Burrard
The Burrard or Tsleil-Waututh Nation is a Canadian first nation that lives on the Burrard Inlet , which separates Vancouver from North and West Vancouver . It belongs to the Salish language family , more precisely to the Hul'qumi'num dialect of the coastal Salish .
Their traditional area covered over 1,900 km². The tribe had exactly 449 officially recognized members in January 2010, of which 179 lived outside the reserve , 230 within and 40 more on other reserves.
Culture
The orally transmitted history of Tseil-Waututh tells of over 10,000 people before contact with Europeans. The “seasonal round”, that is, hikes over the course of the year, consisted of a comprehensive cycle that consisted of food gathering, hunting and spiritual and cultural activities linked to specific locations and formed the core of the Tsleil-Waututh culture.
In winter the parishioners gathered in large villages, which were usually located in sheltered bays. The houses had roof gables, were up to 30 m long and divided into individual family sections. During the winter, people lived mostly on dried and stored foods that were collected and preserved for the rest of the year. The winter activities consisted of wood carving, the weaving of blankets with the wool of the mountain goats and of gatherings and ceremonies, as well as trade and exchange.
In late spring the families were spread out in camps on practically all beaches and sheltered bays in the Tsleil-Waututh Territory. Planks from the winter houses were transported in canoes to be used to build smaller summer houses. These camps were the starting point for hunting, fishing and collecting excursions to locations with seasonally available resources. Some of these foods were consumed immediately, while others were processed and stored for winter consumption.
From mid-July to early August, most of the Tsleil-Waututh and other coastal Salish groups traveled to the Fraser River to catch and dry the sockeye , the most popular species of salmon . It was the time to visit other people, exchange news about relatives, and make connections. During the summer months, large quantities of different types of berries were also collected and dried.
After the Fraser River salmon season ended in the fall, families gathered at camps on the Indian , Capilano, Seymour, and other rivers to catch the pink and chum salmon . Most of the fish were dried for winter consumption. In December the families returned to their winter villages with the supplies they had gathered during the year and the annual cycle began again.
Despite the major changes in their ancestral territory, the Tsleil-Waututh Nation continue to engage in a large number of traditional activities. A stated goal is their participation in planning and development processes so that the once so rich resources return, are protected and used on a permanent basis.
history
- see History of the Coastal Salish
Early history
22 archaeological sites in the area of the recently established Say Nuth Khaw Yum Heritage Park / Indian Arm Provincial Park provide clues to the region's pre-European history, but research is still in its infancy. The investigations have focused on the former village of Inlailawatush at the mouth of the Indian River , and on the approximately 25 km long coastline within the park. Stone blades were found in the completely overgrown village, but also remains of stakes. According to the food supply, summer villages emerged in the northern areas, and winters were spent in the milder areas. The Tsleil-Waututh believe that they have lived in this area for 10,000 years.
European contacts
When Captain Alcalá Galiano reached Burrard Inlet on June 19, 1792 , he named it Canal de Floridablanca . A few days later, George Vancouver reached the area and named it after his friend Sir Harry Burrard .
From 1859 to 1860 the HMS Plumper recorded the area and gave numerous points new names. In 1862, Yorkshire potter John Morton bought 550 acres on Burrard Inlet, but the clay there was unsuitable. So he started to keep cows with his cousin Sam Brighouse and William Hailstone. On November 9, 1864, the first timber cargo left Burrard Inlet. She was sold to Australia . In the same year a telegraph station was opened. The first stagecoach ran here in 1874, and in 1881 a ferry service was started in the inlet.
reserve
In 1877 an area of 37 acres on the east side of the mouth of the Indian River was assigned to the Indians , but up to 2,500 square feet was given to Brittengham & Young Co. Ltd. from New Westminster for $ 10,000 Canadian and $ 500 worth of lumber. Today the reserve Burrard Inlet 3 covers exactly 108.2 hectares, plus two small reserves totaling 2.5 hectares.
Economic use
Industrialization in the area began with Stamp's Mill , a sawmill at the north end of what is now Dunlevy Street. It was there that the first Indian woman, Ada Young, married a white man named Peter Plant. James A. Raymur took over the work from Edward Stamp in 1871.
