Hawaiian language

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Hawaiian

Spoken in

USA HawaiiHawaii Hawaii
speaker 2,000 (2007)

24,000 (2008)

Linguistic
classification
Official status
Official language in USA HawaiiHawaii Hawaii in the USA
Language codes
ISO 639 -1

-

ISO 639 -2

haw

ISO 639-3

haw

The Hawaiian or Hawaiian language (own name: ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ) is the language of the Polynesian natives of the Hawaiian Islands . Hawaiian and English are the official languages ​​of the US state of Hawaii. With 13 phonemes, Hawaiian has very few sounds that have different meanings; few languages ​​have even less.

Hawaiian belongs together with the other Polynesian languages such as B. Samoan , Māori , Tahitian and Tonga , to the Austronesian language family . It is classified in the subgroup of the Marquesan languages .

Adelbert von Chamisso published in his report "About the Hawaiian Language" before the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin on January 12, 1837, the first grammar of Hawaiian.

The Hawaiian language is critically endangered. In most of the Hawaiian Islands, it has been superseded by English and is no longer used as a language of everyday life and communication. The island of Ni'ihau is an exception , as it is privately owned and its visit is strictly regulated .

Repression and resuscitation

In 1900, 37,000 people still spoke Hawaiian as their mother tongue. That number has now dropped to 1,000 native speakers; half of them are now over 70 years old.

The gradual displacement of the Hawaiian language began with the declining proportion of Hawaiians in the total population in the 19th century. In 1896, a law made English the primary language in all public and private schools (1896 Laws of the Republic of Hawaii, Act 57, sec. 30, June 8, 1896). This development continued in the following decades. The Hawaiian-English Dictionary (Pukui / Elbert), first published in 1957, can now be viewed as a turning point. In the years that followed, interest in the Hawaiian language grew in various areas, until it was finally elevated to the status of an official language in 1978 with an amendment to the constitution. There are now Hawaiian-language schools for children whose parents want to preserve (or reintroduce) the language for the next generation. There's a “Hawaiian Word of the Day” on the radio. Between 2006 and 2008, more than 24,000 US citizens stated in a census that they used Hawaiian on a daily basis.

An important role in the revival of Hawaiian is the accurate rendering of sounds in the written language. Since the different pronunciation of Hawaiian words leads to different meanings, the spelling with the diacritical marks ʻOkina and Kahakō is an essential requirement for the use of Hawaiian names and terms.

This revival is having an impact beyond the state. So in were Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 by the Senate of the United States , the National Parks renamed in Hawaii, where the spelling with'Okina and Kahakō was the subject of a federal law.

The hula and Hawaiian musicians such as Gabby Pahinui and Israel Kamakawiwo'ole also play an important role in the revival of the language .

Hawaiian Creole English

"Hawaiian Creole English" (HCE; also called "Pidgin Hawaiian", although the term pidgin is only used by linguists for the first generation of a new mixed language) is a locally spoken mixture based on English with loan words from Hawaiian and Asian languages (mainly Japanese , Chinese and Tagalog ), which arose when immigrants came to work on the sugar cane and pineapple plantations and had to communicate with the local plantation workers. In 1986 there were still 600,000 speakers at the HCE, whose strongest dialect can hardly be understood by speakers of standard English.

The Hawaiian phonetic system

The Hawaiian sound system is characterized by characteristic sound shifts compared to other Polynesian languages . The most important ones are * [k] to Hawaiian [ʻ] ( glottal locking device ʻOkina), * [t] to Hawaiian [k], * [r] to Hawaiian [l] and * [ŋ] to Hawaiian [n]. [w] is preserved as such and has not become [v]. The vowels have not undergone any change compared to "Polynesian".

The Hawaiian alphabet

The Hawaiian alphabet , called pīʻāpā , was introduced by US missionaries in the 19th century . Before it was introduced, Hawaiian was only spoken in language .

