Skopje and Ski: Difference between pages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Difference between pages)
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Undid revision 244387804 by 77.28.51.232 (talk)
 
m Reverted edits by 169.204.106.119 to last version by 71.89.35.146 (HG)
 
Line 1: Line 1:
[[Image:Meribel_janvier_2008.jpg|thumb|Meribel (France)]]
{{Infobox Settlement
{{about|the sporting device|the related activity|Skiing}} {{otheruses}}
|official_name = Скопје<br>Skopje
|website = [http://www.skopje.gov.mk/en/ skopje.gov.mk]
|image_skyline = Skopje, FYR Macedonia.jpg
|image_caption = Skyline of Skopje
|image_flag = Flag of Skopje.png
|image_seal = OpstiniMK.png
|image_map = MKD_muni_nonn(Skopje).png
|map_caption = Location of the city of Skopje (green) in Macedonia
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Municipalities of Macedonia|Municipality]]
|subdivision_name = {{MKD}}
|subdivision_name1 = [[Image:Flag of Skopje.png|25px]] [[Greater Skopje]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[Trifun Kostovski]]
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_total_km2 = 1854
|population_as_of = 2004
|population_total = 506 926
|population_density_km2 = 273.422
|population_density_sq_mi = 105.568
|population_metro = 587.300
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|{{coord|42|0|N|21|26|E|type:city(650,000)_region:MK}}
|elevation_m = 240
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type = Postal codes
|postal_code = MK-1000
|area_code = 02
|Licence Registration = SK
|footnotes = Patron saint: [[Virgin Mary]]
}}


[[Image:Ski.jpg|thumb|right|A shaped, twin-tip alpine ski.]]
'''Skopje''' ({{lang-mk|Скопје}}, {{Audio-IPA|Mk-Skopje.ogg|[ˈskɔpje]}}; {{lang-sq|Shkup, or Shkupi}}<ref>Qyteti i Shkupit ([[Albanian language|Albanian]] for City of Skopje) [http://www.skopje.gov.mk/sq/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 Official Website of the Municipality of Skopje, in [[Albanian Language]]]</ref>) is the [[capital]] and [[List of cities in the Republic of Macedonia by population|largest city]] in the [[Republic of Macedonia]], with more than a quarter of the population of the country, as well as its political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known from the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period under the name [[Scupi]]. The city developed rapidly after [[World War II]], but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a [[1963 Skopje earthquake|disastrous earthquake]]. Today Skopje is a modern city with a wide range of cultural monuments.
A '''ski''' is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow. Originally intended as an aid to travel in snowy regions, they are now primarily used for recreational and sporting purposes. Also, a '''ski''' may denote a similar device used for other purposes than skiing, for example, for steering [[snowmobile]]s.


Snow skis glide on snow because downward pressure, as well as heat from surface friction, melts a thin layer of snow directly under the ski. This creates a very thin layer of water directly under the ski upon which the ski glides. [[Ski wax]] is used to decrease drag by increasing the water repellent properties of the base.
Skopje is located at {{coord|42|0|N|21|26|E|type:city(650,000)_region:MK}}, on the upper course of the [[Vardar River]] and is located on a major north-south [[Balkan]] route between [[Belgrade]] and [[Athens]]. It has 506,926 inhabitants (2002 census), and is a major centre for metal-processing, chemical, timber, textile, leather, and printing industries. Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of culture and sport. Since the 1990s the city is emerging as a major transportation and logistics hub in Southeast Europe as the intersection of the two main European transport corridors - Corridor VIII (East-West) and Corridor X (North-South). This significance of the city has been enhanced by the construction of new highways on the two transversals, the new Skopje ring road, and the ongoing extension and modernization of [[Skopje Alexander the Great Airport]].

==Name==
:''See also: [[Names of European cities in different languages: Q-T#S|other names of Skopje]]''
In 1912, the name was officially changed from ''Uskub'' (the Turkish name for ''Skopje'') to ''Skoplje'' (the Serbian name for ''Skopje'') [http://www.cdsee.org/pdf/WorkBook3_sr.pdf]. Since the 1950s, the name of the city in [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] has been ''Skopje'' (Скопје), reflecting the [[Macedonian Cyrillic]] orthography for the local pronunciation. It originates from [[Latin language|Latin]] ''Scupi''. This, in turn, is explained either as going back to a local Thraco-[[Illyrian]] tribe,<ref>Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νεοελληνικής Γλώσσας</ref> or to the Greek ''skopion'' and ''skopein'' meaning to ''look out''[http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/s/s0154500.html], pointing to Skopje's origin as a classical era Greco-Roman frontier fortress town.<ref>Watkins, Thomas H., "Roman Legionary Fortresses and the Cities of Modern Europe", Military Affairs, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb., 1983)</ref> During the Middle Ages, Skopje was often under the rule of the [[Bulgarian Empire]]; the [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] rendition is ''Skopie'' (Скопие). The Turkish name of the city is ''Üsküb'' and it was known as ''Uskub'' or ''Uskup'' in most Western European languages during the period of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule.<ref>Room A. Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, p.335.</ref> The [[Serbian language|Serbian]] name for the city is ''Skoplje'' (Скопље); it was known as such in English from the time the city joined the [[Kingdom of Serbia]], and continued so during the time of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] (including the first ten years as the ''Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes''). In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] it is called ''Shkupi'', and in [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], ''Scopia''.


==History==
==History==
{{Main|History of skiing}}
The original Nordic ski technology was improved during the early twentieth century so that skiers could make turns at higher speeds. New ski and binding designs, coupled with the introduction of [[ski lift]]s and snow cats to carry skiers high up on mountains, enabled the development of most prominent category of the sport, [[alpine skiing]].


==Construction==
{{wide image|Skopje 1.JPG|1024px|[[Macedonia Square]] in central [[Skopje]]}}
Skis were originally wooden planks made from a single piece of wood. They are now usually made from a complex assembly of components including [[Glass-reinforced plastic|glass fiber]], [[Kevlar]], [[titanium]], other [[polymer]]s, Hardened plastic or [[composite material]]s, though many may still contain wood cores.

