St'at'imc (ethnic group)

The St'at'imc or Stl'atl'imx , (pronounced: 'Stat-liem' or 'stat-lee-um'), formerly known as Lillooet or Lilwat , are a group of several Canadian First Nations . Their language, the Lillooet (also Lilloet or St'at'imcets ) from the Salish language group , is divided into two dialect groups: St'at'imcets , the dialect of the Upper St'at'imc and Ucwalmícwts (oo-kwal-MEWK ), the dialect of the Lower St'at'imc .

Seton lake

Culturally and linguistically, they belong together with the Secwepemc , Nlaka'pamux (formerly called 'Thompson') and Okanagan to the group of inland Salish who, unlike the coastal Salish , had to adapt to the often drier and mountainous landscapes.

The St'at'imc are generally counted as part of the northwest plateau cultural area , but the Lower St'at'imc had adopted many of the cultural features of the neighboring First Nations on the northwest coast . These included the potlatch , the achievement of prestige through wealth and generosity towards the community, certain clan names, parts of mythology and even totem poles in some communities. This is especially true for the Lil'wat First Nation ( Lil'wat7ul ) whose tribal lands and trade routes in the whistler and Green River Valley with the Coast Salish peoples counting Squamish overlapped.

When they first came into contact with whites, they lived in the valley of the Lillooet River in what is now British Columbia . Its north-western neighbors were the Athapaskan-speaking Tsilhqot'in , the Secwepemc lived in the north, the Nlaka'pamux in the east, and the coastal Salish in the south-west and south.

Today there are about 6000 St'at'imc in Canada.

history

The declaration of the St'at'imc tribe (Lillooet Tribe) dates back to May 10, 1911 and took place in Spences Bridge . In it they claimed the land including the area around Seton Portage occupied by white settlers. They also claimed the status of a nation for the first time . Despite the divisions, the St'at'imc Chiefs Council , the Lillooet Tribal Council and the In-SHUCK-ch Nation go back to them.

Relationship with neighboring First Nations

The St'at'imc had many indigenous peoples as neighbors, with whom their relationship was often marked by tension and mutual raids and reprisals - the Tsilhqot'in (formerly 'Chilcotin', in 'St'at'imcets') lived in the northwest . as psxíxnem ) and Kwakwaka'wakw (formerly 'Kwakiutl'), in the northeast the Secwepemc (formerly 'Shuswap', in 'St'at'imcets' as Scwápmec ), in the east and southeast the Nlaka'pamux (formerly 'Thompson') and in the west and south-west various groups of the coastal Salish . Most of these conflicts were triggered by disputed boundaries between the fishing and hunting grounds, as well as the ensuing vengeance to avenge the death of a member of the tribe. In these disputes, the defeated enemies were usually brought home as slaves , but - in contrast to the tribes of the northwest coast - they could become full members of the house groups through marriage within a Secwepemc family. The St'at'imc and the coastal Salish suffered most from the real slave hunts of the Lekwiltok , Haida and Tlingit , who advanced south until the middle of the 19th century and who also had muskets and rifles much earlier . In addition, the Secwepemc, Nlaka'pamux and Okanagan were among their enemies .

The neighboring groups of the St'at'imc often united against their opponents in order to secure their success in the war - here they could fall back on existing family ties through marriages between the individual families of neighboring villages (but different groups) Help with the defense against enemies or to get support in a retaliatory train.

Marriage between neighboring St'at'imc groups or First Nations represented an important survival strategy for the various inland Salish groups, as the absence of the annual salmon could lead to hunger or forced migration, and one relied on the established family ties , Hunting and fishing grounds.

Colonial rule, gold rush, smallpox

St'at'imc (Lillooet) Nation, Charles Gentile 1865

Xaxl'ip chief Tsil.husalst († 1883) negotiated with representatives of the British colonial government in Lillooet in 1865. Oral agreements were made, which are traditionally called “one third” agreements . This "one-third agreement", recalled by Xaxl'ip chief Ernest Jacob († 1985), was a consequence of the victory in the so-called Fraser Canyon War of 1858. Each of the parties involved should have the right to to claim a third of the area's resources.

