume method

References

• Hirsch, Charles (1990). Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Computational Methods for Inviscid and Viscous Flows. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0471924524.

(?) Hirsch, C., "Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows", Vol. I, 2^nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann (2007).

• Patankar, Suhas (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0891165224.

(?) Patankar, S. V., "Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow", Hemisphere Pub. Corporation, 1980.

• (?) Courant, R., Isaacson, E., and Rees, M., "On the Solution of Non-Linear Hyperbolic Differential Equations", Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 5, 243, 1952.