The Hawaiian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet and consists of 12 letters of the Latin script and the ʻOkina. It is one of the shortest alphabets in the world. (The Rotokas alphabet has one letter less, the Pirahã language has two letters less.) The alphabet clearly depicts the 13 phonemes of the language. The letters are a, e, i, o, u, p, k, m, n, w, l, h. The letter w is also sometimes written as v. A macron ( called Kahakō in Hawaiian ) over a vowel, like ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, means that the vowel is spoken long and the syllable is stressed. The vowel color does not change.

No sign was initially written for the glottic closure sound in the spoken Hawaiian language. Therefore, for example, the letter sequence aa appeared in the place name Kapaa, although the glottic closure sound is pronounced before the last vowel a. Since the appearance of the Hawaiian-English Dictionary , the correct spelling with ʻOkina ( Kapaʻa ) has become increasingly popular . Today the Okina is increasingly seen not as a symbol, but as a full-fledged letter. For example, the word Hawaii is also correctly spelled Hawaiʻi . According to the ancients, the letter k is missing here, the original name is passed down as Hawaiki . The two i's are also spoken separately. Another example is the word Oahu (the most populous island in Hawaii). The emphasis here is on the a, not the u.

With only 162 possible syllables, the Hawaiian language has the smallest set of syllables of all languages. The meaning of some words changes with the length of the syllable: kane = skin disease, but with lengthening of the first syllable kāne = man; mana = power or strength, on the other hand māna = chewed mass.

grammar

Like all Polynesian languages ​​or Chinese , Hawaiian is an isolating language . This means that all grammatical relationships are expressed through word order and particles . There are no endings and the words do not change otherwise. Exceptions are few prefixes and suffixes to word formation, in particular the causative - Prefix ho'o- , as in ho'onui zoom = to nui large = and Substantivierungs- suffix -na , as in 'okina = "separator character" ('Okina) to 'oki = cut off, separate. Some words have their own plural forms in which vowels are stretched, such as wāhine ("women") to wahine ("woman"). In general, however, the plural is only expressed through the articles.

There are only two parts of speech: semantic words and particles. All meaningful words can have the function of nouns , adjectives or verbs , depending on where they are and which particles precede them. It says so in the sentence

ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ʻoe? ( Do you speak hawaiian? )

ʻŌlelo for the verb to speak , marked by the position at the beginning of the sentence, but in the sentence

ʻIke ʻoe i ka ʻOlelo Hawaiʻi? ( Do you know the Hawaiian language? )

ʻŌlelo for the noun language , marked u. a. with the article ka .

A grammatical gender is unknown. ia is he , she and it .

Word order

The normal word order in a sentence is verb - subject - object. So-called static verbs correspond in the German language to adjectives with the auxiliary verb "sein", z. B. Nui ka hale. - The house is big .

All three parts can have particles that determine the part of the sentence.

Sentences as in German can be put in front for emphasis. They are then regularly marked with the determiner ʻo : ʻO au kou kaikuahine. - I am your sister. vs. ʻO kou kaikuahine au. - I am your sister .

Verb phrase

Time and type of action

Verbs in our sense cannot be spoken of in Hawaiian. Instead, there are particles that turn a meaning word into a verb . These particles determine both time and the aspect of action :

among others ... perfective (completed, beginning or one-time action)
e ... ana imperfectively (further action, like English continuous forms )
ke ... no Present
e ... imperative
May ... negative imperative

In spoken language, the particles ua and e are often left out.

For the passive voice , the particle ʻia is placed after the verb.

Directional particles and adverbials

The verb can be followed by particles that indicate the direction of the verb, such as German her and weg . These directionals are:

  • aʻe = up; then; marks comparatives
  • aku = away (from the speaker), e.g. B. Hele aku! = Go away!
  • iho = down; yourself, for yourself
  • mai = her (to the speaker), e.g. B. Hele mai! = Come here!