===Classical era===
[[Image:Skopie-general-1.jpg|thumb|220px|right|Skopje with its [[Neo-Classical]] architecture before the 1963 earthquake]]

The site of modern Skopje has been inhabited since at least 3500 BC; remains of [[Neolithic]] settlements have been found within the old Kale fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. The settlement appears to have been founded around the by the [[Paionians]], a people that inhabited the region. In the 3th century BC, Skopje and the surrounding area was invaded by the [[Dardani]].''Scupi'' came under [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rule after the general [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus]] defeated [[Andriscus of Macedon]] in 148 BC, being at first part of the [[Roman province]] of [[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]], established in 146 BC. The northward expansion of the empire in the course of the 1st century BC lead to the creation of the province of [[Moesia]] in [[Augustus]]'s times, into which ''Scupi'' was incorporated. After the division of the province by [[Domitian]] in 86 AD, ''Scupi'' was elevated to ''[[Colonies in antiquity#Roman colonies|colonia]]'' status, and became a seat of government within the new province of [[Moesia|Moesia superior]]. From 395 AD, it passed into the hands of the Eastern Roman (or [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]) Empire.

The first known bishop of the city is [[Perigorius]], present at the [[Council of Sardica]] (343). ''Scupi'' was probably a metropolitan see about the middle of the 5th century ([[Latin]]: ''Archidioecesis Scopiensis'').<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13609c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Scopia].</ref>

===Medieval era===

[[Image:Meister von Nerezi 001.jpg|thumb|220px|''Lamentation of Christ'', a Nerezi fresco (1164)]]

The Byzantine Emperor [[Justinian I]] was born near Skupi, at [[Tauresium]], in 483. In 518, Skupi was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake. Justinian came to the aid of its inhabitants by founding a new settlement called ''Justiniana Prima'' north from the site of Skupi. However, Justiniana and the remnants of Skupi were destroyed by invading [[Slavic peoples]] at the end of the 7th century. The Slavs renamed the site as Skopje but were eventually pushed out by the Byzantines.

During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the [[History of the First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]]. From 972 to 992 it was the capital of the [[First Bulgarian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.vmro-rousse.hit.bg/Pl_Pavlov.html |title=Цар Самуил и "Българската епопея" |publisher=VMRO Rousse |first=Plamen |last=Pavlov |location=Sofia, Veliko Tarnovo |year=2002 |language=Bulgarian}}</ref> After that, it was a capital of Byzantine administrative region (katepanat) Bulgaria after the fall the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. Skopje was a thriving trading settlement but fell into decline after being hit by another devastating earthquake at the end of the 11th century. It was a capital of the estate of the Bulgarian feudal lord, later Emperor [[Konstantin Asen]] in the middle of 13th century. The town was taken by the [[Serbs]] in 1282. In 1346 it was named the capital of the [[Serbian Empire]] of [[Stefan Dušan]].

===Ottoman era===
[[Image:Aladja Moschee01.JPG|thumb|160px|left|Ottoman mosque in Skopje's Old Town]]

In 1392, three years after the Serbian defeat in the [[Battle of Kosovo]] in 1389, Skopje was captured by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. For the next five hundred years it was known by the [[Turkish language|Turkish]] name ''Üsküb'' or ''Üsküp''. Ottoman Üsküb was the capital of the [[Kosovo Province, Ottoman Empire|Vilayet of Kosovo]] (district of Kosovo), which occupied a much greater area than the modern region of [[Kosovo]] [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Uskub].

The city's character changed markedly during this period. The Ottomans imported [[Islam]] and built many [[mosque]]s and other typically Ottoman buildings, such as ''hamams'' (baths) and travelers' inns, some of which still exist today. Many [[Sephardi Jews]] expelled from [[Spain]] also settled in the city, adding to its ethnic variety.
The medieval city was badly damaged by an earthquake in 1555, but it soon recovered and prospered. By the 17th century, its population was put at between 30,000-60,000. The Turkish writer [[Dulgar Dede]] visited Üsküb during this period and wrote: "I travelled for many years across that country of [[Rumelia]] and I saw a many beautiful cities and I was amazed at Allah's blessings, but not one impressed and delighted as much as the heavenly city of Skopje across which passes the Vardar River."

In 1689, however, Skopje was burned by the [[Austria]]n general [[Piccolomini|Engelberto d'Ugo Piccolomini]]{{ndash}} ostensibly to eradicate an outbreak of [[cholera]], but quite possibly to avenge the Ottomans' 1683 [[Battle of Vienna|attack on Vienna]].

The city's fortunes waned over the next 200 years and its population shrank to only about 10,000 people by the middle of the 19th century. It revived after 1873 with the building of the [[railway]] from [[Belgrade]] to [[Thessaloniki]], which passed through Skopje.

[[Image:Buildings in Skopje.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Downtown Skopje today]]
By 1905, Skopje had a population of approximately 32,000, which was composed of a mixture of ethnic and religious groups. In 1910, the [[Roman Catholic]] nun [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3139003.stm], Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later to become famous as [[Mother Teresa]], was born in Skopje.

The city became a major centre of rebellion against the weakening Ottoman Empire, and in 1903 it was a key player in the unsuccessful [[Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising]] against Ottoman rule. The Ottomans were shortly expelled from the city in [[August 12]], [[1912]] by the local [[South Slavs|Slavic]] population. Several months later the city was captured by the Serbs at the beginning of [[First Balkan War]].

===Balkan wars, I and II World War===

In 1913, the allies in the First Balkan War fell out with each other and launched the [[Second Balkan War]] over the division of the spoils. Serbia retained control of Skopje, with the Vardar valley being incorporated into Serbia. This lasted until October 1915, when Bulgaria joined the [[Central Powers]] and seized much of Serbian-ruled Macedonia.
The city was occupied by Serbia at end of the [[World War I]] in 1918, when it became part of the [[Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (known as the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] from 1929). Between 1941–1944 the city was under Bulgarian occupation. One month after the communists took power in Sofia and the Bulgarian army was sent to fight the Germans to the west front, Skopje was seized by [[Yugoslav partisans|Yugoslavian troops]], and then joined Yugoslavia in 1944, when it became the capital of the newly established [[People's Republic of Macedonia]]. Following the wars, Skopje and the rest of Vardar Macedonia was incorporated into [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito's]] [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Skopje grew rapidly during united Yugoslavia and became a major{{Fact|date=June 2007}} industrial centre for the south-central [[Balkans]] region.

