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{{language |
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|name=Halkomelem |
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|nativename=Halq'eméylem, Hul'qumi'num', {{unicode|Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm'}} |
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|states=[[Canada]], [[United States]] |
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|region=Southern [[British Columbia]] into northern [[Washington]] |
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|speakers=200 |
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|familycolor=American |
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|fam1=[[Salishan languages|Salishan]] |
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|fam2=[[Coast Salish]] |
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|iso2=sal|iso3=hur}} |
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'''Halkomelem''' (also '''Halq'eméylem''', '''<nowiki>Hul'qumi'num'</nowiki>''', and '''{{unicode|Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm'}}''') is a [[Coast Salish]]an language of the [[First Nations]] around the [[Fraser River]] and the southern end of [[Vancouver Island]] in [[British Columbia]]. Halkomelem is most closely related to [[Sḵwxwú7mesh language|Sḵwxwú7mesh snichim]] (Squamish), [[Sháshíshálh language|Sháshíshálh]] (Sechelt), and [[Nooksack language|Lhéchalosem]] (Nooksack). |
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The word "Halkomelem" is an [[anglicization]] for a language with three [[dialects]]: ''Halq'eméylem'', the dialect spoken by the upriver [[Stó:lo|Stó:lō]] of the Fraser Valley, ''{{unicode|Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm'}}'', the dialect of the downriver Stó:lō, and ''<nowiki>Hulq'umín'um'</nowiki>'', spoken by six separate but closely related First Nations in the [[Georgia Strait]] area: the Chemainus, Cowichan, Halalt, Lake Cowichan, Lyackson, and Penelakut.<ref>[http://www.hulquminum.bc.ca/ Hul'quim'num Treaty Group]</ref> |
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In [[1977]] [[Brent Galloway]] of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] compiled the first [[grammar]] of [[Upriver Halkomelem|Upriver (Chilliwack) Halkomelem]] and developed the now-official Stó:lō orthography. He is currently working on a Halkomelem [[dictionary]]. |
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According to Galloway, some words in Halkomelem "encapsulate the whole knowledge of the culture." The language has a rich [[oral literature]] which shows a whole way of looking at the universe that is different from that of English or other European languages. |
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The Halkomelem language is near extinction largely due to the extensive transportation of First Nations children to [[residential schools]]. In 2000, it was estimated that the number of fluent Halkomelem speakers was less than one dozen. Language programs at the [[Stó:lō Nation]], [[Seabird Island First Nation]], and [[Cowichan First Nation]] have been developed to save the language. A program aimed at adults at [[Musqueam]] is a collaboration between the band and the [[University of British Columbia]] First Nations Language Program. |
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==Basic Halq'eméylem words and phrases== |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!English |
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!Halq'eméylem <ref>Halq'eméylem Language by Helen Carr, [[Kwantlen First Nation]]</ref> |
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||Hello/Greetings || ''Kwéleches'' |
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||How are you? || ''Lichewx we eyo'' |
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||I am fine || ''Tsel we eyo'' |
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||Thank you || ''Kw'as hoy'' |
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||What is your name? || ''Tewat te' skwix'' |
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||1|| ''Letse'' |
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||2|| ''Isa:le'' |
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||3|| ''Lhi:xw'' |
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||4|| ''Xe'o:thels'' |
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||5|| ''Lheq'a:tses'' |
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||6|| ''T'xem'' |
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||7|| ''Tho:kws'' |
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||8|| ''Teqa:tsa'' |
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||9|| ''Tu:xw'' |
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||10|| ''O:pel'' |
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|} |
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==Phonology== |
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It tells something about how the phonology of the language contrasts with those English speakers are more likely to be used to to note that, while the word 'language' is derived from a root meaning 'tongue', the names of languages in Hul’q’umi’num are formed by appending '-qun', meaning 'throat'. |
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The phonology of the {{unicode|Hǝn'q'ǝmin'ǝm'}} dialect is (based on the charts at [http://www.languagegeek.com/ LanguageGeek]): |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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! |
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! [[Bilabial]] |
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! [[Interdental]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] [[affricate]] |
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! [[Palatal]] |
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! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! [[Labialization|Labialized]] Velar |
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! [[Uvular]] |
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! [[Labialization|Labialized]] Uvular |
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! [[glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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! [[Stop consonant|Stop]] |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|p}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|t}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|ts}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|tʃ}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|k}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|kʷ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|q}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|qʷ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|ʔ}} |
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|- |
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! [[Ejective]] |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|pʹ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|tθʹ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|tʹ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|tsʹ}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|tɬʹ}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|kʷʹ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|qʹ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|qʷʹ}} |
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| |
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|- |