Aʻe according to characteristics increases this: maikaʻi = good, maikaʻi aʻe = better, best. Iho often comes after verbs that express body functions and are not reflexive for our understanding, such as eating ( ʻai ), drinking ( inu ) and thinking ( manaʻo ).

Adverbials such as nō = very, lā = there, then, can follow the directional particles ; naʻe = however, but; ʻĒ = already, paha = maybe, hoʻi = pretty much, actually, because; or whale = just, stop.

negation

Is negated with a'ole = not . The particle ua is replaced by aʻole i :
ua hele ke kanaka (the man went) → aʻole i hele ke kanaka (the man did not go).
Personal pronouns are between aʻole and i : aʻole au i hele (I didn't go; au = I)

To be and to Have

There is no word for being . It does not even appear in sentences for identity: he pahu kēia = a box that = "that is a box".
Sentences that describe a quality are written in German to be + adjective (e.g. "is happy"). In Hawaiian instead, the adjective is used as a verb: ua hauʻoli ʻoe = happy you are = "you are happy".

There is also no word for to have . Instead of "I have a car" one says a car (is) mein = he kaʻa koʻu . (For genitive and possessive pronouns see below.)

Noun phrase

items

Particles that mark a word as a noun are mainly the articles:

Singular Plural
certainly ka / ke (that, that, that) nā (the)
indefinite hey (one, one) No items. If necessary: hey mau

ke precedes words that begin with a , e , o, or k . All other words are preceded by ka .

he mau is only used if one would otherwise understand singular.

Grammatical Particles

Grammatical relationships are expressed by further particles:

  • ʻO : marks subjects. For example Ua hele'o Pua (Pua went).
  • i or ia (before pronouns and names): marks objects. For example Ua nana'o Pua i ka hale (Pua saw the house).
    i also means in , if the place is only given roughly: Ke noho nei ʻo Pua i Hawaiʻi (Pua lives in Hawaii).
  • ma exact location, in : Ke noho nei ʻo Pua ma Kahuku i Hawaiʻi (Pua lives in Kahuku in Hawaii).
  • a : Genitive 1, for things that have been acquired and can be lost (detailed illustration below).
  • o : Genitive 2, for things that you have always had (e.g. body parts) or that belong to a place.
  • e : from the passive: ʻAi ʻia e Pua (eaten by Pua).
  • ē : marked Salutation ( vocative ): Aloha ʻoe, ē Pua! (Howdy, Pua!)
  • may : from: may Maui (from Maui).
  • na : for, made by: Na Pua ka puke (The book is from Pua).
  • no : for: No Pua ka puke (For Pua is the book).
  • pe : like: pe Pua (like Pua).

Two kinds of genitives

In all Polynesian languages ​​there is a genitive for "alienable" ownership (A-genitive, genitive 1), and one for "inalienable" ownership (O-genitive, genitive 2). a and o are both called by . The difference is that a denotes a relationship of ownership that one began willingly and can also end (e.g. a book), and o means that something has always been (e.g. body parts), inherited or given as a gift (e.g. a house), or that they are places (e.g. Waikiki Beach, ke kahakai o Waikīkī ). So one says ka maiʻa a Pua (Puas banana), but ka lima o Pua (Puas hand).

However, this is a rule of thumb. Whether you say a or o follows its own logic. Small, portable items such as apples, books, or pens almost always require a . Everything from traditional culture that is difficult to replace requires o , such as houses, boats, land, chiefs, ancestors and gods. Even things that carry or wrap you require o such as cars, horses, chairs or clothes. Sometimes both are possible, but with different meanings: ka mele a Pua = Pua's song (which she wrote), but ka mele o Pua = the Pua song (the song about / for Pua).

Accordingly, there are also two types of possessive pronouns. Your name is kāu or kou , depending on the A or O genitive.