In 1870, the first salmon canning factory was opened in New Westminster, while commercial fishing was soon banned for the Indians. In contrast, nearly 2,000 Japanese fishermen, almost 6,000 of whom were active on the lower Fraser River in 1897 , increasingly competed. The Steveston Fishermen's Association represented their interests. In 1899 around 300,000 boxes of salmon were sold on the lower Fraser alone. In July 1900 the fishermen struck against overfishing by the Americans, at the same time 400 soldiers were drawn together to protect the Japanese. Chinese men usually slaughtered and cut up the fish, while Indians and Japanese women cleaned the salmon and put them in the boxes. The catch was carried out by Japanese men, Europeans and Indians. Over 200 workers managed 1,200 boxes per day, i.e. around 26,000 kg. The Fraser River Salmon Canners Association was formed against them . Monopoly tendencies began as early as May 1902 when the British Columbia Packers Association bought 42 fish factories.
1886–1913 John Rainy searched for gold and silver in an area of 245 acres . The first large-scale logging operations began shortly after 1900. 1903–1905 the first hydropower plant to supply Vancouver with electricity was built .
In 1908 the ferry service started in the Indian Arm. In 1910, Baron Gustav Konstantin von Alvensleben bought a project for tourists that had been started in 1906. He had the Wigwam Inn built. The renaming of the Northern Arm to Indian Arm is likely due to these activities. However, von Alvensleben was expropriated during the First World War and the custodian of Enemy Property , EJ Young, took over the company, which still exists today, but is operated by the Vancouver Yacht Club .
Provincial Park
The Say Nuth Khaw Yum Heritage Park / Indian Arm Provincial Park is a cultural and natural park on the Indian Arm, the core of the traditional area of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation . In October 1996, British Columbia's Premier Glen Clark announced the establishment of 23 new provincial parks in the Lowlands , with a total area of 136,000 hectares. In 1997, an area of 6,821 hectares on Indian Inlet was placed under protection. The hard-to-reach area, which is mainly used by kayakers , and where steam boats went to the Wigwam Inn at the end of the bay, was also the logging area. The surrounding mountains rise to over 1,500 m and are under up to 12 m of snow in winter. The more easily accessible areas were cleared for the first time in 1800, but trees that are 200 years old are now in some places.
The protection is to save the last primeval forest areas ( old growth ) from "heli-logging", the logging by helicopter . Slipping logging roads (in more than 60 places), clear cutting (most recently at Grand Creek) in connection with heavy rainfall have severely damaged the Indian Inlet in many places. In addition, there was the excessive pollution from boats and all-wheel drive vehicles, but also waste and sewage from campsites (especially on Twin and Racoon Island) and farms, and finally the construction of houses near the shore, especially in the southern part of the Indian Arm. In addition, aisles through electricity pylons (on the east side) and illegal hiking trails caused landslides, for example on Clementine Creek. A total of 200 km of lumberjack roads crossed the area, and the camp on the lower Indian River employed 100 lumberjacks in the 1960s to 1980s.
However, the Burrard were initially not involved in the development process of the park and there were no consultations. However, they signed a co-management agreement with the provincial government. To develop the park for ecotourism , a hiking trail was required, which Don McPherson drove on on his own.
2010 Olympics
On November 26, 2004, the chiefs of the Squamish , the Tsleil-Waututh First Nations, the Musqueam and Lil'wat bands signed a contract that should secure them greater participation in the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver .
On October 1, 2007, the Burrard voted on the question, “Vote for his lease of lots 79-17-1, 79-17-2 and 79-17-3 Burrard Inlet Indian Reserve number 3 to Takaya Development Limited Partnership Partner Takaya Developments Ltd. for a period of 99 years? ”Of 132 participants, 94 voted in favor, 32 with no, and 2 votes were invalid. This made the vote legally binding.
In February 2010, representatives of the tribe took part in the opening of the Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver in part.
Trans Mountain Pipeline
The Trudeau government and that of the province of Alberta wish an extension of the Trans Mountain Pipeline from Edmonton to Burnaby , against the fierce resistance of the province of British Columbia BC This "Trans Mountain Expansion Project" TMX is to triple the transport capacity, which starts at the port of Burnaby, where children Morgan ’s "Westridge Marine Terminal" says it would mean a sevenfold increase in large shipments in difficult, already heavily traveled coastal waters. Diluted bitumen is transported for further processing into fuel, particularly to Asia and California.
An overcrowded town hall meeting with Trudeau on February 2, 2018 in Nanaimo lived u. a. Representatives of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation attended, but they left in protest. As residents of the estuary and the coastal strip, they would be affected in the event of damage. Trudeau made the admission that the complicated shipping from Burnaby towards the Pacific, with bottlenecks between the many islands until reaching the open Pacific, must be more strictly regulated and greater precautions must be taken to prevent tanker accidents, according to the nationwide "Oceans Protection Plan" ". The federal government must test its legal influence on the really problematic factors of the river and sea route; The BC government has also considered greater security on this sea route. In any case, negotiations with US federal authorities are necessary because some of the danger points on the sea route border on US territory.