===1963 earthquake===
{{main|1963 Skopje earthquake}}

[[Image:Parliament Skopje.jpg|thumb|200px|National Parliament of Macedonia]]

On [[26 July]] [[1963]], Skopje was struck by another [[1963 Skopje earthquake|major earthquake]], measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale, which killed over 1,000 people and made another 120,000 homeless. Eighty percent of the city was destroyed by the earthquake, and numerous cultural monuments were seriously damaged. The losses from the quake amounted to a massive 150% of Macedonia's GNP at the time and 15% of Yugoslavia's GNP. A major international relief effort saw the city rebuilt quickly, though much of its old Ottoman aspect was lost in the process. The ruins of the old Skopje train station which was destroyed in the earthquake remain today as a memorial to the victims along with an adjacent museum.


===Capital of independent Macedonia===

Skopje has been officially the capital of the Republic of Macedonia since 1945, in 1991 becoming the capital of a fully independent state. Skopje is the political, administrative, and commercial center of the country. Home of the public [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]] founded in 1949 and five other private universities.

==Geography==

[[Image:Skopje SPOT 1114.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Skopje satellite image]]

{{climate chart
|Skopje
|-3.4|4.3|34
|-1.3|8.4|37
|1.9|13.8|36
|5.4|18.5|40
|9.9|23.7|62
|13.1|27.5|46
|14.9|30.0|34
|14.6|30.0|31
|11.3|26.0|41
|6.3|19.3|44
|1.3|10.2|56
|-2.4|5.1|46
|source=[http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/m/MC13586.html#data Climate-Charts.com]
|float=right
}}
Skopje is located in the northern part of Macedonia, in the [[Skopje statistical region]]. The [[Vardar River]] flows through the city and the rest of the country, passing the border into Greece and flowing into the [[Aegean Sea]]. Skopje is located at an elevation of 255 meters above sea level. The city's land area is 1,854 km² (715.8 [[sq mi]]).
===Climate===
The city experiences a [[continental climate]], with warm summers and cool winters.

==Administrative divisions==

Skopje is an administrative division within the [[Republic of Macedonia]] constituted of 10 municipalities. As a such administrative unit Skopje is the capital of the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. It is part of [[Skopje statistical region]] (''Скопски регион'').

The organisation of [[Greater Skopje|Skopje]], like a distinct unit of the local-selfgovernment is defined by the [[Law of Skopje]].

[[Image:Skopje administrative division numbered1.png|left]]

'''1 .''' [[Image:MMCA(Centar).png|20px]] [[Centar municipality|Centar]] <br/>
'''2 .''' [[Image:MMCA(Gazi Baba).png|20px]] [[Gazi Baba municipality|Gazi Baba]]<br/>
'''3 .''' [[Image:Grb aerodrom.png|20px]] [[Aerodrom municipality (Macedonia)|Aerodrom]]<br/>
'''4 .''' [[Čair municipality|Čair]]<br/>
'''5 .''' [[Image:MMCA(Kisela Voda).png|20px]] [[Kisela Voda municipality|Kisela Voda]]<br/>
'''6 .''' [[Image:Butelski grb.jpg|20px]] [[Butel municipality|Butel]]<br/>
'''7 .''' [[Image:MMCA(Shuto Orizari).png|20px]] [[Šuto Orizari municipality|Šuto Orizari]]<br/>
'''8 .''' [[Image:MMCA(Karposh).png|20px]] [[Karpoš municipality|Karpoš]]<br/>
'''9 .''' [[Image:MMCA(Gjorche Petrov).png|20px]] [[Gjorče Petrov municipality|Gjorče Petrov]]<br/>
'''10 .'''[[Image:Sarajski grb.png|20px]] [[Saraj municipality|Saraj]]

==Demographics==

According to the 2002 census,<ref>[http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf 2002 census results] in English and Macedonian (PDF)</ref> the population of Skopje was 506,926 people. The main ethnic groups are [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Macedonians]] - 338,358, who make 66.75% of the population, followed by [[Albanians]] - 103,891 (20.49%), [[Roma people|Roma]] - 23,475 (4.63%), [[Serbs]] - 14,298 (2.82%), [[Turkish people|Turks]] - 8,595 (1.70%), [[Bosniaks]] - 7,585 (1.50%) and [[Aromanians]] (Vlachs) - 2,557 (0.50%) and others - 8,167 (1.61%)

97.5% of the population over the age of 10 is literate.

==Landmarks==

[[Image:Skopje at night.jpg|thumb|right|Old Stone bridge]]

===Old Stone Bridge===
The Old Stone Bridge in the city square is built under the patronage of Sultan [[Mehmed II]] the Conqueror between 1451 and 1469. However, some sources assume it was built by Byzantine emperor Justinian I in V century A.D. This bridge represents the connection between Skopje’s past and present and today is featured as the emblem of the city of Skopje. The bridge was partially renovated in the 1990s.

===Old Skopje Bazaar===
The Skopje Old Bazaar is situated in an area between the Stone Bridge and the Bit Bazaar, and between the Kale fortress and the Serava River. In the past all economic activities in the city were taking place in this bazaar. In the period between the XVI and the XVII century, the Old Bazaar reached its urban and economic zenith, developing into one of the largest and most significant oriental old bazaars in the Balkans. It is full of bustling shops that beckon visitors. This bazaar is an interesting mixture of Eastern and Western culture.

[[Image:MacedoniaSquareSkopje edit.jpg|thumb|right|Macedonia square in Skopje]]
===Macedonia square===
This square is the largest and most important of Skopje’s squares. It is dramatically widened by the destruction of the massive neoclassical National Bank and Army House during the 1963 earthquake. The most remarkable building is the Risticheva Palata. However, the focus of the square is still the Stone Bridge, and it’s a pleasant place to hang out in good weather. During the warmer months concerts are performed in the square.