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! [[Fricative]] |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|θ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|s}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|ʃ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|ɬ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|x}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|xʷ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|χ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|χʷ}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|h}} |
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|- |
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! [[Sonorant|Resonant]] |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|m}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|n}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|j}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|l}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|w}} |
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|- |
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! [[Glottalization|Glottalized]] Resonant |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|m̰}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|n̰}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|j̰}} |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|l̰}} |
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| |
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| align="center"|{{IPA|w̰}} |
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| |
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| |
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|} |
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The vowels are {{IPA|/i u e ə a/}}, with long counterparts {{IPA|/iː uː eː aː/}}. |
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==Peoples speaking Halkomelem== |
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===Hul'qumi'num (Hul’q’umi’num’: Island dialect)=== |
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*[[Penelakut First Nation]] |
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*[[Nanoose First Nation]] |
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*[[Somena]] |
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*[[Halalt First Nation]] |
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*[[Lyackson First Nation]] |
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*[[Malahat First Nation]] |
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*[[Snuneymuxw First Nation]] |
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*[[Cowichan First Nation|Cowichan Tribes]] |
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*[[Cowichan Lake First Nation]] |
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*[[Quamichan]] |
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===Hunquminum (Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓: Downriver dialect)=== |
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*[[Tsawwassen First Nation]] |
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*[[Musqueam First Nation]] |
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*[[Kwantlen First Nation]] |
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*[[Coquitlam First Nation]] |
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*[[Katzie First Nation]] |
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===Halqemeylem (Halq’eméylem: Upriver dialect)=== |
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*[[Matsqui First Nation]] |
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*[[Sumas First Nation]] |
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*[[Lakahahmen Lake First Nation]] |
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*[[Scowlitz First Nation]] |
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*[[Skwah First Nation]] |
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*[[Seabird Island First Nation]] |
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*[[Yale First Nation]] |
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*[[Tsakuam First Nation]] |
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*[[Union Bar First Nation]] |
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*[[Chawathil First Nation]] |
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*[[Skawahlook First Nation]] |
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*[[Skwah First Nation]] |
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*[[Ohamil First Nation]] |
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*[[Peters First Nation]] |
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*[[Popkum First Nation]] |
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*[[Cheam First Nation]] |
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*[[Skway First Nation]] |
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*[[Squiala First Nation]] |
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*[[Aitchelitz First Nation]] |
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*[[Kwawkwawapilt First Nation]] |
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*[[Yakweakwioose First Nation]] |
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*[[Skowkale First Nation]] |
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*[[Tzeachten First Nation]] |
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*[[Soowahlie First Nation]] |
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*[[Chehalis First Nation]] (non-[[Stó:lō]]) |
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==See also== |
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*[[Brent Galloway]] |
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*[[Donna Gerdts]] |
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*[[Patricia Alice Shaw|Patricia Shaw]] |
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*[[Wayne Suttles]] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hur Ethnologue Report for Halkomelem] |
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*[http://www.ydli.org/langs/halkomelem.htm First Nations Languages of British Columbia page on Halkomelem] |
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*[http://www.languagegeek.com/salishan/halkomelem.html Language Geek page on Halkomelem] |
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*[http://www.ydli.org/bcother/bclstat.htm Status of British Columbia First Nations Languages] |
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*[http://www.snuneymuxw.ca/hulqdictionary.htm Hul'q'umin'um Talking Dictionary] |
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*[http://www.sfu.ca/halk-ethnobiology/html/main.htm Halkomelem Ethnobiology Web Site (SFU)] |
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*[http://home.istar.ca/~bthom/icsnl2002-edited.htm Themes, thoughts, and theories on strategic planning for Hul'qumi'num language revitalization] |
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==References== |
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*Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. 2001. ''A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas''. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. |
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*Suttles, Wayne. 2004. ''Musqueam Reference Grammar''. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:Coast Salishan languages]] |
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[[Category:Endangered languages]] |
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[[Category:Languages of Canada]] |
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[[Category:Languages of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Northwest Coast]] |
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[[de:Halkomelem]] |
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[[fr:Halkomelem]] |
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[[ru:Халкомелем]] |
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