The Fraser Canyon gold rush had catastrophic consequences for the Indians in the region from 1858 onwards. The Douglas Road ran through their territory, and on it attracted thousands of prospectors to the north. In 1862, Californian prospectors brought smallpox into the region via Victoria , and entire villages died as a result.

Canada, natural resource destruction

In 1884 the Cayoosh Gold Rush followed , which got its name from the site near Lillooet. These areas were soon exploited by larger exploration companies such as the Cayoosh Creek Cyanide Mill and the Bralorne Pioneer Gold Mine , Canada's richest gold mine (operated from 1887 to 1971). The raw material that the former extracted was used to operate the gold mine. The waste products poisoned the streams in a wide area.

View from God Peak

In addition, the British Columbia Game Act , an 1898 Hunting Act , banned the tribes from hunting they traditionally hunted, and hunt guards prevented them from performing this vital activity, imposing fines and imprisonment. Francis (Frank) Gott (approx. 1850–1932), one of the best experts on the area, took refuge in a remote brook valley around 25 km from Lillooet. He refused to give up the hunt, shot one of the officers and was shot himself when he was over 80 years old. Today's god Creek was named after him.

Caspar Phair († 1933) was one of the first government agents and at the same time Gold Commissioner . The Indians were just as little involved in the profits from the raw materials as in those from energy production. In 1927, the Bridge River Power Project began , now operated by BC Hydro . It is one of Canada's largest power generation projects and consists of three reservoirs. In 1960 the Bridge River was dammed and its water was diverted to Seton Lake (Tsal'álh). With this, the salmon population essential for the St'at'imc collapsed. This development had already started in 1903 at Seton Lake.

In 1913 the Pacific Great Eastern Railway was built right through the St'át'imc area. Where the Shalalth and Seton Portage live today, the best land was confiscated and served to supply the railway and the newly emerging places.

Lawsuits, disputes over fishing rights and the preservation of forests

When the McKenna-McBride Commission visited the Indian reservations, the chiefs complained about the overexploitation of forests, lakes and wildlife. In 1915, Xaxl'ip chief Thomas Adolph wrote to the Department of Indian Affairs that the railroad was destroying their country, and he asked for compensation and protection. In 1916 a delegation from the newly formed Indian Rights Association traveled to Ottawa to bring charges against the alienation. Three Lillooet chiefs took part: Xaxl'ip Chief Thomas Adolf, who had already signed the 1911 declaration, T'it'q'et chief James Raitasket and Lil'wat chief William Pascal, who returned to Ottawa in 1927 traveled.

In 1917, the Sekw'el'was chief Jean Baptiste again demanded compensation and tried to enforce this in court with the help of lawyers. But in 1927 the Canadian government forbade all indigenous people to spend money on legal representation.

In 1975 officials from the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) destroyed numerous fishing nets and 53 Lil'wat were arrested. Three years later, Nxwisten chief Saul Terry protested the DFO restrictions on the Bridge River. He was the first chairman of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs . Another arrest took place in 1979, but this led to the Indians' fishing rights being recognized by a court. In the same year, the Indians were able to prevent a deforestation on Mount Currie by the Canadian Forest Products Company .

In continuation of their demand for independence and self-government, the St'át'imc Chiefs Council founded the Lillooet Tribal Peacekeepers Commission and the Lillooet Tribal Peacekeepers Force on July 26, 1988 on the Bridge River . In the same year, Chief Leonard Andrew traveled to New Zealand to dissuade the Fletcher Challenge Company from deforestation in the Stein Valley . In 1990, 63 people were arrested during road blockades against the expropriation of land in favor of the expansion of Highway 99 and taken to court. In solidarity with the Mohawk ( Oka crisis ), a hundred St'át'imc blocked the railroad at Seton Portage for a hundred days. Around 100 Indians were arrested here. In February 1991 they blocked another road, this time against logging by International Forest Products Ltd. As is so often the case with forest areas, it was also about holy places and rock carvings. The tribe protested at the International Court of Justice against the government's actions .