Location information

The particles i (approximately in), ma (exactly in) and mai (out) can at most be called "prepositions" to indicate the location . More precise location information is expressed with an O-genitive: i loko o ka hale = "inside the house". Loko ("interior") works as a noun. Words for the location are:

  • loko = inside, inside, in
  • waho = outside, outside, out
  • luna = top, top, up
  • lalo = underside, below, below
  • waena = middle, in between, between
  • mua = front, front, in front; first
  • hope = back, back, behind; last
  • kai = sea, seaward
  • uka = inland, inland.

Instead of i , ma is also used, which is then written together with the location information : maloko etc.

pronoun

Personal pronouns

When it comes to pronouns, Hawaiian has a dual (a two number ) and an inclusive and exclusive we :

person Singular dual Plural
1st person inclusive - kāua (both of us, you and me) kākou (we, and you too)
1st person exclusive au (I)
a'u (me)		 māua (both of us, but not you) mākou (we, but not you)
2nd person ʻOe (you) ʻOlua (you two) ʻOukou (her)
3rd person ia (he, she, it) lāua (both of them) lākou (she)

Because of the dual and the two sorts of we, there are four possible translations for the sentence We are going to Honolulu :

  • Ua hele kāua i Honolulu - Both of us (you and me) are going to Honolulu.
  • Ua hele māua i Honolulu - We both go to Honolulu (but you don't).
  • Ua hele kākou i Honolulu - We're going to Honolulu (and you too).
  • Ua hele mākou i Honolulu - We're going to Honolulu (but not you).

possessive pronouns

As shown under “Two Kinds of Genitive”, because of the two types of ownership in Hawaiian, there are also two sets of possessive pronouns:

person Genitive type Singular dual Plural
1st person inclusive a - kākāua (both of ours, mine and yours) kākākou (our, also yours)
O - kōkāua (our two, mine and yours) kōkākou (ours, yours too)
1st person exclusive a kaʻu (my) kāmāua (both of ours, but not yours) kāmākou (our, but not yours)
O koʻu (my) kōmāua (both of ours, but not yours) kōmākou (our, but not yours)
2nd person a kāu (your) kāʻolua (both of you) kāʻoukou (your)
O kou (your) kōʻolua (both of you) kōʻoukou (your)
3rd person a kāna (his, her) kālāua (both of you) kālākou (her)
O kona (his her) kōlāua (you two) kōlākou (her)

The only difference between the two sets is the a and o in the first syllable. According to the rules for a- and o-genitives, one says kāu maiʻa, kāu puke for your banana, your book , but kou lima, kou waʻa for your hand, your boat .

There are also the two "neutral" forms kuʻu and ko for mine and yours . Ku'u is especially used for something one likes, e.g. B. kuʻu ipo "my darling".

After numbers, ʻehia (how much) and ʻaʻohe (none), the first k of the possessive pronouns is omitted: ʻEhia āu puke? (instead of kāu puke ): “How many are your books?” = How many books do you have? - ʻEkolu aʻu puke (instead of kaʻu puke ): "Three are my books" = I have three books. The initial k is actually the article ka / ke , which is merged with a or o and the pronouns.

If a plural has to be expressed, it can be formed with mau as in he : kaʻu mau puke = my books.

Demonstrative pronouns

Like Spanish , Hawaiian has a triple set of indicative pronouns:

Short
(near the speaker)		 Medium
(near the listener)		 Long
(removed from both)
with K (adjectival or already mentioned) kēia
this (here with me)		 kēnā
this (there with you)		 kēlā
that (over there)
without K (noun or not yet mentioned) ia, no
this (here with me)		 nā
this (there with you)		 lā
that (over there)
"like" forms with P (see pe = like) pēia, penei
like this (here with me)		 pēnā
like this (there with you)		 pēlā
like that (over there)

The difference between the forms with K and without K is roughly that you could point to the forms with K and not with the forms without K. Behind K hides again the article ka / ke . Yes , as described above, is also the word for he, she, it :

  • Maikaʻi ʻoia = you are fine. ( ʻOia = ʻo for the nominative + ia , see English She is well .)
  • Maikaʻi kēia = He is fine.

