Salish languages
Salish is a language family in North America that produced 23 languages. It occurs primarily in British Columbia , Canada and Washington State in the United States . It is one of the indigenous American languages .
The language code according to ISO 639-2 is "sal".
There are an estimated 2500 speakers left.
Classification of the Salish languages
Bella Coola
- 1. Nuxálk or Bella Coola / Bellacoola (the Nuxalk or Nuxalkmc , many took Lehnwörter of the dialect of the Heiltsuk (Bella Bella) and Haihai (Xai'xais) from the Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language , a northern Wakashan language )
- Kimsquit dialect (the Sutslmc)
- Nuxálk or Bella Coola dialect (the Nuxalkmc or Stuic (Stuie))
- Kwatna dialect (the Kwalhnmc / Kwalnamx / Kwalhna of Kwatna - ″ place of the Kwalhnmc / Kwalnamx / Kwalhna people ″)
- Tallheo / Taliomi or Talyu dialect (the Taliyumc / Talyumx from today's Tallheo (Talyu) - ″ place of the Taliyumc / Talyumx people ″)
Coastal Salish or Coast Salish
-
A. CENTRAL COAST SALISH (Central Coast Salish) or CENTRAL SALISH (Central Salish)
- I. Northern Georgia Strait Coast Salish or Northern (Coast) Salish
- 2. Comox-Sliammon or Ay-Ay-Ju-Thum / Salhulhtxw (ʔayʔaǰuθəm / Saɬuɬtxʷ)
-
- Island Comox (Island Comox) or Comox (Salhulhtxw / Saɬuɬtxʷ) dialect (the Comox (K'ómoks or Sathloot) around the present-day town of Comox , but later adopted the Liq'wala dialect of the Kwak'wala of the mighty Lekwiltok (spawn -kwil-tach) )
- Mainland Comox (Mainland Comox) or Ay-Ay-Ju-Thum (ʔayʔǰuθəm) / Éy7á7juuthem (? Ay? Adzhúth @ m), also Sliammon (ɬəʔamɛn) dialect
- Subdialect of Homalco (Xwemalhkwu)
- Subdialect of the Klahoose (ƛohos)
- Subdialect of the Sliammon (ɬəʔamɛn or Tla'amin)
-
- 3. Pentlatch or Puntletch / Puntledge (Pənƛ̕áč) (the Pentlatch (Puntletch or Puntledge) )
- 4. Sechelt or Sháshíshálh / She Sháshíshálhem (šášíšáɬəm) (the Sechelt (Shishalh) )
- II. Central Salish or Central Coast Salish
- 5. Halcomelem
-
Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') or Icelandic dialect, also Cowichan (in the southern Georgia Strait area, in the southeast of Vancouver Island , the Gulf Islands and along the lower Fraser River ; the tribes call themselves Hul'qumi' num Mustimuhw - "Hul'qumi'num-speaking peoples" or Xwulmuxw Mustimuxw - "indigenous people")
-
- Stz'uminus / Shts'um'inus or Chemainus subdialect
- Quw'utsun Mustimuhw, Khowutzun / Kw'amutsun (Quw'utsun) or Cowichan (Quamichan) subdialect (on the north bank of Cowichan Lake, in the Cowichan River Valley on the east coast of Vancouver Island)
- Snanaimuk / Nanaimo or Nanaimuk subdialect
- Malahat (Málexeł) (next to Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') originally speak the Malchosen (also: Malahat, Samish ) dialect of the Northern Straits Salish, which is closely related to the SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən dialect of the other Saanich ( W̱SÁNEĆ) is related - or viewed as a subdialect, "MÁLEXEȽ" is the SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən or Saanich designation)
- Penelakut (Penálaxeth ')
- Qualicum
-
-