=== Kale Fortress===

This fortress is situated in a hill above the city and there were settlements that existed before the Turks created the extensive castle walls that survived until today. The present fortress was originally built by the Byzantines in the 6th century. It is supposed that the stone blocks used in this construction were taken from the destroyed city of [[Skupi]] nearby. After the 1963 earthquake, Kale’s circular, rectangular and square towers were conserved and restored. Today this fortress is the one of the best sightseeing spots in Skopje.


Most skis are long and thin, pointed and curve upwards at the front to prevent digging into the snow. The user is attached by [[ski binding|binding]]s which in turn hold the [[ski boots]]. Beginning in the early 2000s, many ski manufacturers began designing their skis and bindings together, creating an ''integrated binding system''. These systems serve two purposes. Firstly, they often use a railroad track style design, to allow the toe and heel pieces to slide, which in turn allows the ski to flex deeply, without an unflexed spot underfoot due to the binding. Secondly, it allows the consumer to purchase both skis and bindings from the same manufacturer, thus increasing sales.
[[Image:Old Railway station Skopje Earthquake 1963 Macedonia.JPG|thumb|right|Old railway station in Skopje]]
===Old Railway Station ===
The clock on this old train station stopped at 5:17 am since the morning of July 26th 1963, when this piece of the grand modernist station of Skopje was one of the few parts of the city that remained standing after a massive earthquake crushed the city. It measured 6.1 on the Richter scale, killed nearly two thousand people, and left over a hundred thousand homeless after destroying about 80% of the city. It's a reminder of a tragic moment in Skopje's history.


==Types of ski==
[[Image:VodnoMillenniumCrossMorning.jpg|thumb|left|150px|The [[Millennium Cross]] on top of [[Vodno|Vodno mountain]]]]
Many types of skis exist, all designed for different situations, of which the following are a selection.
===Millennium Cross===
The [[Millennium Cross]], situated on the peak of the mountain [[Vodno]], is a tourist attraction. At 66 meters high, it is the biggest cross of the world and can be seen from 30 km away. It was build to celebrate 2000 years of the existence of Christianity and of Macedonia as a biblical land.


===Alpine ski===
===Sveti Spas (Saint Salvation) Church ===
Like all skis, the original alpine "downhill" skis were little more than glorified planks of wood. Eventually metal edges were added to better grip the snow and ice of a ski trail and for durability. Downhill ski construction has evolved into much more sophisticated technologies. The use of composite materials, such as carbon-[[Kevlar]], made skis stronger, lighter, and more durable. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, spearheaded by ELAN, manufacturers began producing parabolic "shaped" skis (when viewed from above or below, the center or "waist" is significantly narrower than the tip and tail). Virtually all modern skis are made with some degree of side cut. The more dramatic the difference between the width of the tip waist and tail, coupled with the length stiffness and camber of the ski, the shorter the "natural" turning radius. Skis used in downhill race events are long with a subtle side cut as they are built for speed and wide turns. Slalom skis—as well as many recreational skis—are shorter with a greater side cut to facilitate tighter, easier turns. Many ski manufacturers label skis with their design turn radius on the top. For a racing slalom ski, they can be as low as 12 meters (40 ft) and for Super-G they are normally at 33 meters (108 ft). However, for off-[[Piste|piste]] skis there is a trend toward wider skis to better float on top of powder snow. This means skiers have a huge range to choose from depending on individual needs and application.
This church, one of the most famous landmarks in Skopje, is located between the Old Bazaar and the Kale Fortress. The interior of this attraction is significant in art, as it features a giant iconostasis (altar) carved out of wood. Blending biblical figures and local scenery, the depictions themselves are of topical interest. [[Goce Delchev]], a national hero for his involvement in the late 19th century struggle for Macedonian liberation, is buried in the church backyard.


The ski is turned by applying pressure, rotation and edge angle. When the ski is set at an angle the edge cuts into the snow, the ski will follow the arc and hence turn the skier; a practice known as ''carving'' a turn. While old fashioned "straight skis" which had little side cut could [[carve turn]]s, great leg strength was required to generate the enormous pressure necessary to flex them into a curved shape for carving, a shape called "reverse camber". Now, when a modern, hourglass-shaped ski is tilted on to its edge, a gap is created between the ground and the middle of the ski (under the binding) as only the sides near the tip and the tail touch the snow. Then, as the skier gently applies pressure, the ski bends easily into reverse camber. Influenced by [[snowboarding]], during the 1990s this shaping of the ski became significantly more pronounced to make it easier for skiers to carve turns. This makes skiing much easier to learn, because the skis turn with much less effort when placed on edge. Such skis were once termed ''carving skis'', ''shaped skis'', or ''parabolic skis'' to differentiate them from the more traditional straighter skis, but nearly all modern recreational skis are produced with a large degree of side cut.
===Saint Panteleimon church===
The church of [[Saint Panteleimon]] in [[Nerezi]] near Skopje is a superb example of the Comnenian art on the all-Byzantine level. Commissioned by several members of the royal [[Comnenus]] family, the church was not finished until 1164. Nerezi is famous for its frescoes, representing a pinnacle of the 12th-century trend of intimacy and spirituality. They are often compared with similarly delicate works by [[Giotto di Bondone|Giotto]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, who worked 140 years later. These murals underwent serious 19th-century overpainting but were restored lately.


=== Kursumli An===
===See also===
*For other turning techniques, see [[Skiing]].
This former Turkish inn features architecturally interesting arches and domes. Because lead was used to top the structure, it became known as the ''Lead Inn'' (Kursumli An).Now it is sharing its location with a national museum for Macedonia. This type of structure, once common in Islamic cities, is known as a ‘’caravanserai.” Its appearance is identical to those of the caravan sarais that were built in the Islamic urban centers of these times. It is an impressive building with decorated walls and numerous small domes of a pyramidal shape. Its roof was covered by lead, and this is how its name originated (kuršum in Turkish language means lead).