The exact rules of use are quite complicated. As with the possessive pronouns, if there is a risk of confusion with mau, a plural can be formed: kēia mau iʻa = these fish.

Further demonstrative pronouns are:

  • nei : expresses something that is sympathetic to you, e.g. B. Hawaiʻi nei = our (dear) Hawaii. Actually, the same as the aspect markers in ke ... nei for ongoing actions.
  • ala, lā : Similar to nei . Appended to verbs it says "then": ʻAi iho-la ʻoia = then he ate it. ( Iho is located or for themselves to eat. In Hawaiian to something. See direction particles .)
  • ua marks something that has already been mentioned: ua kanaka nei = this man (whom we have already talked about).

Interrogative pronouns

The question pronouns are wai = who? and aha = what ?. Cases are indicated by the particles as always. Hence who is called ? as a noun ʻo wai? , whose? is called a wai? or o wai? (depending on) and who? is iā wai called? . How much? is it called ʻehia? .

The other question words are formed with hea (which?, Why?):

  • Why? = hea?
  • which one? = ka mea hea? ( ka mea = the thing)
  • how? = pehea? ( pe = like)
  • Where? = i hea ?, ai hea? ( i = in, see above)
  • when in the past? = ināhea? ( inā = if)
  • when in the future? = āhea? ( ā = then, if; to)

Common terms, idioms and expressions

Hawaiian German
ʻAe Yes
'Aina country
ala Road , way
aloha Hello !, Welcome !, Bye !, Goodbye !, Take care! → Main article: Aloha
ānuenue Rainbow
ʻAʻole No
aʻu Swordfish , marlin
haku joining, weaving, arranging, making a lei, head wreath
hale House, building, hall
Hana- Bay, valley (ONLY in connection with place names)
haole literally: "without God's breath", stranger, white man (also: caucasian)
haupia Pudding type (previously made from arrowroot and coconut cream, today corn starch is more commonly used)
heiau Temple complex, religious site
hele mai Request: Come here!
holoholo go
hukilau Fishing net, fish with a net
hula Collective term for all Hawaiian dances accompanied by singing
imu Earth oven in which suckling pigs and other dishes for festivities are prepared
ipo favorite
kahiko old, traditional
kai Sea, sea water, salt water
kalo taro
kamaʻāina Person born in Hawai'i or living here for a long time
kanaka Man, member of the simple class
kane Skin disease
can male, man ( also the god "Kāne")
kapa Garment made from the bark of the Wauke tree
kapu Taboo, prohibition
keiki Child, descendant
koholā Humpback whale
kōkua Help
kona the side of the coast facing away from the wind
ko'olau Coastal side facing the wind direction
cumu Teacher
lukewarm Steamed and filled packets of ti or banana leaves filled with pork, beef, salted fish or the tips of taro. Baked in the earth oven, fried or steamed.
lānai Veranda, balcony
Lana'i Island off Maui
lei Wreath of flowers, leaves, feathers, shells, bones, teeth ...
lilikoʻi Passion fruit
limu Seaweed
lomilomi salmon chopped salmon with onions and tomatoes
lua Bathroom, toilet
lūʻau Hawaiian feast
mahimahi Golden mackerel
makai seaward, towards the sea, used as a route designation
makakai Sea spray, splashed with sea water
makani Wind, breeze
malihini Newcomer, visitor
manō Shark
manu bird
mauna Mountain, mountainous
mele Song, poem
moana ocean
nēnē hawaiian goose
nui much, long, significant
ʻOno delicious, tasty, tasty
ʻŌpakapaka Bluefish, bluefish, blue snapper
pāhoehoe smooth, thick lava
pahu Drum, box, container
pali cliff
paniolo cowboy
pōhaku Rock, stone
poi 1. mashed taro root
pua flower
pūʻili Bamboo rattle
pūpū starter
among others rain
uku Angelfish
ukulele Four-string Hawaiian plucked instrument , literally: bouncing flea
ulua Jackfish
wahine Woman, female
wikiwiki quick, eager
Idioms and expressions
Pehea ʻoe? How are you?
Maika'i I'm good.
Mahalo thank you
Mahalo nui loa Many thanks
A hui hou (aku) Goodbye
hauʻoli lā hānau! Happy Birthday
Hauʻoli male ʻana eia hoʻi ola loa! Happy wedding and a long life
Mele kalikimaka! Merry Christmas
Hauʻoli makahiki hou; hapenūia Happy New Year
E pili mau nā pōmaikaʻi me ʻoe! All the best!
Ka Huakaʻi Maikaʻi! Good Trip!
E ola! Get well soon!
Pōmaikaʻi! Good luck!
Hauʻoli Lā i ala hou ai ka Haku! Happy Easter! (Protestant)
Hau'oli Pakoa! Happy Easter! (Catholic)
Hauʻoli Lā Makuahine !; … Lā Makuakāne! Much love for Mother's day!; ... Father's Day!
Ha'o iā ʻoe. Miss you!
E komo may! Welcome!
No koʻu aloha iā ʻoe wale no! Just because I love you
Aloha au ia ʻoe! I love you!
Ma ka hiki ʻana mai o kau keiki kāne! All the best for the birth of your son!
Ma ka hiki ʻana mai o kau kaikamahine. All the best for the birth of your daughter!
Ua mau ke ea o ka ʻaina i ka pono The life of the land is preserved in righteousness. (The Hawai'i motto)

