Hudson River and User talk:69.120.20.42: Difference between pages
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{{Nofootnotes|article|date=July 2007}} |
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{{Geobox|River |
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<!-- *** Name section *** --> |
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| name = Hudson River |
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| native_name = Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk or Muhheakantuck |
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| other_name = |
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| other_name1 = |
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<!-- *** Image *** ---> |
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| image = Hudson river from bear mountain bridge.jpg |
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| image_size = 300 |
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| image_caption = Looking upriver from the [[Bear Mountain Bridge]] |
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<!-- *** Country etc. *** --> |
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| country = USA |
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| country_flag = 1 |
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| state = New York |
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| state1 = New Jersey |
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| state_flag = 1 |
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| region = |
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| region1 = |
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| district = |
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| district1 = |
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| city = [[Glens Falls, New York|Glens Falls]] |
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| city1 = [[Troy, New York|Troy]] |
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| city2 = [[Albany, New York|Albany]] |
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| city3 = [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]] |
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| city4 = [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]] |
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| city5 = [[Newburgh (city), New York|Newburgh]] |
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| city6 = [[Beacon, New York|Beacon]] |
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| city7 = [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]] |
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| city8 = [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]] |
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| city9 = [[New York City]] |
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| city10 = [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City, NJ]] |
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<!-- *** Geography *** --> |
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| length_imperial = 315 |
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| watershed_imperial = 14000 |
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| discharge_location = [[Lower New York Bay]] |
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| discharge_average_imperial = 21400 |
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| discharge_max_imperial = |
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| discharge_min_imperial = |
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| discharge1_location = [[Troy, New York|Troy]] |
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| discharge1_average_imperial = 15000 |
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<!-- *** Source *** --> |
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| source_name = [[Lake Tear of the Clouds]] |
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| source_location = [[Mount Marcy]] |
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| source_district = |
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| source_region = [[Adirondack Mountains]] |
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| source_state = [[New York]] |
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| source_country = [[USA]] |
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| source_lat_d = 44 |
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| source_lat_m = 06 |
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| source_lat_s = 24 |
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| source_lat_NS = N |
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| source_long_d = 73 |
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| source_long_m = 56 |
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| source_long_s = 09 |
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| source_long_EW = W |
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| source_elevation_imperial = 4293 |
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| source_length_imperial = |
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<!-- *** Mouth *** --> |
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| mouth_name = [[Upper New York Bay]] |
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| mouth_location = |
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| mouth_district = |
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| mouth_region = |
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| mouth_state = [[New York]] |
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| mouth_country = [[USA]] |
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| mouth_lat_d = 40 |
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| mouth_lat_m = 42 |
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| mouth_lat_s = 11 |
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| mouth_lat_NS = N |
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| mouth_long_d = 74 |