Protection of the Stein Valley, occupations, 2010 Winter Games

Sale of native crafts in Lillooet

In 1993 the Lil'wat and Nlaka'pamux had their first success, because the later Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Heritage Park was placed under protection. But already in 1998 they had to resort to the means of blockade again to prevent logging on Seton Lake by the Ainsworth Lumber Company , similar to Highway 99. Despite the Delgamuukw Decision , which basically recognized the right to have a say, the government of British Columbia wanted to enforce its expansion plan . In doing so, the Supreme Court ruled that prior to 1867 (for British Columbia, before 1871), Native American rights had never been erased and therefore have persisted since the founding of Canada. In addition, several court rulings held that the Indians have the right to introduce their children to their particular culture, with the territory being an integral part. Therefore, every decision that affects this country must be consulted with the tribe concerned. In 1997 the Supreme Court ruled that rights relate to rights to land, resources and the right to cultural traditions and political autonomy.

The tribes of the region increasingly moved together and coordinated their resistance to the exploitation of their homeland. So together they blocked the expansion plans on Melvin Creek through the Cayoosh Ski Resort project. These expansion plans were already connected with the 2010 Winter Olympics , and the operators had already been in bitter disputes with the Secwepemc about a 70 million dollar expansion of the Sun Peaks Ski Resort near Kamloops . In 2002 the Indians officially complained to the International Olympic Committee .

From April 24 to June 24, 2006, N'quatqua blocked a street near D'Arcy to stop lumberjack trucks. This involved the protection of 85 hectares of primeval forest (old growth). In addition, the tribe sued the two main contributors to forest destruction in their area, CRB Logging and Ainsworth Lumber .

In 2004 the Lillooet set up their own land use plan in view of extensive attempts to use and convert their homeland, in which not only economic, but also ecological and historical-cultural aspects are taken into account.

The Lost Valley (Slala'xen) is with 10,000 hectares the largest, never deforested area in the area of ​​the Cayoosh Range . On the one hand it is a primeval forest, on the other hand there are numerous Culturally Modified Trees on an around 20 km long old trade route , i.e. trees that show signs of processing from the past centuries. They represent a kind of historical archive of the written epochs. In 2005, the British Columbia government nevertheless allowed the deforestation of extensive areas by BC Timber Sales without having even made contact with the Indians. In addition, the company is wholly owned by the province. The permit is also in sharp contrast to the recently published land use plan of the St'át'imc, because there are numerous biotopes worthy of protection. As a result, old forest stands, grizzly bears , mountain goats , jellyfish , game and drinking water are at risk.

The development in the valley of Melvin Creek, where the government allowed the construction of a sports area in 2000, also without any consultation, took a similar course. The St'át'imc Chiefs Council rejected this proposal unanimously on August 17th. The project could be stopped, but with the Olympic Winter Games the pressure on the protected areas increased again.

The preservation of these areas is important to the tribes for ecological reasons, but also to preserve their traditional way of life and to build an economic foothold through ecotourism .

Today's main groups

The pre-European and especially the colonial development led to complicated regional and cultural splits within the rugged and often difficult to access mountain landscape. The St'at'imc are accordingly divided into two main groups linguistically, culturally and geographically:

the Upper St'at'imc ( Upper Lillooet or Fraser River Lillooet ) in the area surrounding the present-day town of Lillooet on the Fraser River - they call themselves STLA'-tlei-mu-wh and speak St'at'imcets , the dialect of Upper St'at'imc, and

the Lower St'at'imc ( Lower Lillooet or Mount Currie Lillooet ) in the vicinity of today's Mount Currie, which they call Ts'zil, in the Pemberton Valley and southwards to Skookumchuck - they call themselves LEEL'-wat-OOL - 'the real people', 'the real Lillooet' (from which the words 'Lillooet' and 'Lilwat' were derived); they speak Ucwalmícwts (oo-kwal-MEWK), the dialect of the Lower St'at'imc (Lillooet).