Hunquminum (H? N'q '? Min'? M ') or Downriver dialect, also Musqueam (the Stó: lō and neighboring tribes in the Lower Fraser River Vally from Matsqui downstream as well as Greater Vancouver , New Westminster , X̲á: ytem , Mission ( Hatzic) , Stave River , Pitt Lake and Pitt River )
- Burrard (Tsleil-Waututh)
- Kitty
- Kwantlen (formerly: Langley Indian Band )
- Kwikwetlem (Coquitlam)
- Matsqui
- Musqueam or X'muzk'i'um (xʷməθkʷəy̓əm)
- Tsawwassen
-
Halqemeylem (Halq'eméylem) or Upriver dialect, also Stó: lō / Upper Stó: lō (the Stó: lō and some neighboring tribes in the Upper Fraser River Valley and Fraser Canyon, upstream from Sumas to Spuzzum)
-
- Tait subdialect of the Tít (Tait) tribe of the Stó: lō
- Chawathil (formerly: Hope Indian Band )
- Popkum
- Tait (Skawahlook)
- Shxw'ow'hamel
- Pilalt subdialect of the Pilalt tribe of the Stó: lō
- Chehalis or Cheminaus subdialect (the Chehalis (Sts'Ailes) in the Lower Mainland on the Lower Harrison River and Harrison Lake , great influences from Ucwalmícwts - not to be confused with the Upper Chehalis (Kwaiailk) and Lower Chehalis )
- Chilliwack / Chiliwack / Chilliwak subdialect (named after the Ts'elxwéyeqw tribe of the Stó: lō, along the Chilliwack River and the Harrison River and its tributaries)
-
- Ts'elxwéyeqw tribe of the Stó: lō (formerly also called Ch-ihl-kway-uhk or Chilliwack )
- Aitchelitz (Ăthelets) ("The point where two rivers meet")
- Skway (Shxwhá: y Village) (“A place to make canoes”)
- Skowkale (Sq'ewqéyl) ("At a bend in the Chilliwack River")
- Soowahlia (Th'ewá: li) ("Melting or dissolving away")
- Squiala (Sxwoyehálá) ("Gathering of a lot of people")
- Tzeachten (Ch'íyáqtel) (“Fishtrap, fish weir”)
- Yakweakwioose (Yeqwyeqwí: ws) ("Repeatedly burned out, village")
- Leq 'a: mel (Lakahahmen)
- Peter's band
- Skwah
- Qayqayt (Kikait)
- Seabird Island (Sq'éwqel) (their dialect is a mixture of Halqemeylem and Nlaka'pamuctsin (Thompson))
- Scowlitz (Scaulits)
- Sumas (Semá: th)
- Tsakuam
- Union Bar
- Yale (speak Halqemeylem and the Puchil dialect of Nlaka'pamuctsin)
-
-
Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') or Icelandic dialect, also Cowichan (in the southern Georgia Strait area, in the southeast of Vancouver Island , the Gulf Islands and along the lower Fraser River ; the tribes call themselves Hul'qumi' num Mustimuhw - "Hul'qumi'num-speaking peoples" or Xwulmuxw Mustimuxw - "indigenous people")
- 6. Nooksack or Lhéchelesem / Lhéchalosem (ɬə́čələsəm / ɬə́čælosəm) (the nooksack (Noxws'áʔaq) )
- 7. Squamish or Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim / Skwxwu7mesh (the Squamish (Skwxwú7mesh) )
-
III. Straits Salish or Straits
- 8. Klallam (Clallam) or Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən (also: Southern Straits Salish) (the Klallam (S'Klallam) )
- Elwha Klallam dialect
- Becher Bay Klallam dialect
- Jamestown Klallam dialect
- Little Boston Klallam dialect
- 9. Northern Straits Salish
-
- Xwlemiʼchosen / xʷləmiʔčósən or Lummi dialect
- Lummi (Xwlemi or Lhaq'temish)
- Swallah (Swalish) (are sometimes considered a subgroup of the Lummi)
- Malchosen / Malahat or (rarely also) Samish dialect (the Malahat (Málexeł) , closely related to the SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən dialect, therefore often regarded as a subdialect, also speak the Hulquminum (Hul'q'umi'num ') - Dialect of Halkomelem)