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| mouth_long_m = 01 |
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| mouth_long_s = 36 |
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| mouth_long_EW = W |
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| mouth_elevation_imperial = 0 |
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<!-- *** Tributaries *** --> |
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| tributary_left = [[Hoosic River]] |
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| tributary_left1 = |
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| tributary_right = [[Mohawk River]] |
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| tributary_right1 = [[Rondout Creek]]/[[Wallkill River]] |
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<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
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| free_name = |
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| free_value = |
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<!-- *** Map section *** --> |
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| map = Hudsonmap.png |
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| map_size = 300 |
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| map_caption = Hudson and Mohawk watersheds |
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}} |
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The '''Hudson River''', called '''''Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk''''' , the '''Great Mohegan''' by the [[Iroquois]],<ref Name="Hoffman">{{cite book | last =Hoffman | first =Charles Fenno | title =Wild scenes in the forest and prairie {Chapter II: Ko nea rau neh neh or The Flying Head) | publisher = | date =1839 | location =Original from Oxford University | pages =Page 31 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=JHoEAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA48&dq=%22The+Flying+Head%22&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PRA1-PA31,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref Name="Abbatt">{{cite book | last =Abbatt | first =William | title =The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries (INDIAN LEGENDS VIII: THE FLYING HEAD A LEGEND OF SACONDAGA LAKE) | publisher = | date =1906 | location =Original from Harvard University | pages =Page 282 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=x_AOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA282&dq=%22The+Flying+Head%22&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1 | doi = | id = }}</ref><ref Name="Coppée">{{cite book | last =Coppée | first =Henry (edited by) | title =The Classic and the Beautiful from the Literature of Three Thousand Years (THE FLYING HEAD A LEGEND OF SACONDAGA LAKE) | publisher =Carson & Simpson | date =1900 | location =Original from the New York Public Library | pages =Page 220 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=fL8CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA224&dq=%22The+Flying+Head%22&as_brr=1&ie=ISO-8859-1#PPA220,M1 | doi = | id = }}</ref> or as the [[Lenape]] Native Americans called it in Unami, '''''Muhheakantuck''''', '''Θkahnéhtati'''<ref>Rudes, B. ''Tuscarora English Dictionary'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999</ref> in [[Tuscarora language|Tuscarora]]), is a {{convert|315|mi|km|sing=on}} [[river]] that flows from north to south through eastern [[New York]] [[U.S. state|State]] and forms the border between [[New York City]] and [[New Jersey]] at its mouth before emptying into the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It is named for [[Henry Hudson]], an [[England|Englishman]] sailing for the [[Dutch East India Company]], who explored it in 1609. The Hudson River was originally named the Mauritius River, which is claimed to be the name given by Hudson in honor of [[Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange|Prince Maurice of Nassau]]. Alternatively, it is said to be the name given by Sixteenth century European adventurers, explorers, and fishermen who knew the river as River Mauritius, 'The River of Mountains'. |
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== October 2008 == |
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Early [[Europe]]an settlement of the area clustered around the river. The area inspired the [[Hudson River school]] of painting, a sort of early American pastoral idyll. |
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[[Image:Information.png|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving?diff=244457901 Your test]</span> on [[:Diving]] worked, and has been removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. You may also wish to read the [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction to editing]]. Thank you. <!-- Template:uw-huggletest1 --> [[User:DavidWS|DavidWS]] ([[User talk:DavidWS|talk]]) 22:14, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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==Geography== |
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The official [[Source (river or stream)|source]] of the Hudson is [[Lake Tear of the Clouds]] in the [[Adirondack Mountains]]. However, the waterway from the lake is known as [[Feldspar Brook]] and the [[Opalescent River]], feeding into the Hudson at [[Tahawus, New York|Tahawus]]. The actual Hudson River begins several miles north of Tahawus at [[Henderson Lake]]. The Hudson is joined at [[Troy, New York|Troy]] (north of [[Albany, New York|Albany]]) by the [[Mohawk River]], its major tributary, just south of which the [[Federal Dam (Troy)|Federal Dam]] separates the [[Upper Hudson River Valley]] from the '''Lower Hudson River Valley''' or simply the '''[[Hudson River Valley]]'''. South of Troy, the Hudson is tidal and widens and flows south into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] between [[Manhattan|Manhattan Island]] and the [[New Jersey Palisades]], forming [[New York Harbor]], at [[New York Bay]], an arm of the Ocean. The Hudson was originally named the "North River" by the Dutch, who named the [[Delaware River]] the "South River." This name persists to this day in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic, especially below Tappan Zee, as well as place names such as the [[Riverbank State Park|North River Sewage Treatment Plant]].<ref name=Stanne>{{cite book |last=Stanne |first=Stephen P. |coauthors=Roger G. Panetta, Brian E. Forist |title=The Hudson, An Illustrated Guide to the Living River |year=1996 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |isbn=0-8135-2270-6 }}</ref> It was the English who originated the Hudson name, even though Hudson had found the river while exploring for the Dutch. |