In March 2018 the conflict intensified. 5,000 people marched against the TMX on March 10th, led by First Nations representatives from BC. More than 210 protesters were arrested by the police during actions that may include a. under the motto: "Defend our waters" (#defendthewater) ran. Among the arrestants were two members of the BC Parliament. An Trudeau said: Prime Minister Trudeau: pioneers of climate protection do not build a pipeline! There was also a protest rally with this motto in the neighboring US state of Washington, DC in front of the Canadian embassy.
In April 2018, the German-language press reported in detail on the conflict through the Handelsblatt .
After Kinder Morgan's sale of the pipeline to Canada was approved by all committees at the end of August 2018, one of Canada's highest courts, the Federal Court of Appeal, shut down the entire TMX expansion project on August 30th . In their unanimous decision, the three judges, chaired by Eleanor Dawson , decided in the last instance: the permit is invalid because the planning violates the rights of 7 First Nations, and in the event of a tanker accident the orcas are threatened in their existence. The only possible action against the judgment would be to the Supreme Court of Canada . NEB-ONE announced that all work with environmental impacts has been discontinued, this applies in particular to clearing, and all pending lawsuits before court instances will be terminated. Negotiations will now begin with the "Trans Mountain Indigenous Advisory Monitoring Committee" IAMC, the representative of the First Nations with regard to TMX, including a better control of the old pipes and systems that are already in place.
The government of the province of Alberta has already announced that with this ruling, Alberta's approval of Trudeau's climate plan is no longer valid. British Columbia hosted environmentalists and First Nations celebrations.
Government officials, including Trudeau himself, commented on the judgment that the project is being continued “in the right way”, which cannot mean anything other than a completely changed planning with regard to essential territorial and ecological factors Objections are made. A website of the responsible federal authority "Ressources Naturelles Canada" RNC-NRC lists 157 regulations, which will be connected with the construction and operation of TMX, including the important reduction of ship noise to protect the orcas, especially through slow travel.
In mid-2019, Trudeau announced that it would continue to expand the pipeline capacity, with work scheduled to begin this summer.
See also
- History of the Coastal Salish
- History of British Columbia
- First Nations history
- List of Indian tribes recognized in Canada
literature
- Wayne Suttles: Linguistic Evidence for Burrard Inlet as Former Halkomelem Territory , Papers for the 31st International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages, Vancouver 1996.
- Wayne Suttles (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 7: Northwest Coast. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC 1990. ISBN 0-87474-187-4 .
Web links
Remarks
- ↑ According to the information from the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development , First Nation Profiles: Burrard ( Memento of the original from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Cf. The Tsleil-Waututh Nation ( Memento of the original from December 25, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ For the current status (October 2007) see: Draft Park Management Plan & SNKY Park Bioregional Atlas ( Memento of the original from December 26, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ More on this from Charles Montgomery: The Blazer ( Memento of the original of February 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ currently an average of 250 movements of large merchant ships per month on this route, including 4 tankers
- ↑ February 2, 2018 , Vancouver Sun
- ↑ The Globe and Mail shows a sea voyage through the various Sunde with a large tanker in this film with explanations of when the tug ships required by law from Burnaby, initially two, gradually end their service and when the, first two, state pilots disembark one after the other . All of this happens far before the open sea, which is reached after a ten hour drive (148 km).
- ↑ Site of Indian Protest and Other People
- ↑ Billion dollar project : Dispute over oil pipeline plunges Trudeau into a government crisis, Handelsblatt, April 15, 2018, by Gerd Braune
- ↑ There are only 75 living organisms left of the orca subspecies in these waters, known as "southern residents". The judgment states that the planning of the licensing authority "National Energy Board NEB - Office national de l'énergie ONE" did not consider the problems on the water side from Burnaby onwards. Vancouver Sun , with a link to: Video of an aerial photo of an orca swarm on Youtube
- ↑ NEB-ONE, August 31, 2018
- ^ The judgment, according to Le Monde , August 30, 2018, French.
- ↑ according to Vancouver Sun, August 30, 2018, engl.
- ↑ RNC / NRC to TMX, September 2018, French (optional English) With a map showing the course of the TMX planned until 2018.
- ↑ Canada's Prime Minister Trudeau is daring a dangerous balancing act with a new pipeline project , St. Galler Tagblatt , June 19, 2019, by Gerd Braune; and BBC , June 18, 2019, engl.