- SENĆOŦEN / Sənčaθən or Saanich dialect (the Saanich (W̱SÁNEĆ) )
- Siʔneməš or Samish dialect (the Samish (sʔémǝš) )
- Tah-tu-lo or Semiahmoo dialect (the Semiahmoo )
- Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk or Sooke dialect (the T'sou-ke (Sooke) )
- Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ / Lekwungen or Songhees / Songish dialect
- Subdialect of the Songhees (Lkwungen (Lekwungen))
- Subdialect of Esquimalt (Ess-whoy-malth)
-
- 8. Klallam (Clallam) or Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən (also: Southern Straits Salish) (the Klallam (S'Klallam) )
- IV. Southern Salish or Southern Coast Salish
- 10. Lushootseed (Puget (Sound) Salish) or Xʷəlšucid / Dxʷləšúcid
-
Northern Lushootseed (Northern Puget Sound Salish)
-
- Sduhubš or Snohomish dialect (the Snohomish (Sdoh-doh-hohbsh or Sdohobich) , their dialect represents a transition between the Northern Lushootseed and the Southern Lushootseed)
- Stillaguamish dialect (the Stillaguamish (Stoluck-wa-mish) )
- Skaǰət-Swinomish or Lower Skagit-Swinomish dialect
- Lower Skaǰət subdialect (the Lower Skagit )
- Swinomish subdialect (the Swinomish )
- Upper Skaǰət dialect (the Upper Skagit )
- Suiʼaẋbixʷ or Sauk-Suiattle dialect (the Sauk-Suiattle , a former group of the Upper Skagit)
-
-
Southern Lushootseed or Whulshootseed (Xʷəlšuʔcid) / Twulshootseed (Txʷǝlšucid) (Southern Puget Sound Salish)
-
- Diiwa'mTsh or Duwamish dialect (today's Duwamish (Dxʷ'Dəw? Abš) , once two tribes until 1850)
- Dxʷ'Dəw? Abš subdialect (the Dxʷ'Dəw? Abš - "the People of the Inside")
- Xacuabš subdialect (the Xacuabš - "the People of the Lake")
- s-tah-PAHBSH or Sammamish (Samena) subdialect (the Sammamish , are often considered a sub-tribe of the Xacuabš)
- Kikiallus dialect (the Kikiallus (Ki Ki Allus) on Fir Island in the Skagit River Delta, are counted among the Skagit)
- Bəpubšł / Bǝqǝlšuɫucid or Muckleshoot dialect (the Muckleshoot (Buklshuhls) )
- Txʷǝlšucid / Twulshootseed or Puyallup-Nisqually dialect
- Spuyaləqəlpubšut / S'Puyalupubsh or Puyallup subdialect (officially: Txʷǝlšucid) (the Puyallup (S'Puyalupubsh or Spuyaləqəlpubšut) )
- Sqʷaliʼabš or Nisqually subdialect (the Nisqually (Squalli-Absh or Sqʷaliʼabš) )
- Sʼəhiwʼabš or Sahewamish dialect (the Sahewamish (Sʼəhiwʼabš) )
- Skykomish dialect (the Skykomish (Skai-whamish) )
- Squaxin / Squaxon dialect (the Squaxin (Squaxon) )
- Sduqʷalbixʷ or Snoqualmie dialect (the Snoqualmie (Sduqwalbixw) )
- č'tilqwəbš / CH'tilQWubSH or Steilacoom dialect (the Steilacoom (Steilacoomamish or CH'tilQWubSH) )
- Suqʷabš or Suquamish dialect (the Suquamish (Suqwabš) )
-
-
Northern Lushootseed (Northern Puget Sound Salish)
- 11. Twana or Skokomish
- Quilcene dialect (the Kolsid (or Quilcene) and another 6 Twana (Tu-a'd-hu) groups)
- Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq or Skokomish dialect (the Skokomish (sqʷuqʷóʔbəš / sqWuqWu'b3sH or Twana) , largest Twana (Tu-a'd-hu) group)
- Tulalip dialect (the Tulalip or Du-hlelips (dx w lilap) )
-
B. TSAMOSAN (Olympic Peninsula) or SOUTHWEST COAST SALISH (on the Olympic Peninsula and adjacent areas)
-
I. Inland (inland) tsamosan
