Halkomelem
| Halkomelem | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Canada , USA | |
| speaker | 200 (as of October 2007) | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | - | |
| Recognized minority / regional language in |
Canada | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
sal |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
hoor |
|
Halkomelem , also Halq'eméylem , Hul'qumi'num ' and Hən'q'əmin'əm' is a language of the Indian tribes living on the Fraser River and on the southern end of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. Halkomelem belongs to the Salish language family and is closely related to the idiom of Squamish , Sechelt and Nooksack .
The term Halkomelem is the English version for a language that consists of three different dialects:
- Hul'qumi'num (Icelandic dialect) is spoken by six closely related First Nations in the Georgia Strait area, especially on Vancouver Island,
- Hunquminum (Downriver dialect) is spoken by the Stó: lō on the lower Fraser River and
- Halqemeylem (Upriver dialect) is the dialect of the Sto: lo on the upper Fraser River.
In 1977, Brent Galloway from the University of California at Berkeley compiled the first grammar of the Upriver-Halkomelem and developed what is now the official orthography of the Sto: lo language. He is currently working on a Halkomelem dictionary. According to Galloway, some Halkomelem words "summarize all cultural knowledge". The language expresses an oral tradition that reflects a complete worldview and that is quite different from English or other European languages.
Halkomelem was almost extinct because the Indian children were forcibly sent to the residential schools established by whites . In 2000, the number of speakers who were fluent in Halkomelem was estimated to be less than a dozen, according to other sources to less than 100. To save the language, language programs were developed for which the Sto: lo Nation, the Seabird Island First Nation and the Cowichan First Nation were responsible. An adult program for members of the Musqueam was created through a collaboration between the tribe and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.
Some words and idioms in Halq'eméylem
| German | Halq'eméylem |
|---|---|
| Hello / greeting | Kwéleches |
| How are you? | Lichewx we eyo |
| I am fine | Tsel we eyo |
| thank you | Kw'as hoy |
| What is your name? | Tewat te 'skwix |
| one | Letse |
| two | Isa: le |
| three | Lhi: xw |
| four | Xe'o: thels |
| five | Lheq'a: tses |
| six | T'xem |
| seven | Tho: kws |
| eight | Teqa: tsa |
| nine | Tu: xw |
| ten | O: pel |
Halkomelem speaking groups
Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ': Icelandic dialect)
Hunquminum (H? N'q '? Min'? M ': Downriver dialect)
Halqemeylem (Halq'eméylem: Upriver dialect)
- Aitchelitz
- Chawathil
- Cheam
- Chehalis
- Kwawkwawapilt
- Lake Lakahahmen
- Matsqui
- Ohamil
- Peters
- Popkum
- Scowlitz
- Seabird Island
- Skawahlook
- Skowkale
- Skwah
- Skway
- Soowahlia
- Squiala
- Sumas
- Tsakuam
- Notice
- Union Bar
- Yakweakwioose
- Yale
literature
- William C. Sturtevant (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 17: Ives Goddard (Ed.): Languages. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 1996, ISBN 0-16-048774-9 .
Web links
- Report for Halkomelem. Ethnologue
- The languages of the First Nations in British Columbia
- Differences in the Halkomelem language
- Status of Languages in British Columbia
- Hul'q'umin'um dictionary
- Halkomelem Ethnobiology (SFU)
- Revival of the Hul'qumi'num language
- Tatul'ut tthu Hul'q'umi'num '/ Introduction to Hul'q'umi'num'
See also
Remarks
- ↑ SIL documentation
- ↑ Holly Ashley, Jon Corbett, Ben Garside, Giacomo Rambaldi: Change at hand. Web 2.0 for development (= PLA Notes. Notes on Participatory Learning and Action. 59). International Institute for Environment and Development, London 2009, ISBN 978-1-84369-716-9 , p. 52.
- ↑ From: Helen Carr: Halq'eméylem Language . Kwantlen First Nation
- ^ Translation of the English article. The missing pronunciation table should be translated by an expert.