The ski binding anchors the foot firmly to the ski at heel and toe. As a safety feature, it is spring-loaded to detach the ski from the foot once a set pressure tolerance is exceeded, usually caused by falls or collisions. Modern bindings utilize a standard spring system to minimize the amount of force applied to joints such as the knee during backward twisting falls.
=== Mustafa Pasha Mosque ===
Of the old mosques in the city, [[Mustapha Pasha Mosque]] is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful buildings of Ottoman architecture in Skopje. Located on a hill facing Fort Kale, this mosque dominates the whole surroundings and was built in the last decade of the 15th century when the military spahi system of Osmanli Turkish feudalism had reached the peak of its development. It is an endowment of Mustapha Pasha, an eminent figure in the Turkish state during the rule of Sultan [[Bayezid II]] and Sultan [[Selim I]]. The year of Mustapha Pasha's death is engraved on the entrance of his mausoluem, which is located by the mosque. It shows him to have died in 1519. The mausoleum and the mosque were both badly damaged in Skopje's 1963 earthquake, and restoration and conservation work was started in 1968. The interior of the mosque, like that of the porch, is mostly decorated with stylized plants. On the walls of the praying space are calligraphic inscriptions (lehve) with the names of Allah, Mohammed and his followers (Ebubekira, Ali, Osman and Omer) and quotations from the Qu'ran. The painted decorations are more recent, mainly from 1933 when the mosque was renovated. This can be seen from the intense blue and black color of the ornaments, which are often a confusing mass of color. Most of the city's 1930s 'Balkan Art Nouveau' buildings were also destroyed in 1963 but some characteristic examples remain. Non-worshippers are not always granted access, but the building is at least lovely on the outside, with well-maintained gardens.


===Mother Teresa sites===
===Twin-tip ski===
There are several landmarks of [[Mother Teresa]] in Skopje, the city where she was born, including a marker for her birthplace and a statue. Currently a Memorial house of Mother Teresa's is building in Skopje.


{{main|Twin-tip ski}}
=== Other sites===
An ancient [[Skopje Aqueduct|Roman aqueduct]] survives to the north of the city. One of stone bridges connecting both side of Vardar River dates back to the reign of [[Stefan Dušan]]. This bridge is not to be confused with the more famous Stone Bridge in the city square.


[[Image:Ullr.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Böksta Runestone]] is believed to depict the Viking god [[Ullr]] with his skis and his bow.]]
==Culture==
Museum of Contemporary Arts Skopje[http://www.msuskopje.org.mk/], is one of the most important institution of Macedonia in discovering, treasuring and preserving the Contemporary Arts.
Тhe international community manifested an exceptionally wide solidarity in assisting the reconstruction of Skopje. An important part of that solidarity was also the action initiated by the International Association of the Plastic Arts which on its convention held in October 1963 in New York, called upon the artists of the world to assist in creating a collection of works of art by which they would support the vision of the city reconstruction.
The building project was donated by the Polish Government which made a national competition to this and where the joint work of the Polish architects: J. Mokrzynski, E. Wierzbicki and W. Klyzewski was accepted. Having a total area of 5000 sq. m., the Museum building is made up of three connected wings which include the halls for temporary exhibitions, the premises for the permanent exhibition, the hall for lecturers, film and video presentation, the library and the archives, the administration, the conservation workshop, the depots and other departments. The great park areas, that enable the installation of various sculptural projects, as well as the spacious parking further relate to the immediate environment of the Skopje Museum of Contemporary Art.


[[Twin-tip ski]]s are skis with turned-up ends at both the front and rear. They make it easier to ski backwards, allowing reversed take-offs and landings when performing aerial maneuvers. The turned-up tail allows less application of aft pressure on the ski, causing it to release from a turn earlier than a non-twin-tip ski. Twin-tip skis are generally wider at the tip, tail, and underfoot and constructed of softer materials to cushion landings. Bindings are typically mounted closer to the center of the ski to facilitate the balance of fore and aft pressure while skiing backwards or "switch", and built lower to the ski for easy rail sliding. Some skis are also manufactured with special materials or a different side cut design under and close to the foot to facilitate rail sliding (also referred to as "jibbing"). The popularity explosion of twin-tip skis created a push for the inclusion of more terrain park elements at ski areas across the globe. In the past five years twin tips have become popular among youth skiers, ages 14-21. Once considered a passing fad, twin-tip skis have become a staple ski in the product line of all major ski-producing companies worldwide, with a few specializing in twin tips. Line Skis, started by Jason Levinthal, is the first company to market only twin-tip skis. The first twin-tip ski was the ''Olin Mark IV Comp'' introduced in 1974. The first company to successfully market a twin-tip ski was Salomon, with their 1080 ski. These skis are often used by freestylers.
The [[Skopje Jazz Festival]] is one of the most important jazz events in Southeast Europe held annually ever since 1981. The artists` profiles include fusion, acid jazz, latin jazz, smooth jazz, and avant-garde jazz, which brings a great variety and richness to this festival. [[Ray Charles]], [[Tito Puente]], [[Gotan Project]], [[Al di Meola]], [[Youssou N'Dour]], just to name few, have taken part at this festival. The Skopje Jazz Festival is part of the European Jazz Network and The European Forum of World Wide Festivals. It is held in October.


[[Image:Pokhodmoskovityan.jpg|thumb|Romantic 1903 rendition of medieval Russian soldiers' use of skis to facilitate their movement during winter campaigns.]]
===Sports===
{{main|Sports in Skopje}}


===Alpine touring ski===
==Famous people born in Skopje==
The [[Ski touring|Alpine touring ski]] is usually a modified lightweight downhill ski with an [[ski binding|alpine touring binding]]. Like the backcountry ski it is designed for unbroken snow. For climbing of steep slopes, skins (originally made of seal fur, but now made of synthetic materials) can be attached at the base of the ski and the binding opened at the heel. For skiing downhill the bindings are locked. The ski is used with alpine touring boots which are rigid but lighter than downhill skiing boots.
{{see|List of people from Skopje}}


===Monoski===
Some notable people born in Skopje or its surroundings are:
The [[monoski]] is a double width ski that attaches to both feet in modern front entry boots. More common in use during a brief boom in the 1980s, today the monoski is used by only a few thousand enthusiasts worldwide. The monoski is produced by a half dozen companies worldwide in limited quantities. Due to its extra width and flotation in deep snow, enthusiasts claim it to be a superior powder ski.