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[[Image:HudsonRiverJerseyCity1890.jpg|left|thumb|View of the Hudson in the 1880s showing [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]]] |
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The lower Hudson is actually a tidal [[estuary]], with tidal influence extending as far as the Federal Dam at Troy. [http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.1.estuaries.html] Strong [[tide]]s make parts of [[New York Harbor]] difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter, ice floes drift south or north, depending upon the tides. The Mahican name of the river, ''Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk'', means "the river that flows both ways." The Hudson is often mistaken for one of the largest rivers in the United States, but it is an [[estuary]] throughout most of its length below Troy and thus only a small fraction of water, about 15,000 cubic feet (425 m³/s) per second, is present. The mean freshwater discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately 21,400 cubic feet (606 m³) per second. |
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The Hudson and its tributaries—notably the Mohawk River—drain a large area. Parts of the Hudson river form [[cove]]s, such as [[Weehawken Cove]] in [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] and [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]]. |
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The Hudson is sometimes called, in geological terms, a "drowned" river. The rising [[sea level]]s after the retreat of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], the most recent [[ice age]], have resulted in a [[Fjord|marine incursion]] that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply-eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline, [[Hudson Canyon]], is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. |
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[[Image:Hudson River From New York VGA.jpg|right|thumb|Looking upriver from [[Battery Park City, Manhattan|Battery Park City]] in [[Manhattan]]]] |
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[[Image:HudsonRiverJavitsCenter.agr.JPG|thumb|left|Hudson from [[Midtown Manhattan]] with Javits Convention Center in foreground. The [[New Jersey Palisades]] is visible across the river.]]The [[Delaware and Hudson Railway|Delaware and Hudson Canal]] ended at the Hudson at [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]], running southwest to the [[coal]] fields of northeastern [[Pennsylvania]]. |
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Notable landmarks on the Hudson include [[United States Military Academy|West Point]], [[Vassar College]], [[Bard College]], the [[Culinary Institute of America]], [[Marist College]], the [[Thayer Hotel]] at West Point, [[Pollepel Island|Bannerman's Castle]], [[Metro-North Railroad]]'s [[Hudson Line (Metro-North)|Hudson Line]] (formerly part of the [[New York Central Railroad]] system), The [[Tappan Zee]], the [[New Jersey Palisades]], [[Hudson River Islands State Park]], [[Hudson Highlands State Park]], [[New York Military Academy]], [[Fort Tryon Park]] with [[The Cloisters]], [[Liberty State Park]], and [[Stevens Institute of Technology]]. Cities and towns on the [[New Jersey]] side include [[Tenafly, New Jersey|Tenafly]], [[Fort Lee, New Jersey|Fort Lee]], Edgewater, West New York, [[Weehawken, New Jersey|Weehawken]], [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]], and [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]. Cities in New York State include [[Troy, New York|Troy]], [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]], [[Poughkeepsie (city), New York|Poughkeepsie]], [[Glens Falls, New York|Glens Falls]], [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]], and [[New York City]]. |
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The natural beauty of the [[Hudson Valley]] earned the Hudson River the nickname '''"America's Rhine"''', being compared to that of the famous 40 mile (65 km) stretch of Germany's [[Rhine|Rhine River]] valley between the cities of [[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]] and [[Koblenz]]. A similar 30-mile (48 km) stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the [[Hudson River Historic District]], a [[National Historic Landmark]]. The Hudson was designated as one of the [[American Heritage Rivers]] in 1997. |
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=== The Narrows === |
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[[The Narrows]], a tidal strait between the [[New York City]] [[borough (New York City)|boroughs]] of [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]], connects the upper and lower sections of New York Bay. It has long been considered the maritime "gateway" to New York City and historically has been the most important entrance into the harbor. |