See also

literature

  • Adelbert von Chamisso : About the Hawaiian Language - Facsimile edition with a critical introduction and an annotated bibliography of literature relating to the Hawaiian language ; Samuel H. Elbert; Philo Press, Amsterdam, 1969 (first edition 1837); ISBN 978-90-6022-077-1
  • Wilfried Baumgarten: Aloha kākou! - Textbook of the Hawaiian language , Polynesien-Verlag Grafenau, 6th edition 2018; ISBN 978-3-00-049515-1 (212 pages, 16 German-language lessons with a thorough introduction to the language structure, mini-CD with MP3 audio files, exercises with answer key and translation of all lesson texts, as well as grammatical index)
  • Wilfried Baumgarten: Illustrated Hawaiian-German Dictionary. Language, history and culture of Hawaii , Polynesien-Verlag Grafenau, 1st edition 2017; ISBN 978-3-9817936-1-1 ; (321 pages, approx. 8000 keywords)
  • Rev. Henry P. Judd: The Hawaiian Language and Hawaiian-English Dictionary - a complete grammar ; Hawaiian Services, Honolulu, 1939, 117 pages; ISBN 0-930492-06-4 (New edition 1980: 117 pages, paperback, Hawaiian Service Inc .; ISBN 978-0-930492-06-9 )
  • Gary N. Kahaho'Omalu Canada, Kenneth W. Cook, Albert J. Schütz: Pocket Hawaiian Grammar, A Reference Grammar in Dictionary Form - including a guide to pronunciation ; Island Heritage Publishing, Waipahu, 2005 (248 pages, paperback); ISBN 978-1-59700-176-2
  • Albert J. Schütz: Hawaiian - knowledge and understanding ; Abera Verlag, Hamburg, 1998 (Abera Language Kit, 1); ISBN 978-3-934376-17-5 (new edition 2001: 84 pages, language course in German, with dictionary part and the most important sentences for tourists)
  • Kahikahealani Wight: Learn Hawaiian at Home - Bess Press, 2005 (168 pages: Language course in English); ISBN 978-1-57306-245-9
  • Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert: Hawaiian Dictionary - Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian ; University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1986 (revised and expanded edition, 12,500 approaches, 600 pages, paperback); ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0
  • Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert: New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary - With a Concise Grammar and Given Names in Hawaiian ; University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 1992 (revised edition, 10,800 approaches, 272 pages, paperback); ISBN 978-0-8248-1392-5
  • Henry P. Judd, Mary Kawena Pukui, John FG Stokes: Handy Hawaiian Dictionary ; Mutual Publishing, Honolulu, 1996 (revised edition: 320 pages, paperback); ISBN 978-1-56647-112-1