===Telemark ski===
*[[Mother Teresa]] - [[Roman Catholic]] [[Humanitarian]]
The [[Telemark skiing|Telemark ski]] is a downhill or [[Ski touring|touring]] ski, where the binding attaches only at the toe. The Telemark ski was the first ski with an inwards-turned waist which made it much easier for skiers to turn. It was pioneered by [[Sondre Norheim]] of [[Telemark]], [[Norway]]. The fact that the foot is only attached to the ski at the toes, means that specialized more flexible ski boots are used, and a specific turning technique involves pushing one foot forward and lifting the heel of the other foot.
*[[Darko Pančev]] - [[Uefa Champions League]] Winner and Europe's top Goalscorer in 1991
*[[Milčo Mančevski]] - Macedonian [[film director]]
*[[Blagoj Nacoski]] - [[tenor]] [[opera]] singer
*[[Trifun Kostovski]] - [[mayor]] of Skopje
*[[Esma Redžepova]] - [[Romani]] [[vocalist]]
*[[Srgjan Kerim]] - President of the United Nations General Assembly


===Cross-country ski===<!-- This section is linked from [[Reindeer hunting in Greenland]] -->
==Sister and partner cities==
[[Cross-country skiing|Cross-country ski]]s are very light and narrow, and usually have parallel edges, though some newer skis have a slight [[sidecut]]. The boots attach to the bindings at the toes only. There are three binding systems most often used: Rottefella's NNN, Salomon's SNS profil, and SNS pilot. The ski bases are waxed to reduce friction during forward motion, and [[Cross-country skiing#Kick wax|kick wax]] can also be applied for adhesion when walking uphill. Some waxless models may have patterns on the bottom to increase the friction when the ski slides backward. There are two major techniques, classical (traditional striding) and freestyle or skating which was developed in the 1980s. Skating skis are shorter than classical skis and do not need grip wax. Skating is also the technique used in [[biathlon]]s.
{|width=100%
|valign=top|
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Nürnberg]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Zaragoza]], [[Spain]]
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]]
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Dresden]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tempe, Arizona]], [[United States|USA]]
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Lecce]], [[Italy]]
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[East York, Ontario]], [[Canada]]
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Wroclaw]], [[Poland]]
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
*{{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Waremme]], [[Belgium]]
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Niš]], [[Serbia]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pittsburgh]], [[USA]]
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Bradford]], [[England]]
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Craiova]], [[Romania]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Dijon]], [[France]]
|valign="top"|
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Belgrade]], [[Serbia]]
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Pernik]], [[Bulgaria]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Roubaix]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], [[Montenegro]]
|}


===Backcountry ski===
==Notes==
Skis for [[Backcountry skiing|mountain/backcountry/cross-country free range skiing]] which are designed for skiing on unbroken snow where an established track is lacking. These skis are characteristically quite wide (10 cm and greater), and often fitted with [[ski binding|cable binding]]s to provide general sturdiness, and to better extract ones feet from deep snow banks, in case it should be impossible to reach the bindings by hand. This is also the model used by military forces trained to fight in winter conditions, and the most closely related to the historical ski. The widest backcountry skis are often called 'Big Mountain' skis.
{{reflist}}


==External links==
===Mogul ski===
These skis are specifically designed for [[Mogul (skiing)|moguls]]. They are typically softer, less wide and less waisted compared to a common carving ski.
{{commonscat|Skopje}}


===Ski jumping ski===
*[http://www.skopjeonline.com.mk/ Skopje Online: Culture, Dining, Sports, and Entertainment Guide]
Skis for [[ski jumping]]. Long and wide skis, with bindings attaching at the toe.
*[http://www.skopjeclubbing.com.mk/ Skopje Clubbing - Nightlife Guide]
*[http://skp.airports.com.mk/ Skopje Alexander the Great Airport]
*[http://www.sas.com.mk/en/ Skopje Intercity Bus Station]
*[http://www.ukim.edu.mk/index.php?lan=en Saints Cyril and Methodius University - Skopje]
*[http://www.skopje.gov.mk/en City of Skopje Official Portal]
*[http://wikitravel.org/en/Skopje Skopje travel guide]


== Use on vehicles ==
Skis are sometimes used in place of tires on [[vehicle]]s intended to travel over snow. The best known example of this is the [[snowmobile]], but larger vehicles such as [[aerosan]]s, [[snow coach]]es, and [[snow plane]]s have also employed skis.


==See also==
{{coord|42.0052|21.4417|type:city|display=title}}
[[Image:Rollski-a.jpg|thumb|[[Roller skiing|Rollerskis]]]]


*[[Skiing|Skiing and skiing topics]] &ndash; further details of skis related to particular variations of ski sport
{{Skopje (close area)}}
*[[History of skiing]] &ndash; the ancient history of skis
{{Skopje}}
*[[Roller skiing]] &ndash; a type of [[inline skate]] that resembles a ski
{{Towns in the Republic of Macedonia}}
*[[Snowboarding]] &ndash; a newer way to ride on snow, on one large board rather than two skis
{{List of European capitals by region}}
*[[Skiboarding]] &ndash; very short, twintip skis
{{Capital cities of the European Union candidates}}
*[[Ski boot]] &ndash; specially designed boots for skiing
{{Capitals of Bulgaria}}
*[[ski patrol]] &ndash; patrolers on skis
{{Historical capitals of Serbia}}


== External links ==
[[Category:Skopje| ]]
* [http://www.math.utah.edu/~eyre/rsbfaq/physics.html Physics of skiing]
[[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]
* [http://www.fis-ski.com/data/document/ausre0607.pdf FIS equipment tolerances]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
* [http://skiinghistory.org/sidecut.html A history of the modern shaped ski]
* [http://www.shredbook.com/browse.php?cat=Ski&showBNav=true Skiing Dictionary]