Since the terms St'at'imc and Lillooet are often used as a collective name for all groups of this inland Salish people, confusion between the individual groups can often occur. In the case of historical sources in particular, it can often no longer be clarified whether the report refers to one of the main groups or to the entire First Nation.

A third group is only recognized sporadically - the so-called Lakes Lillooet ( Tsala'lhmec - 'people at the lake'), which are located between the territories of the Upper St'at'imc and Lower St'at'imc in the area of Seton Lake and the Anderson Lake lived - their descendants are today's N'quatqua (also Anderson Lake Indian Band ) and Seton Lake First Nation (also Seton Lake Indian Band ).

Upper St'at'imc

The traditional territory of the various groups of the Upper St'át'imc extended west of the Fraser River from the mouth of Pavilion Creek (Sk'elpáqs) to Texas Creek in the mountains above the Bridge River (Xwisten) and westward through the valleys of the Seton and Anderson Lake to Duffey Lake . The territory of the Upper St'át'imc east of the Fraser included the Three Lake Valley (also Fountain Valley ) and the adjacent mountains and extended to Hat Creek, a tributary of the Bonaparte River .

The Upper St'át'imc settled in several main settlements on the bank above the Fraser and on the sandbanks of the Seton and Anderson Lake - the word 'St'át'imc' probably derives from an earlier village in T'at'lh on the Keatley Creek here. There used to be in Sk'ámqain on the shores of Seton Lake, then Sat 'on the site of today's town of Lillooet , Nxwísten at the mouth of the Bridge River, Cáclep (Fountain), Slha7äs and Tsal'álh on Seton Lake and Nk'wátkwa on the western bank the Anderson Lake important settlements, but besides these there were several smaller villages. In Pavilion (Tsk'wáylacw), a settlement that belonged to the Secwepemc in the 19th century, mainly ethnically and linguistically , St'at'imcets has been spoken predominantly since the beginning of the 20th century , as there are many marriages between Secwepemc and St'át ' imc had come.

The following First Nations or bands belong to the Upper St'at'imc:

• (N) Xwísten First Nation (pronounced: 'n-hoy-shten', literally: 'Smiling place', i.e. 'welcoming place', derived from Nxsesten - 'place of foaming water', formerly known as the 'Bridge River Indian Band' They lived in three settlements near the current administrative seat of Xwisten in the Bridge River Valley at the confluence of the Fraser and Bridge Rivers, 12 km north of the present-day city of Lillooet) (Reserves: Bridge River # 1 - 2 , Lillooet # 1A , approx. 47 km², Population: 420)
• Tsal'álh First Nation (English pronunciation: 'Sha-LATH', also Tsal'áth or Chalath - ' the lake', ie Seton Lake, also 'Seton Lake First Nation'. They settled on the banks of the Seton and Anderson Lake , now live around Shalalth on the north bank of Seton Lake, and together with the N'quatqua and Skimka'imx belonged to the group of Tsala'lhmec or 'Lakes Lillooet') (Reserves: Mission # 5 , Necait # 6 , Seton Lake # 5A , # 7 , Silicon # 2 , Slosh # 1 - 1A , Whitecap # 1 , approx. 18 km², population: 641)
  • Lh7us (Slosh, read: Slaoosh) and Nquayt (Nkiat) (at Seton Portage , now part of the Seton Lake First Nation)
  • Skeil (the St'at'imcets term for the American pika) , Ohin (pronounced: 'OO (kh) win' - 'frostbite', 'frostbite', the name refers to the severe winters around Seton Lake) and Shalalth. They live east of the Lh7us and Nquayt on Seton Lake and are now part of the Seton Lake First Nation.
• Ts'kw'áylaxw First Nation (pronounced: 'tis-kwhy-lagh', in Secwepemctsín also 'Tsk'wéylecw' - 'Frost' or 'frosty ground', formerly 'Pavilion Indian Band', live 40 km northwest of Lillooet and 70 km west of Cache Creek around Pavilion at the entrance of Fraser Canyon and at Marble Canyon , near Pavilion Lake) (Reserves: Leon Creek # 2 , Marble Canyon # 3 , Pavilion # 1, 1A, 3A, 4 , Ts'kw ' áylaxw # 5 , approx. 21 km², inhabitants: 532)
• Sekw'elw'ás First Nation (pronounced: 'shook-il-wash', literally: 'broken in half', refers to Big Rock, formerly known as the 'Cayoose Creek Indian Band', Sekw'el'wás lies in the Cascade Mountains at Cayoosh Creek in the Fraser Valley, immediately south of Lillooet) (Reserves: Cayoosh Creek # 1 , Pashilqua # 2 - 2A , approx. 7 km², inhabitants: 193)
• Xaxl'íp First Nation (pronounced: 'ha-clip', also Xaxli'pemc , Cácelp , Cáclep - 'edge of a mountain slope ', formerly known as the 'Fountain Indian Band', Xaxl'íp, is located approx. 15 km northeast of today's Lillooet on British Columbia Highway 99 in the Central Interior-Fraser Canyon Region , near Fountain Lake) (Reserves: Chilhil # 6 , Dry Salmon # 7 , Fountain # 1 , # 1A-D, # 2, # 3, # 3A, # 4, # 9 - 12 , Fountain Creek # 8 , Quatlenemo # 5 , approx. 16 km², inhabitants: 965)
• T'ít'q'et First Nation (pronounced: 'tleet-kit', also T'it'k't , Tl'itl'ikt or T'ít'q'etmec - 'people of the alkali earth'. You also call themselves' people of the P'egp'íg'7lha Clan ', the frog clan, formerly known as the' Lillooet Indian Band ') (Reserves: Kilchult # 3 (Skwel'sút), Lillooet # 1 - 1A (T' it'q'et), McCartney's Flat # 4 (Qwíxwcen), Riley Creek # 1B (Spel'pl'úkw), Seton Lake # 5 (Sk'emqín), Towinock # 2 (Txwín'ek), as well as the smaller parishes : Qáq'peqw (or Txwín'ek) and Áku7 Cá7a (or Scotchman Flats), approx. 15 km², population: 382)
• N'quatqua First Nation (also 'Anderson Lake Indian Band'. They live around D'Arcy on upper Anderson Lake northeast of Pemberton and belonged together with the Tsal'álh and Skimka'imx to the group of the Tsala'lhmec or 'Lakes Lillooet' ) (Reserves: Anderson Lake # 5 , Nequatque # 1 - 3, 3A, 4 , approx. 8 km², population: 309)

Lower St'at'imc

The Lower St'at'imc, like the Upper St'at'imc, form several settlement centers and smaller villages:

• Lil'wat First Nation ('where the rivers meet, flow together'), read: 'leel-wat', call themselves Lil'wat7ul , also Lil'wat Nation , formerly also 'Mount Currie Indian Band', main settlement on Confluence of three famous salmon rivers: Birkenhead, Lillooet and Green River. Their residential area extended south to Rubble Creek, north to Anderson Lake, east to the Upper Stein Valley and west to the coastal fjords of the Pacific, a total of approx. 7800 km²) The administrative seat is Mount Currie , at the confluence of the Lillooet and Birkenhead Rivers, approx 70 km southwest of Lillooet, about 5 km from Pemberton and 30 km northeast of Whistler (Reserves: Challetkohum # 5 , 9 , Lokla # 4 , Mount Currie # 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10 , Nesuch # 3 , approx. 29 km², inhabitants: 2,052)
• Xa'xtsa First Nation (pronounced: 'ha-htsa' or 'hahk-cha'), also 'Port Douglas Band', southernmost of all St'at'imc groups. They live near Port Douglas on Upper Harrison Lake , Xa'xtsa consists of two settlements: Port Douglas, on the north bank of Little Harrison Lake and Tipella, on the western bank of Lillooet (Reserves: Douglas # 8, Lelachen # 6, Tipella # 7 , approx. 4 km², population: 234)
• Skátin First Nations (English pronunciation: 'ska-TEEN', also called 'Skookumchuck' - 'fast water', the Chinook Wawa word for the waterfall on the Lillooet River, which the St'at'imc as qmemps (k-MEMP -sh), before contact with the Europeans, this settlement was considered the largest on the lower Lillooet River, comparable to the Lilwat'ul settlement (Mount Currie). The Skatin (or Skookumchuck) settlement is located on the eastern bank of the Lillooet, approx . 35 km from Harrison Lake) (Reserves: Franks # 10 , Glazier Creek # 12 , Morteen # 9 , Perrets # 11 , Sklahhesten # 5, 5A, 5B , Skookumchuck # 4 - 4A , Sweeteen # 3 , 7 km² , Inhabitants: 384)
• Samahquam First Nation ('warm place out of the cold', pronounced: shah-MAH-kwum, lived on the Lillooet River around Little Lillooet Lake, the administrative seat is Baptiste Smith on the southwestern bank of Little Lillooet Lake) (Reservations: Paqulh, Q 'Alatku7em, Sachteen # 2, 2A, Samahquam # 1, approx. 2 km², population: 303)

Tribal Councils

Lillooet Tribal Council

The Lillooet Tribal Council represents seven of the eleven First Nations and is therefore the largest representation within the St'at'imc First Nations:

• (N) Xwísten First Nation (also 'Bridge River Indian Band')
• Tsal'álh First Nation (also 'Seton Lake First Nation')
• Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation (also 'Pavilion Indian Band')
• Sekw'elw'ás First Nation (also 'Cayoose Creek Indian Band')
• Xaxli'p First Nation (also 'Fountain Indian Band')
• T'it'q'et First Nation (also 'Lillooet Indian Band')
• Lil'wat First Nation (also 'Mount Currie Indian Band')

Previously, the In-SHUCK-ch Nation and the N'Quatqua First Nation also belonged to the Lillooet Tribal Council, but split off in 1993 and since then have formed the Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council , which the N'Quatqua First Nation already has left again in August 2001. Since then it has acted politically mostly independently, but often together with the In-SHUCK-ch Nation as the Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council.

In-SHUCK-ch nation

The In-SHUCK-ch Nation (known as In-SHUCK-ch Council until May 2005 ) represents the interests of the following three independent First Nations of the Lower Lillooet River and Upper Harrison Lake, which split off from the Lillooet Tribal Council and, together with the N ' quatqua First Nation formed the Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council . In August 2001, the N'Quat'qua First Nation resigned from the Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council , so that it now appears independently of the Canadian government and other organizations. The First Nations represented by the In-SHUCK-ch Nation have been calling themselves Nsvq'tsmc (pronounced: 'In-SHUCK-ch micw'), derived from Nsvq'ts - 'split like a crutch', the name since the 1980s a mountain sacred in their myths (known as Gunsight Mountain).

The In-SHUCK-ch nation consists of the following First Nations:

• Xa'xtsa First Nation (also 'Port Douglas Band')
• Skátin First Nations (English pronunciation: 'ska-TEEN', also 'Skookumchuck')
• Samahquam First Nation (English pronunciation: 'Shah-MAH-kwum')
• Tenas Lake Band (near Samahquam, was integrated into the other three First Nations)

Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council

When the In-SHUCK-ch Nation (formerly 'In-SHUCK-ch Council') and N'Quatqua First Nation split off from the Lillooet Tribal Council in 1993 , they organized in the Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council in order to jointly oppose each other politically the Canadian government and province to act in the contract negotiations.

• In-SHUCK-ch nation with the groups listed above
• N'Quat'qua First Nation (also 'Anderson Lake Band')

In August 2001, the N'Quat'qua First Nation resigned from the Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council , so that it now appears independently of the Canadian government and other organizations, but it is still in close agreement with the Indians. SHUCK-ch-Nation.

