Whale louse

Whale lice
	File:Whale lice.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Crustacea
Class:	Malacostraca
Order:	Amphipoda
Suborder:	Corophiidea
Infraorder:	Caprellida; Rafinesque, 1815
Family:	Cyamidae; Rafinesque, 1815
Genera
	Cyamus; Isocyamus; Neocyamus; Platycyamus; Scutocyamus; Sirenocyamus; Syncyamus

The Whale louse is a parasitic crustacean of the family Cyamidae, the only family in the infraorder Cyamida. It is related to the better-known skeleton shrimp, most species of which are found in shallower waters.

Whale lice are external parasites, found in skin lesions, genital folds, nostrils, and eyes of marine mammals of the order Cetacea. These include not only whales but dolphins and porpoises as well.

Appearance

The body of the whale louse is distinctly flattened out and considerably reduced at the rear. Its legs, especially the back three pairs of legs, have developed into claw-like protuberances with which it clings to its host. Its length ranges from 5 mm to 25 mm, depending on the species.

In a comparison of Isocyamus kogiae from California with those of Australia, an article describes the dimensions as: "our specimen measured: total length 4.7 mm [4.75]; width of body 1.4 mm [1.5]; length of primary gill 1.0 mm [1.0]; length of propodus of first gnathopod 0.7 mm [0.5] ^[1].

Way of life

Most species of whale lice are associated with a specific species of whale. They remain with their host throughout their entire development and do not go through a free-swimming phase. Although the relationship between a specific species of whale louse and a specific species of whale is more pronounced with baleen whales than with toothed whales, almost every species of whale has a specific species of louse that is unique to it. With the sperm whale the parasitic relationship is in addition sex-specific. The whale louse Cyamus catodontis lives exclusively on the skin of the male sperm whale, while Neocyamus physeteris is found only on females and the young.

Whale lice attach themselves to the host body in places where they are protected from water currents, so they can be found in all of the natural body openings and in wounds; with baleen whales they are found primarily on the head and in the ventral pleats. With slow swimming baleen whales, up to 100,000 whale lice parasites can occur per whale,^{[citation needed]} while with toothed whales or fast swimming baleen whales, the individual parasite number is significantly lower.

With some species of whale lice, the infestation of the host with barnacles appears to play a great role. Species like Cyamus rhachianecti settle directly where the barnacles attach to the whale and scoop out the surrounding area so much that the barnacles fall off. On the right whale, the parasites live mainly on the raised callus-like patches of skin on the whales' heads, called callosities. The clusters of white-colored lice contrast greatly with the dark skin of the whale, and help researchers identify individual whales because of the unique shapes that the white lice clusters form.

The food of the whale lice is predominantly the algae that settle on the body of the host. Additionally they cause minor skin damage to the whale, but this does not lead to significant illness.

It is apparent that the development of the whale louse is closely connected with the life pattern of whales. The distribution of various lice species reflects the migratory patterns of the whales.

Species

Genus Cyamus
- Cyamus antcirclicensis
- Cyamus bahamondei
- Cyamus balaenopterae
- Cyamus boobis
- Cyamus catodontis
- Cyamus ceti
- Cyamus erraticus
- Cyamus glacialis
- Cyamus kessleri
- Cyamus monodontis
- Cyamus nodosus
- Cyamus orcini
- Cyamus orubraedon
- Cyamus ovalis
- Cyamus rhylinae
- Cyamus scammoni
Genus Isocyamus
- Isocyamus delphinii
- Isocyamus delphis
- Isocyamus deltobrachium
- Isocyamus kogiae
Genus Neocyamus
- Neocyamus physeteris
Genus Platycyamus
- Platycyamus thompsoni
- Platycyamus flaviscutatus
Genus Scutocyamus
- Scutocyamus parvus
- Scutocyamus antipodensis
Genus Sirenocyamus
- Sirenocyamus rhytinae
Genus Syncyamus
- Syncyamus chelipes
- Syncyamus pseudorcae
- Syncyamus aequus
- Syncyamus sp. Bowman
- Syncyamus sp. Leung

References

Niethammer, J. & Krapp, F. (Eds.) (1994). Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas. Band 6: Meeressäuger, Tel 1A: Wale und Delphine 1. Wiesbaden. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |pubsliher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Crablike 'Whale Lice' Show How Endangered Cetaceans Evolved". University of Utah. 2005-09-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
Gemmy Anderson (2003). "Gray Whales: The Migration South". Retrieved July 1. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Much of the content of this article comes from the equivalent German-language wikipedia article (September 2005).

^ Joel W. Martin & John E. Heyning (1999). "First Record of Isocyamus kogiae Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Cyamidae) from the Eastern Pacific, with Comments on Morphological Characters, a Key to the Genera of the Cyamidae, and a Checklist of Cyamids and their Hosts" (PDF). Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. (1): 26–38. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |unused_data= (help); Text "volume-98" ignored (help)

[1] Joel W. Martin & John E. Heyning (1999). "First Record of Isocyamus kogiae Sedlak-Weinstein, 1992 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Cyamidae) from the Eastern Pacific, with Comments on Morphological Characters, a Key to the Genera of the Cyamidae, and a Checklist of Cyamids and their Hosts" (PDF). Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci. (1): 26–38. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |unused_data= (help); Text "volume-98" ignored (help)

[1]