[[Category:Skiing]]
{{Link FA|mk}}
[[Category:Sports equipment]]
[[Category:Skiing equipment]]


[[af:Skopje]]
[[bg:Ски]]
[[am:ስኮፕዬ]]
[[ca:Esquí]]
[[ar:سكوبيه]]
[[cs:Lyže]]
[[an:Skopje]]
[[da:Ski]]
[[roa-rup:Scopia]]
[[de:Ski]]
[[ast:Skopje]]
[[es:Tabla de esquí]]
[[az:Skopye]]
[[fr:Ski]]
[[be-x-old:Скоп'е]]
[[hr:Skije]]
[[bs:Skoplje]]
[[id:Ski]]
[[bg:Скопие]]
[[it:Sci (attrezzo)]]
[[ca:Skopje]]
[[he:סקי]]
[[cv:Скопье]]
[[ht:Ski]]
[[cs:Skopje]]
[[lt:Slidės]]
[[nl:Ski (voortbeweging)]]
[[cy:Skopje]]
[[da:Skopje]]
[[ja:スキー]]
[[de:Skopje]]
[[no:Ski (redskap)]]
[[dsb:Skopje]]
[[nn:Ski]]
[[et:Skopje]]
[[pl:Narty]]
[[el:Σκόπια]]
[[pt:Esqui]]
[[es:Skopie]]
[[ru:Лыжи]]
[[eo:Skopjo]]
[[scn:Sci]]
[[eu:Skopje]]
[[sr:Скије]]
[[fa:اسکوپیه]]
[[fi:Suksi]]
[[fo:Skopje]]
[[sv:Skidor]]
[[fr:Skopje]]
[[fy:Skopje]]
[[gv:Skopje]]
[[gd:Skopje]]
[[gl:Skopje]]
[[ko:스코페]]
[[hy:Սկոպյե]]
[[hsb:Skopje]]
[[hr:Skoplje]]
[[io:Skopje]]
[[id:Skopje]]
[[is:Skopje]]
[[it:Skopje]]
[[he:סקופיה]]
[[ka:სკოპიე]]
[[sw:Skopje]]
[[ht:Skopje]]
[[ku:Skopye]]
[[la:Scupi]]
[[lv:Skopje]]
[[lt:Skopjė]]
[[lij:Skopje]]
[[ln:Skopye]]
[[hu:Szkopje]]
[[mk:Скопје]]
[[nl:Skopje]]
[[ja:スコピエ]]
[[no:Skopje]]
[[nn:Skopje]]
[[nov:Skopje]]
[[oc:Skopje]]
[[pms:Skopje]]
[[pl:Skopje]]
[[pt:Skopje]]
[[crh:Üsküp]]
[[ro:Skopje]]
[[rmy:Skopiye]]
[[qu:Skopje]]
[[ru:Скопье]]
[[sq:Shkupi]]
[[simple:Skopje]]
[[sk:Skopje]]
[[cu:Съкопиѥ]]
[[sl:Skopje]]
[[sr:Скопље]]
[[sh:Skoplje]]
[[fi:Skopje]]
[[sv:Skopje]]
[[tl:Skopje]]
[[vi:Skopje]]
[[tg:Скопе]]
[[tr:Üsküp]]
[[uk:Скоп'є]]
[[vo:Skopje]]
[[wo:Skopje]]
[[zh:斯科普里]]

Revision as of 19:04, 10 October 2008

Meribel (France)
This article is about the sporting device. For the related activity, see Skiing.
For other uses, see Ski (disambiguation).
A shaped, twin-tip alpine ski.

A ski is a long flat device worn on the feet designed to help the wearer slide smoothly over snow. Originally intended as an aid to travel in snowy regions, they are now primarily used for recreational and sporting purposes. Also, a ski may denote a similar device used for other purposes than skiing, for example, for steering snowmobiles.

Snow skis glide on snow because downward pressure, as well as heat from surface friction, melts a thin layer of snow directly under the ski. This creates a very thin layer of water directly under the ski upon which the ski glides. Ski wax is used to decrease drag by increasing the water repellent properties of the base.

History

Main article: History of skiing

The original Nordic ski technology was improved during the early twentieth century so that skiers could make turns at higher speeds. New ski and binding designs, coupled with the introduction of ski lifts and snow cats to carry skiers high up on mountains, enabled the development of most prominent category of the sport, alpine skiing.

Construction

Skis were originally wooden planks made from a single piece of wood. They are now usually made from a complex assembly of components including glass fiber, Kevlar, titanium, other polymers, Hardened plastic or composite materials, though many may still contain wood cores.

Most skis are long and thin, pointed and curve upwards at the front to prevent digging into the snow. The user is attached by bindings which in turn hold the ski boots. Beginning in the early 2000s, many ski manufacturers began designing their skis and bindings together, creating an integrated binding system. These systems serve two purposes. Firstly, they often use a railroad track style design, to allow the toe and heel pieces to slide, which in turn allows the ski to flex deeply, without an unflexed spot underfoot due to the binding. Secondly, it allows the consumer to purchase both skis and bindings from the same manufacturer, thus increasing sales.

Types of ski

Many types of skis exist, all designed for different situations, of which the following are a selection.

Alpine ski

Like all skis, the original alpine "downhill" skis were little more than glorified planks of wood. Eventually metal edges were added to better grip the snow and ice of a ski trail and for durability. Downhill ski construction has evolved into much more sophisticated technologies. The use of composite materials, such as carbon-Kevlar, made skis stronger, lighter, and more durable. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, spearheaded by ELAN, manufacturers began producing parabolic "shaped" skis (when viewed from above or below, the center or "waist" is significantly narrower than the tip and tail). Virtually all modern skis are made with some degree of side cut. The more dramatic the difference between the width of the tip waist and tail, coupled with the length stiffness and camber of the ski, the shorter the "natural" turning radius. Skis used in downhill race events are long with a subtle side cut as they are built for speed and wide turns. Slalom skis—as well as many recreational skis—are shorter with a greater side cut to facilitate tighter, easier turns. Many ski manufacturers label skis with their design turn radius on the top. For a racing slalom ski, they can be as low as 12 meters (40 ft) and for Super-G they are normally at 33 meters (108 ft). However, for off-piste skis there is a trend toward wider skis to better float on top of powder snow. This means skiers have a huge range to choose from depending on individual needs and application.

