Tulalip
The Tulalip ( dx w lilap ) are an Native American tribe living in Washington State , near the Canadian border . Today's Tulalip are descendants of various tribes such as the Snohomish , Snoqualmie , Skagit , Sauk-Suiattle , Samish , Skykomish and Stillaguamish . What they have in common is the language, the Lushootseed (dx w ləšúcid), a dialect of the southwestern coastal Salish . The name refers to a "bay enclosed by land".
Their reservation forms the western half of the Marysville Tulalip Community east of Interstate 5 , north of Everett . It is bordered by the Snohomish River to the south, Fire Trail Road (146th) to the north, and Puget Sound to the west . The tribe has over 3,100 members, in 2000 a total of 9,246 people lived in the reservation. By 2004 the number of tribal members rose to 3,611.
history
Like all coastal Salish , the predecessors of today's Tulalip lived mainly from fish, but also from game and the income from collecting activities carried out by women. The original Tulalip tribe consisted of one of the three Twana clans who lived on the west side of the Hood Canal. Their main town, Hebolb, was at the mouth of the Snohomish River. Seasonal migrations depending on salmon, game and vegetation cycles meant that permanent houses, known as plank houses, were only moved into in winter.
With their canoes they operated a wide-ranging trade as far as Puget Sound and the Fraser River.
First contacts with Europeans
In the 1840s, the Tulalip came under the influence of Roman Catholic missionaries. After Great Britain and the USA had agreed on the 49th parallel as the border in 1846, increasing immigration into the region began. 22 tribes signed a treaty with Washington that they hoped would protect them. As early as 1857, Father Eugène-Casimir Chirouse came to them and set up a mission school, in 1858 several sisters came from Montreal to teach the girls.
The Indian Shaker Church, founded in 1881 and fiercely opposed, turned against its influence and that of American culture on a religious level . The local Shaker Church, built in 1923, is to be demolished and rebuilt in 2008 , although it is on the National Register of Historic Places .
The Point Elliott Treaty
The Treaty of Point Elliott , which was signed on January 22nd, 1855 and ratified four years later, and which actually assembled the new tribe from different groups, also provided for the establishment of a reservation for the Tulalip. At first it was 22,489.91 acres (approx. 91 km²) and was enlarged by an executive order of December 23, 1873 to 24,300 acres (approx. 98.3 km²).
The tribe, plus the above-mentioned tribes, did not go over to agriculture as quickly as the federal government wanted, but stayed with its old way of life, which consisted of fishing, hunting and collecting. This was also due to the fact that the area was very heavily forested and unsuitable for arable farming. Many had to look for work outside of the reserve to make a living. Thanks to Casimir Chirouse, a Catholic missionary, 400 Indians were vaccinated during the smallpox epidemic of 1862 and by August only three of them fell victim to the disease. In contrast, there were numerous casualties among the local tribes.
The land was distributed in the Tulalip Reservation between 1883 and 1909, with many Tulalip not acquiring any land.
In the course of the 1880s, the government increasingly tried to instruct the children of the Indians in schools outside the reservation (in so-called off-reservation boarding schools ). First the missionaries took over the leadership, then government agencies. Those who did not send their children there were threatened with coercive detention. The schools, which functioned as drill centers, separated parents and children for one school year each, required the exclusive use of English and prevented any adoption of their parents' culture as much as possible. This made traditional teaching impossible and the knowledge of the Elders could no longer be passed on. From the 1920s onwards, children were able to attend reserve schools and gradually higher forms of education opened up, where farming and simple technical professions had previously been preferred.
Constitution and land ownership
With the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which was intended to strengthen the autonomy of the tribes, the Tulalip also received a constitution and tribal laws. They were recognized on January 24, 1936 and ratified on October 3. Some of the Indian-owned land had trust or restricted status and some was tribal. In the 1970s more than half of the reservation was sold to non-Indians (56.64 km²), approx. 18.5 km² were in Indian ownership and 15.56 km² as trust land in tribal ownership. In 1985 the tribe had 1,099 members. He never made a formal application for the legal succession of the tribes that had merged into him.