- 12. Cowlitz (Lower Cowlitz) or Sƛ̕púlmš (the Lower Cowlitz or Kwalhiokwa )
- 13. Upper Chehalis or Q̉ʷay̓áyiłq̉ (the Upper Chehalis or Kwaiailk - not to be confused with the Chehalis (Sts'Ailes) )
-
II. Maritime (sea) Samosan
- 14. Lower Chehalis or Łəw̓ál̕məš (the Lower Chehalis - not to be confused with the Chehalis (Sts'Ailes) )
- 15. Quinault or Kʷínayɬ
- Queet dialect (the Queet or Quaitso )
- Quinault dialect (the Quinault )
-
I. Inland (inland) tsamosan
-
C. TILLAMOOK (along Oregon's northwest and central Pacific coasts )
- 16. Tillamook or Hutyéyu
-
- Tillamook Dialect or Northern Dialect (the Tillamook (Nehalem) )
- Nehalem-Tillamook sub-dialect
- Garibaldi-Nestucca (Nestucka) subdialect
- Salmon River (Nechesnan) subdialect
- Siletz dialect or southern dialect (the Siletz , the southernmost group of the coastal Salish)
-
- 16. Tillamook or Hutyéyu
Inland Salish or Interior Salish
-
A. NORTH
- 17. Lillooet / St'át'imcets (the St'at'imc (Lillooet or Lilwat) )
- St'at'imcets or Fountain dialect (Upper St'at'imcets) (the Upper St'at'imc, also known as Upper Lillooet or Fraser River Lillooet )
- Ucwalmícwts / Lil'wat7úlmec or Mount Currie dialect (Lower St'at'imcets) (the Lower St'at'imc, also known as Lower Lillooet or Mount Currie Lillooet )
- 18. Shuswap or Secwepemctsín / Səxwəpməxcín (the Secwepemc (Shuswap) )
-
- Eastern dialect
- Kinbasket (Kenpesq't) subdialect
- Shuswap Lake / Secwepemc (Qw7ewt / Quaaout) -subdialect
- Western dialect
- Canim Lake (Tsq'escen) subdialect
- Chu Chua (Simpcw) subdialect
- Deadman's Creek (Skitsestn / Skeetchestn) –Kamloops (Tk'emlups) subdialect
- Fraser River (Splatsin, Esk'et) subdialect
- Pavilion (Tsk'weylecw) -Bonaparte (St'uxtews) -subdialect
-
- 19. Thompson (River) Salish or Nlaka'pamuctsin / Nɬeʔkepmxcín (the Nlaka'pamux (Thompson (River) Salish) )
- Nlaka'pamuctsin dialect (of the Nlaka'pamux groups in Fraser Canyon and Thompson Canyon)
- Scw'exmxcin dialect (the Scw'exmxim (or Nicola) Nlaka'pamux groups in the valley of the Nicola River)
- 17. Lillooet / St'át'imcets (the St'at'imc (Lillooet or Lilwat) )
-
B. SOUTH
- 20. Coeur D'Alene or Snchitsu'umshtsn / Snčícuʔumšcn (also Skitswish ) (the Coeur d'Alene (Schitsu'umsh or Skitswish) )
- 21. Columbia-Moses or Nxaảmxcín, often also Columbia-Wenatchi (also: Moses-Colombia Salish , Columbian , Chelan , Wenatchee )
-
- Columbia dialect (the Sinkiuse-Columbia (Middle Columbia Salish) )
- Wenatchi dialect
-
- 22. Colville-Okanagan , Syilx'tsn or Nesilextcl'n / Nsəlxcin (Nsyilxcn) (also Okanagon, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən )
-
I. Colville dialect group
-
- Senxwya? Tpitx or Colville (also: Kettle) dialect (the Colville (Skoyelpi or Swhy-ayl-puh) )
- Senp? Wilx, Nesilextcl'n or Sanpoil-Nespelem dialect
- Senp? Wilx or Nesilextcl'n subdialect (the Sanpoil (Nesilextcl'n or N'pooh-le) )
- Nespelem subdialect (the Nespelem (Nespilim) )
- Sn-selxcin or (Arrow) Lakes dialect (the Sinixt (Arrow Lakes Band) )
- S? Altikwet or (Arrow) Lakes subdialect
- Senickstx or Slocan subdialect
-
-
I. Colville dialect group
- II. Okanagan dialect group
- Northern Okanagan or Northern Okanogan