Web links

Wikipedia in Hawaiian
Wiktionary: Hawaiian  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Hawaiian - A language of United States , on ethnologue.com
  2. ^ Detailed Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years , on census.gov
  3. ↑ Duden Online Hawaiian , Duden Online Hawaiian , s. also vocabulary lexicon of the University of Leipzig ( memento of the original from September 13, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de
  4. ↑ 'Ōlelo in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  5. ^ The Constitution of the State of Hawaii , Article XV, Section 4
  6. ↑ Hartmut Schröder: Language taboo and euphemisms - Linguistic remarks on Stefan Schorch's “Euphemisms in the Hebrew Bible” ( Memento from August 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). P. 2; Paul G. Chapin: Adelbert von Chamisso. About the Hawaiian language . In: Oceanic Linguistics , Vol. 10, No. 2. (Winter, 1971), pp. 152-157. (online at JSTOR : Review Article )
  7. ↑ Book Review: Noenoe Silva, Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism, note 2 , see also Was Hawaiian Language Illegal? ( Memento of the original from July 19, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kenconklin.org
  8. ^ A b Mary Kawena Pukui, Samuel H. Elbert: Hawaiian-English Dictionary . University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu 1957.
  9. ↑ A Timeline of Revitalization (English)
  10. ↑ The Constitution Of The State Of Hawaii, Article XV ( Memento of July 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (Add Const Con 1978 and election Nov 7, 1978)
  11. ↑ cf. George S. Kanahele: The Hawaiian Renaissance
  12. ↑ Detailed Languages ​​Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006-2008. ( MS Excel ; 880 kB) Census Authority of the United States of America, April 2010, accessed June 2, 2013 .
  13. ^ Suzanne Romaine: Signs of Identity, Signs of Discord. Glottal Goofs and the Green Grocer's Glottal in Debates on Hawaiian Orthography . In: Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, December 2002, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 189-224.
  14. ^ "The presence or absence of glottal stops and macrons changes both pronunciation and meaning, ..." (p. 226); "I call particular attention to the symbols for two important elements in the spoken language: the glottal stop (reversed apostrophe) and lengthened, stressed vowels (macron). Without these symbols in the written language, pronunciation of a great many Hawaiian words cannot be determined - nor, it follows, can their meanings be accurately deciphered. " (S. VI): Mary Kawena Pūkui, Samuel H. Elbert: New pocket Hawaiian dictionary. With a concise grammar and given names in Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press: Honolulu 1996. ISBN 0-8248-1392-8 .
  15. ↑ Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 (p. 939) ( Memento from August 14, 2013 on WebCite ) (PDF file; 123 kB) (English)
  16. ↑ pī'āpā in Hawaiian Dictionaries
  17. ↑ cf. Fixing the letters: Missionary efforts 1820-1826 . In: Albert J. Schütz: The voices of Eden: a history of Hawaiian language studies . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8248-1637-7 , pp. 98-133
  18. ↑ "It's the official language of Hawai'i and we're misspelling the Hawaiian language everywhere. The ʻokina is a letter in the Hawaiian alphabet," said Sen. Kalani English, D-6th (E. Maui, Molokaʻi, Lanaʻi). Jan TenBruggencate: Hawaiian spellings catch on, but slowly
  19. ↑ cf. kane in Hawaiian Dictionaries , kāne in Hawaiian Dictionaries , mana in Hawaiian Dictionaries , māna in Hawaiian Dictionaries