St'at'imc Chiefs Council

The St'at'imc Chiefs Council (SCC) represents all eleven St'at'imc First Nations and meets on a monthly basis. The aim of the Chiefs' Council is to express a unified opinion at the political level on questions relating to the land rights of the St'at'imc and the use of the same resources, which is then expressed during the joint monthly council meetings. has manifested.

Lillooet Tribal Council

• (N) Xwísten First Nation (also 'Bridge River Indian Band')
• Tsal'álh First Nation (also 'Seton Lake First Nation')
• Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation (also 'Pavilion Indian Band')
• Sekw'elw'ás First Nation (also 'Cayoose Creek Indian Band')
• Xaxli'p First Nation (also 'Fountain Indian Band')
• T'it'q'et First Nation (also 'Lillooet Indian Band')
• Lil'wat First Nation (also 'Mount Currie Indian Band')

Lower Stl'atl'imx Tribal Council

• In-SHUCK-ch nation
  • Xa'xtsa First Nation (also 'Port Douglas Band')
  • Skátin First Nations (English pronunciation: 'ska-TEEN', also 'Skookumchuck')
  • Samahquam First Nation (English pronunciation: 'Shah-MAH-kwum')
  • Tenas Lake Band (near Samahquam, was integrated into the other three First Nations)
• N'Quat'qua First Nation (also 'Anderson Lake Band')

See also

• History of the Coastal Salish
• History of British Columbia
• List of Indian tribes recognized in Canada
• Lillooet (language)

Web links

• Paul Splintlum . In: Dictionary of Canadian Biography . 24 volumes, 1966–2018. University of Toronto Press, Toronto ( English , French ).
• Firstnations.de St'át'imc
• P'egp'íg'7lha Traditional Government
• Nicole Schabus: Skiing in British Columbia (Canada): The other side of the coin has some inglorious stains. Are Indians losing their last refuges? in: Wiener Zeitung March 29, 2002
• Jeremy Williams: Journey to Graveyard Valley , Seton Lake Band, film, 2008

Remarks

1. ↑ Other spellings: St'át'imc , Stl'atl'imc , Sƛ'aƛ'imxǝc , St'át'imc , Stlatliumh , Slatlemuk
2. ↑ Lillooet
3. ↑ 1911 DECLARATION of the LILLOOET TRIBE ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
4. ↑ Here I am essentially following Karen Wonders or the information available on www.firstnations.de, s. Web links.
5. ↑ The complaint can be found here (PDF, 1.1 MB): Official Complaint by the Elders, Land Users and Native Yoth of Sutikalh and Skwelkwek'welt to the International Olympic Committee (PDF; 1.2 MB)
6. ↑ The plan can be found here (PDF, 860 kB): St'át'imc Preliminary Draft Land Use Plan (PDF; 880 kB)
7. ↑ Interior Salish ( English, French ) In: The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 22, 2016.
8. ↑ St'át'imc History  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ The Stl'atl'imx People (Lillooet, Nequatque & In-SHUCK-ch First Nations) ( Memento of the original from January 14, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
10. ^ Bridge River Indian Band
11. ^ Upper St'at'imc communities
12. ↑ Source: Registered Population as of February, 2011 ( Memento of the original from January 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
13. ↑ Seton Portage (Short Portage)
14. ↑ Mount Skeil
15. ↑ Ts'kw'aylaxw First Nation
16. ↑ Xaxli'p First Nation ( Memento of the original from March 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
17. ↑ T'it'q'et First Nation
18. ^ N'quatqua First Nation
19. ↑ Lil'wat Nation ( Memento of the original from August 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
20. ↑ Xa'xtsa
21. ↑ Skatin
22. ↑ Samahquam
23. ^ Website of the N'Quatqua First Nation
24. ↑ In-SHUCK-ch Nation (Council Member Bands)
25. ^ In-SHUCK-ch Nation website
26. ↑ S T'ÁT'IMC