In the National Registry of Historic Places there are three places on the reservation alone: the Shaker Church, the Catholic Saint Ann's Church and the Tulalip Indian Agency Office.
reserve
The Tulalip Indian Reservation is located on Port Susan Bay in western Snohomish County , right on the western border of the city of Marysville. According to the 2000 census, exactly 9,246 people lived in the 91.325 km² area. The largest place in the reserve is Tulalip Bay. The reserve also includes the following communities: Cathan, John Sam Lake, Priest Point, Shaker Church, Stimson Crossing, and Weallup Lake. Around 1000 non-Indians live in the reservation.
Current situation
The tribe has been subject to a constitution and statutes since 1936. A board of directors is responsible for tribal affairs. Committees manage lands, leases, loans, education, tribal enrollment, water resources and roads, hunting, fishing, and entertainment. The tribe has not yet submitted an application to the Indian Claims Commission as successor in title for tribal claims.
The reserve has almost 30 km of beach and beach houses have been built on Tulalip Bay, which the tribe rents out. In addition, the tribe bought a small island called Baby Island, which is known for its mussels.
One of the most important ventures of the tribe is the casino on Interstate 5 (Quil Ceda Village), which was built in June 1983 for 72 million US dollars and only partially functions as a gambling venue. There are now over 100 shops in the shopping mall. A 400-room resort is to be opened there in 2008. Other businesses include a cable television company, North West Indian News (since 2003), a boat dock and boat shop, liquor store, and leasing company. The tribe is now planning a 2,000 acre industrial estate off Interstate 5. Boeing returned a leased property in July 2001.
Many tribe members are still fishermen and lumberjacks. In early 2008, two salmon rescue programs on the Snohomish and the Stillaguamish Rivers received grants of US $ 1.1 million. The tribal administration alone employs more than 300 people.
The students belong to the Marysville School District , which is also responsible for the city of the same name. The Tulalip run a Montessori school and support a higher school program. There is also an expansion program in collaboration with Everett Community College .
Many service-oriented programs are available for tribal members, for example in the health and dental clinic, in addition to pharmacies, a state-licensed rest home and a retirement home. The Tulalip Housing Authority (Tulalip-Hausgesellschaft) owned 157 social houses and 138 rental units around 2000.
A close cooperation with the farmers has developed since 2001, after the tribe and the farmers mistrusted each other for decades. They have been running a joint biogas plant since 2003.
In the 1960s, Thomas Hess, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Washington, developed a phonetic alphabet for the Lushootseed, the language of the Tulalip, and numerous related groups. Hess was supported by Vi Hilbert, a member of the Upper Skagit . Hess died in 2009, Hilbert in 2008. The script consists of 47 characters and has been taught again ever since. In 1992 only 17 older people spoke the Tulalip language. The Tribal Cultural Resources Department was set up to try to save the language and culture of the tribe. In May 2004, the tribe and government signed an agreement providing support in essential areas of culture and society. It was signed where the Point Elliott Treaty was signed in 1855. In 2010 the tribe employed 12 teachers who teach Lushootseed at several schools, and around 200 students learn the language in the camps organized for this purpose.
At the beginning of 2008, the first television station of an Indian tribe, which can be received throughout the USA, began broadcasting. The station is called KANU TV and is located in Marysville, it can also be received over the Internet. He now also broadcasts in Lushootseed.
From February 27-29, 2008, the tribe hosted the Coast Salish Gathering , a gathering hosted by numerous Coast Salish tribes.
literature
- Robert H. Ruby / John A. Brown: A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest , University of Oklahoma Press 1992, pp. 244f.
- Wayne Suttles (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 7: Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 1990. ISBN 0-87474-187-4
See also
Web links
- Entry in the Washington encyclopedia HistoryLink (English) Tulalip Tribes
- The strain Homepage (English)
- US-History.com (English)
- Map of the reserve (English, PDF, 1.4 MB)
- Canoe TV, TV station of the Tulalip (English)
Remarks
- ↑ According to the US Census Bureau: Tulalip Reservation, Washington .
- ↑ Cat See, News network highlights Indian issues, in: The Bellingham Herold, January 8, 2008, digital: [1] ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Lewis Kamb, A methane to their madness. Tribes and farmers come together - over cow manur, in: Seattle Post April 22, 2003, digital: [2] .
- ↑ Camp bolsters reawakening of Lushootseed language , in: The Seattle Times, August 20, 2010 .