The ski is turned by applying pressure, rotation and edge angle. When the ski is set at an angle the edge cuts into the snow, the ski will follow the arc and hence turn the skier; a practice known as carving a turn. While old fashioned "straight skis" which had little side cut could carve turns, great leg strength was required to generate the enormous pressure necessary to flex them into a curved shape for carving, a shape called "reverse camber". Now, when a modern, hourglass-shaped ski is tilted on to its edge, a gap is created between the ground and the middle of the ski (under the binding) as only the sides near the tip and the tail touch the snow. Then, as the skier gently applies pressure, the ski bends easily into reverse camber. Influenced by snowboarding, during the 1990s this shaping of the ski became significantly more pronounced to make it easier for skiers to carve turns. This makes skiing much easier to learn, because the skis turn with much less effort when placed on edge. Such skis were once termed carving skis, shaped skis, or parabolic skis to differentiate them from the more traditional straighter skis, but nearly all modern recreational skis are produced with a large degree of side cut.

See also

  • For other turning techniques, see Skiing.

The ski binding anchors the foot firmly to the ski at heel and toe. As a safety feature, it is spring-loaded to detach the ski from the foot once a set pressure tolerance is exceeded, usually caused by falls or collisions. Modern bindings utilize a standard spring system to minimize the amount of force applied to joints such as the knee during backward twisting falls.

Twin-tip ski

Main article: Twin-tip ski
The Böksta Runestone is believed to depict the Viking god Ullr with his skis and his bow.

Twin-tip skis are skis with turned-up ends at both the front and rear. They make it easier to ski backwards, allowing reversed take-offs and landings when performing aerial maneuvers. The turned-up tail allows less application of aft pressure on the ski, causing it to release from a turn earlier than a non-twin-tip ski. Twin-tip skis are generally wider at the tip, tail, and underfoot and constructed of softer materials to cushion landings. Bindings are typically mounted closer to the center of the ski to facilitate the balance of fore and aft pressure while skiing backwards or "switch", and built lower to the ski for easy rail sliding. Some skis are also manufactured with special materials or a different side cut design under and close to the foot to facilitate rail sliding (also referred to as "jibbing"). The popularity explosion of twin-tip skis created a push for the inclusion of more terrain park elements at ski areas across the globe. In the past five years twin tips have become popular among youth skiers, ages 14-21. Once considered a passing fad, twin-tip skis have become a staple ski in the product line of all major ski-producing companies worldwide, with a few specializing in twin tips. Line Skis, started by Jason Levinthal, is the first company to market only twin-tip skis. The first twin-tip ski was the Olin Mark IV Comp introduced in 1974. The first company to successfully market a twin-tip ski was Salomon, with their 1080 ski. These skis are often used by freestylers.

Romantic 1903 rendition of medieval Russian soldiers' use of skis to facilitate their movement during winter campaigns.

Alpine touring ski

The Alpine touring ski is usually a modified lightweight downhill ski with an alpine touring binding. Like the backcountry ski it is designed for unbroken snow. For climbing of steep slopes, skins (originally made of seal fur, but now made of synthetic materials) can be attached at the base of the ski and the binding opened at the heel. For skiing downhill the bindings are locked. The ski is used with alpine touring boots which are rigid but lighter than downhill skiing boots.

Monoski

The monoski is a double width ski that attaches to both feet in modern front entry boots. More common in use during a brief boom in the 1980s, today the monoski is used by only a few thousand enthusiasts worldwide. The monoski is produced by a half dozen companies worldwide in limited quantities. Due to its extra width and flotation in deep snow, enthusiasts claim it to be a superior powder ski.

Telemark ski

The Telemark ski is a downhill or touring ski, where the binding attaches only at the toe. The Telemark ski was the first ski with an inwards-turned waist which made it much easier for skiers to turn. It was pioneered by Sondre Norheim of Telemark, Norway. The fact that the foot is only attached to the ski at the toes, means that specialized more flexible ski boots are used, and a specific turning technique involves pushing one foot forward and lifting the heel of the other foot.

Cross-country ski

Cross-country skis are very light and narrow, and usually have parallel edges, though some newer skis have a slight sidecut. The boots attach to the bindings at the toes only. There are three binding systems most often used: Rottefella's NNN, Salomon's SNS profil, and SNS pilot. The ski bases are waxed to reduce friction during forward motion, and kick wax can also be applied for adhesion when walking uphill. Some waxless models may have patterns on the bottom to increase the friction when the ski slides backward. There are two major techniques, classical (traditional striding) and freestyle or skating which was developed in the 1980s. Skating skis are shorter than classical skis and do not need grip wax. Skating is also the technique used in biathlons.

Backcountry ski

Skis for mountain/backcountry/cross-country free range skiing which are designed for skiing on unbroken snow where an established track is lacking. These skis are characteristically quite wide (10 cm and greater), and often fitted with cable bindings to provide general sturdiness, and to better extract ones feet from deep snow banks, in case it should be impossible to reach the bindings by hand. This is also the model used by military forces trained to fight in winter conditions, and the most closely related to the historical ski. The widest backcountry skis are often called 'Big Mountain' skis.

Mogul ski

These skis are specifically designed for moguls. They are typically softer, less wide and less waisted compared to a common carving ski.

Ski jumping ski

Skis for ski jumping. Long and wide skis, with bindings attaching at the toe.

Use on vehicles

Skis are sometimes used in place of tires on vehicles intended to travel over snow. The best known example of this is the snowmobile, but larger vehicles such as aerosans, snow coaches, and snow planes have also employed skis.

See also

Rollerskis

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje&oldid=244424289"