Nlaka'pamux

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Nlaka'pamux, circa 1914

The Nlaka'pamux or Ntlakapamux (pronunciation: 'Ing-khla-kap-muh' or 'in-thla-CAP'-mu-wh') (formerly often referred to as Thompson ) are a group of Indian tribes of the Salish language group , whose language is called Nlaka'pamuctsin (also nɬeʔkepmxcín , outdated 'Thompson'). Culturally and linguistically, they belong together with the Secwepemc , Okanagan , Colville and St'at'imc to the group of the inland Salish , which, unlike the coastal Salish , are found in the often drier and mountainous landscapes of the plateaus of the Fraser River and Thompson River as well as Columbia River had to adjust.

At the time of the first contact with whites, they had their main settlements in the valley of the Fraser River and the Thompson River in what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia and in the North Cascades in Washington state . In summer they lived in easily transportable, cone-shaped huts covered with rush mats. In winter they moved to earth houses . Their livelihood was hunting, fishing and collecting wild plants. They buried their dead in the ground. Next to the corpses, they placed baskets and pots for the journey into the realm of the dead.

In the Fraser Canyon War of 1858 they got into a serious conflict due to gold diggers (see Fraser Canyon Gold Rush ).

The Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Heritage Park contains numerous artifacts from the tribe. It is jointly managed by BC Parks and the Nlaka'pamux Nation after 25 years of wrestling over the 1,060 km² area because it was about to be cleared.

Names

The Nlaka'pamux, were formerly commonly called Thompson (River Indians) , Thompson (River) Salish , as one of their main settlement areas was along the Thompson River.

Historically they were also known as Hakamaugh or Klackarpun (the English pronunciation of 'Nlaka'pamux'), and the Europeans also called the Nlaka'pamux Couteau , Kootomin or Knife Indians ('knife Indians').

Main groups

The Nlaka'pamux are usually divided into two major regional tribal and dialect groups:

  • the Nlaka'pamux or Thompson (River) Salish : several bands in Fraser Canyon and Thompson Canyon speak Nlaka'pamuctsin (AKA Nɬeʔkepmxcín , Nlaka'pamux or Nthlakampx )
  • the Swxexmx ("people along the streams") or Nicola (s) : several bands in the valley of the Nicola River (an important tributary of the Thompson River, which they called Scw'ex - "creek") speak Scw'exmxcin .

The Swxexmx , together with the Spaxomin / Spahomin of the Northern Okanagan , who had advanced into the eastern Nicola Valley , formed the Athapaskan-speaking Nicola (River) Athapasques (or Thompson River Athapasques ), who were already seeking protection from enemies here in the 17th century, under the leadership of mighty Okanagan Chiefs a military-political tribal alliance, which was generally referred to as Nicola Valley peoples , "peoples of the Nicola Valley". The name of the mighty tribal alliance, the river and the valley is derived from the then most powerful chief in the area: the chief of the Okanagan Nicola (1780/1785 - ~ 1865, Nkwala or N'kwala , Spokane -word: Hwistesmetxe'qen - " striding Grizzly ”) who also had the support of the economically and militarily most powerful band of the Secwepemc , the Kamloops Band ( Tk'emlúps Indian Band ), through family ties . The name of the Nicola Athapasken, who were generally known as Stu'wix (“strangers”) and who have today lost their identity as an independent ethnic group and language , testifies that the relationships were not free of tension ; Descendants can still be found among the former Salish allies. Today's Nicola Valley Nicola Tribal Association represents the former allied tribes.

Groups of the Nlaka'pamux

The various First Nations or bands of the Nlaka'pamux are represented by three tribal councils vis-à-vis the Canadian government.

The Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council (NNTC) (formerly Fraser Thompson Indian Services ) represents the following independent Nlaka'pamux First Nations in the area of ​​Fraser Canyon and Thompson Canyon:

  • Ashcroft Indian Band (Ashcroft, about 30 km downstream from the west bank of Kamloops Lake, at the confluence of the Bonaparte Rivers and Thompson Rivers) (Reservations: 105 Mile Post # 2, Ashcroft # 4, Cheetsum's Farm # 1, McLean's Lake # 3, approx. 20 km², population: 249)
  • Boothroyd Indian Band (administrative headquarters near Boston Bar around 55 km north of Hope, main settlement is in Kahmoose Reservation # 4) (Reservations: Boothroyd # 5A, 5B, 5C, 6A, 6B, 8A, 13, Chaumox # 11, Chukcheetso # 7 , Dufferin # 10, Inkahtsaph # 6, Kahmoose # 4, Sam Adams # 12, Sho-ook # 5, Speyum # 3, Staiyahanny # 8, Stlakament # 9, Tsawawmuck # 1, Tsintahktl # 2, approx. 11 km², population : 265)
  • Boston Bar First Nation (head office is near Boston Bar, main settlement is on Kopchitchin Reservation # 2) (Reserves: Austin's Flat # 3, Boston Bar # 1A, 8 - 11, Bucktum # 4, Kopchitchin # 2, Paul's # 6, Scaucy # 5, Shrypttahooks # 7, Tuckwiowhum # 1, approx. 5 km², population: 244)
  • Kanaka Bar Indian Band ('Kanaka' is the Chinook Wawa name for Hawaiians who also called themselves kānaka - 'people' - many of whom worked in the gold mines in Fraser Canyon, and a gold-rich sandbar on the Fraser River called Kanaka Bar, administrative seat is Kanaka Bar, between the towns of Boston Bar and Lytton in the Fraser Canyon Region, the main settlement is on Kanaka Bar Reservation # 1A near the city of Lytton) (Reserves: Kanaka Bar # 1A, 2, Nekliptum # 1, Pegleg # 3, 3A, Whyeek # 4, approx. 2 km², population: 211)
  • Oregon Jack Creek Indian Band (the administrative headquarters is about 6 km west of Cache Creek along the Trans Canada Highway, inhabits six small, scattered reservations) (reservations: Hay Meadow # 1, Oregon Jack Creek # 2, 5, Paska Island # 3, South Nepa # 7, Upper Nepa # 6, approx. 8 km², population: 62)
  • Spuzzum First Nation (live in two settlements: Skuppah and Inklyuhkinatko near Merritt, administrative headquarters are in Spuzzum in the lower Fraser Canyon, near Alexandra Bridge and approx. 16 km north of Yale) (Reserves: Chapman's Bar # 10, Long Tunnel # 5 , 5A, Papsilqua # 2, 2A, 2B, Saddle Rock # 9, Skuet # 6, Spuzzum # 1, 1A, 7, Stout # 8, Teaqualoose # 3, 3A, Yelakin # 4, 4A, approx. 6 km², population : 212)
  • Skuppah Indian Band (administrative headquarters near Spuzzum, approx. 50 km north of Hope settlement, British Columbia) (Reserves: Inklyuhkinatko # 2, Pooeyelth # 3, Skuppah # 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 4, 4A, approx. 2 km² , Population: 102) - also a member of the Fraser Canyon Tribal Administration
  • Lytton First Nation (are the largest Nlaka'pamux-First Nation, administrative seat and main settlement is Lytton, whose Nlaka'pamuctsin -name 'Camchin' or 'Kumsheen' - 'where the rivers flow into each other', 'where the rivers flow queren ', live on 56 reservations along the Trans-Canada Highway, between the towns of Hope and Cache Creek, within a 100-kilometer radius on both banks of the Fraser River) (Reserves: Bootahnie # 15, Cameron Bar # 13, Fish Lake # 7, Halhalaeden # 14, 14A, Inkluckcheen # 21, 21B, Kitzowit # 20, Klahkamich # 17, Kleetlekut # 22, 22A, Klickkumcheen # 18, Lytton # 3A, # 4A - 4F, # 5A, # 9A, 9B, # 13A, # 21A, # 26A, # 29 - 33, Maka # 8, Nananahout # 1, Nesikep # 6, 6A, Ngwyu'yemc # 36, Nickel Palm # 4, Nickelyeah # 25, Nkaih # 10, Nocten # 19 , Nohomeen # 23, Nuuautin # 2, 2A, 2B, Papyum # 27, 27A, Papyum Graveyard # 27C, Seah # 5, Skwayaynope # 26, Spintlum Flat # 3, Stryen # 9, Tsaukan # 12, Tuckozap # 24, Two Mile Creek # 16, 16A, Yawaucht # 11, approx. 57 km², population: 1,858)

The Nicola Tribal Association (NTA) (also known as Nicola Tribal Council or Nicola Valley Tribal Council ) includes Nlaka'pamux First Nations who live in the Nicola Valley, Thompson Canyon and Fraser Canyon:

  • Coldwater Indian Band (derived from Ntsla'tko - 'cold water' -, the historic main settlement, Coldwater is located approx. 13 southwest of Merritt, belongs to the Swxexmx subgroup) (Reserves: Coldwater # 1, Gwen Lake # 3, Paul's Basin # 2, approx. 25 km², population: 761)
  • Cook's Ferry First Nation (headquartered on the Kumcheen # 1 reservation near Spences Bridge, a small town on the Trans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1) in Thompson Canyon, approximately 50 km north of Lytton and 60 km south of Cache Creek , at the confluence of the Nicola River and the Thompson River) (Reserves: Antko # 21, Basque # 18, Chuchhriaschin # 5, 5A, Enquocto # 14, Entlqwekkinh # 19, Kloklowuck # 7, Kumcheen # 1, Lish-Leesh-Tum # 17, Lower Shawniken # 4A, Nicoelton # 6, Pemynoos # 9, Peq-Paq # 22, Pokheitsk # 10, Schikaelton # 16, Shawniken # 3, 4B, Shpapzchinh # 20, Skoonkoon # 2, Spatsum # 11, 11A, Spences Bridge # 4, 4C, Tsinkahtl # 8, Twoyqhalsht # 16, Upper Tsinkahtl # 8A, approx. 41 km², population: 301)
  • Nicomen First Nation (lived and live near the confluence of the Thompson and Nicomen Rivers, in this area the first gold discoveries were made, which then led to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush , which led to the so-called Fraser Canyon War in the fall of 1858 , the administrative center is near Spuzzum, approx. 50 km north of the community Hope, the main settlement is east of Lytton in the lower Thompson Canyon) (Reserves: Contain # 11, Gulada # 3A, Klahkowit # 5, Kykinalko # 2, Naykikoulth # 13 , Nicomen # 1, Putkwa # 14, Sackum # 3, Shoskhost # 7, Shuouchten # 15, Skaynaneichst # 12, Skeikut # 9, Skhpowtz # 4, Sleetsis # 6, Squianny # 10, Unpukpulquatum # 8, approx. 12 km², Population: 132) - also a member of the Fraser Canyon Tribal Administration
  • Nooaitch First Nation (administrative headquarters and main settlement are near Merritt, the largest urban center in the Nicola Country region, belong to the Swxexmx subgroup) (Reserves: Nooaitch # 10, Nooaitch Grass # 9, approx. 17 km², population: 201)
  • Shackan First Nation (derived from Sxe'xn'x , their own name in Scw'exmxcin , belong to the Swxexmx subgroup and were close allies of the 'Lower Nicola Indian Band', also part of the Swxexmx , the administration and main settlement of Shackan (also ' Lower Nicola ') lies west of Merritt, east of Spences Bridge) (Reserves: Papsilqua # 13, Shackan # 11, Soldatquo # 12, approx. 39 km², population: 121)
  • Siska First Nation (the administration is located on the Trans-Canada Highway (Hwy 1) between Lytton and Boston Bar, the main settlement is along the Fraser River in Siska - formerly also Cisco - approx. 12 km south of Lytton) (Reserves: Humhampt # 6, 6A, Kupchynalth # 1, 2, Moosh # 4, Nahamanak # 7, Siska Flat # 3, 5A, 5B, 8, Zacht # 5, approx. 3 km², population: 303)
  • Lower Nicola Indian Band (the main settlement Shulus is about 8 km west of Merritt on Highway 8, belong to the Swxexmx subgroup, were closely allied with the Sxe'xn'x or 'Shackan First Nation') (Reservations: Nicola Mameet # 1 , Joeyaska # 2, Pipseul # 3, Zoht # 4, 5, 14, Logans # 6, Hamilton # 7, Speous # 8, Hihium # 6, approx. 175 km², population: 1.007)
  • Upper Nicola Band (ethnically they form the Spaxomin (also Spahomin ) group of the Okanagan , today inhabit eight reservations around Douglas Lake ('Spaxomin') and Nicola Lake ('Quilchena'), the administrative seat is approx. 45 km east of Merritt and 90 km south of Kamloops in the Nicola Valley, have two larger settlements: Douglas Lake ('Spaxomin') and Quilchena ('Nicola Lake'), were close allies of the Swxexmx ) (Reserves: Chapperon Creek # 6, Chapperon Lake # 5, Douglas Lake # 3, Hamilton Creek # 2, Hihium Lake # 6, Nicola Lake # 1, Salmon Lake # 7, Spahomin Creek # 4, 8, approx. 16 km², population: 866) - are also members of the Okanagan Nation Alliance ( also Okanagan Nation Tribal Council )

The Fraser Canyon Tribal Administration represents the following two Nlaka'pamux First Nations:

See also

Web links

Commons : Nlaka'pamux  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Source for population: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) - Registered Population as of February, 2011 ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca
  2. ↑ kānaka is the plural form of the Hawaiian word for human , cf. kanaka in Hawaiian Dictionaries and kānaka in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  3. ↑ Lytton First Nation ( Memento of the original from June 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lyttonfirstnations.ca
  4. ↑ Coldwater Indian Band ( Memento of the original from November 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / coldwaterband.com
  5. ↑ Lower Nicola Indian Band ( Memento of the original from November 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.lnib.net
  6. ↑ Website of the Lower Nicola Indian Band  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.lnib.net  
  7. ↑ Upper Nicola Band ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2001 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uppernicolaband.com
  8. ↑ Syilx - Okanagan Nation Alliance ( Memento of the original from January 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.syilx.org

This article is based on the article Thompson ( memento of July 1, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) from the free encyclopedia Indianer Wiki ( memento of March 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) and is under Creative Commons by-sa 3.0 . A list of the authors was available in the Indian Wiki ( Memento from July 1, 2007 in the Internet Archive ).