- Suknaqinx or actually. Northern Okanagan dialect (two regional idioms around Douglas Lake ("Spaxomin") and Nicola Lake ("Quilchena"), the Okanagan (Head of the Lake Indian Band), Osoyoos, West Bank (Stqaʔtkʷníwt) and Upper Nicola Band of the Northern Okanagan (Syilx) )
- Smelqmix or Similkameen Okanagan dialect (the Lower and Upper Similkameen (also: Lower and Upper Smelqmix) and Penticton Indian Band of the Northern Okanagan (Syilx) )
- Methow Okanagan dialect (the Methow or Mitois )
- Southern Okanagan or Southern Okanogan
- Senq'a? Itkw or Southern Okanagan dialect ( Sinkaietk (Lower or Southern Okanagan) )
- 23. Montana Salish or Salish (Séliš) ( npoqínišcn-qlispé-séliš , also: Kalispel – Pend d'Oreille , Kalispel – Spokane – Flathead or Spokane – Kalispel – Bitterroot Salish – Upper Pend d'Oreille )
-
- Npoqínišcn dialect (the Spokane (Sqeliz) )
- Qlispé / Qalispé or Kalispel dialect
- Qlispé / Qalispé or Kalispel subdialect (the Lower Kalispel (Lower Pend d'Oreille) )
- Čłqetkʷmcin or Qlispé subdialect (the Upper Kalispel (Upper Pend d'Oreille) )
- Chewelah subdialect (the Chewelah )
- Séliš or Salish dialect (the Flathead (Seliš or Bitterroot Salish) )
-
- 23. Montana Salish or Salish (Séliš) ( npoqínišcn-qlispé-séliš , also: Kalispel – Pend d'Oreille , Kalispel – Spokane – Flathead or Spokane – Kalispel – Bitterroot Salish – Upper Pend d'Oreille )
See also
literature
- Laurence C. Thompson: Salishan and the Northwest. In: Lyle Campbell , Marianne Mithun (Eds.): The Languages of Native America. Historical and comparative assessment. University of Texas Press, Austin TX 1979, ISBN 0-292-74624-5 , pp. 692-765.
- Hendricus F. Nater: The Bella Coola Language (= Canadian Ethnology Service. Paper 92, ISSN 0316-1862 ). National Museums of Canada, Ottawa 1984.
- M. Dale Kinkade: Salish Evidence Against the Universality of "Noun" and "Verb". In: Lingua. Vol. 60, No. 1, 1983, ISSN 0024-3841 , pp. 25-40, doi : 10.1016 / 0024-3841 (83) 90045-1 .
- Brent D. Galloway: A Grammar of Upriver Halkomelem (= University of California Publications in Linguistics. Vol. 96). , Berkeley CA et al. 1993, ISBN 0-520-09619-3 .
Web links
- Indian languages ( Memento from May 27, 2003 in the Internet Archive )
- North and Mesoamerican languages
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World English
- Image: Salish languages (.JPG)
- Literature: Salish Languages (YDLI)
- Map: Central Salish Groups (Central) ( Memento from July 28, 2001 in the Internet Archive )
- Map: Central Salish Groups (North) ( Memento from July 28, 2001 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ^ Northern Georgia Strait Coast Salish
- ^ Coast Salish Languages
- ^ Simon Fraser University - Central Coast Salish
- ↑ Éy7á7juuthem - Language of the spoken by the Sliammon (ɬaʔaʔmɛn), K'omoks, Klahoose, and Homalco First Nations
- ↑ First Peoples` Languages Map - MÁLEXEȽ (Malahat)
- ↑ First Peoples` Languages Map - MÁLEXEȽ (Malahat)
- ↑ First Nations Relations: Resource Guide - Fraser Valley Aboriginal Relations Committee (PDF; 2.7 MB)
- ↑ The Ts'elxweyeqw Tribe Members ( Memento of the original from October 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Tribes Speaking Lushootseed / Whulshootseed
- ↑ Twana Indians
- ↑ When Indians Plied Its Waters ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 3.0 MB)