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The Narrows were most likely formed about 6,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Previously, Staten Island and Long Island were connected, preventing the Hudson River from terminating via The Narrows. At that time, the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present day northern New Jersey, along the eastern side of the [[Watchung Mountains]] to [[Bound Brook, New Jersey]] and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via [[Raritan Bay]]. A build up of water in the Upper Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form The Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City (Waldman, 2000). |
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=== Haverstraw Bay === |
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[[Haverstraw Bay]], just north of the [[Tappan Zee]] (the widest part of the river), is located between Croton Point in the Southeast and the town of Haverstraw in the Northwest. Haverstraw Bay is a popular destination for recreational boaters, and is home to many Yacht clubs and marinas including Croton Yacht Club, Croton Sailing School, and Haverstraw Marina. |
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==Transportation== |
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[[Image:Hudson River.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Looking downriver from the [[Circle Line (New York)|Circle Line sightseeing boat]]. [[George Washington Bridge]] can be seen in the background.]] |
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The Hudson River is [[Navigability|navigable]] for a great distance above mile 0 (at 40°42.1'N., 74°01.5'W.) off [[Battery Park (New York)|The Battery]]. The original [[Erie Canal]], opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, emptied into the Hudson at the city of Albany's basin, just three miles (5 km) south of the [[Federal Dam (Troy)|Federal Dam]] in [[Troy, New York|Troy]] (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the [[Great Lakes]] and [[Europe]] via the Atlantic Ocean. The [[New York State Canal System]], the successor to the Erie Canal, runs into the Hudson River north of Troy and uses the Federal Dam as the Lock 1 and natural waterways whenever possible. The first [[Rail transport|railroad]] in New York, the [[Albany and Schenectady Railroad|Mohawk and Hudson Railroad]], opened in 1831 between [[Albany, New York|Albany]] and [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]] on the [[Mohawk River]], enabling passengers to bypass the slowest part of the Erie Canal. |
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In northern Troy, the [[Champlain Canal]] split from the Erie Canal and continued north along the west side of the Hudson to [[Thomson, New York|Thomson]], where it crossed to the east side. At [[Fort Edward (town), New York|Fort Edward]] the canal left the Hudson, heading northeast to [[Lake Champlain]]. A [[barge canal]] now splits from the Hudson at that point, taking roughly the same route (also parallel to the [[Delaware and Hudson Railway]]'s [[Saratoga and Whitehall Railroad]]) to Lake Champlain at [[Whitehall, New York|Whitehall]]. From Lake Champlain, boats can continue north into [[Canada]] to the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]]. |
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The [[Hudson Valley]] also proved attractive for railroads, once technology progressed to the point where it was feasible to construct the required bridges over tributaries. The [[Troy and Greenbush Railroad]] was chartered in 1845 and opened that same year, running a short distance on the east side between Troy and [[Greenbush, New York|Greenbush]] (east of Albany). The [[New York Central Railroad|Hudson River Railroad]] was chartered the next year as a continuation of the Troy and Greenbush south to New York City, and was completed in 1851. In 1866 the [[Hudson River Bridge (Albany)|Hudson River Bridge]] opened over the river between Greenbush and Albany, enabling through traffic between the Hudson River Railroad and the [[New York Central Railroad]] west to [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. |
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The [[West Shore Railroad|New York, West Shore and Buffalo Railway]] ran up the west shore of the Hudson as a competitor to the merged New York Central and Hudson River Railroad. Construction was slow, and was finally completed in 1884; the New York Central purchased the line the next year. |
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[[Image:Bear Mtn Bridge.jpg|thumb|The [[Bear Mountain Bridge]] from [[Bear Mountain State Park|Bear Mountain]]]] |
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The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by [[bridge]]s, [[tunnel]]s, and [[Ferry|ferries]]. The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross, the results today visible in the [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge|Verrazano-Narrows]] and [[George Washington Bridge|George Washington]] Bridges, as well as the [[Lincoln Tunnel|Lincoln]] and [[Holland Tunnel|Holland]] Tunnels and the [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] and [[Pennsylvania Tunnel and Terminal Railroad|Pennsylvania Railroad]] tubes. The [[Troy-Waterford Bridge]] at [[Waterford (town), New York|Waterford]] was the first bridge over the Hudson, opened in 1809. The [[Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad]] was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835, including the [[Green Island Bridge]], the first bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam. [http://railroad.union.rpi.edu/images/Open-house/Self-guided-tour-of-Troy.asp] |
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The [[Upper Hudson River Valley]] was also useful for railroads. Sections of the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad, [[Troy and Boston Railroad]] and [[Albany Northern Railroad]] ran next to the Hudson between Troy and [[Mechanicville, New York|Mechanicville]]. North of Mechanicville the shore was bare until [[Glens Falls, New York|Glens Falls]], where the short [[Glens Falls Railroad]] ran along the east shore. At Glens Falls the Hudson turns west to [[Corinth, New York|Corinth]] before continuing north; at Corinth the [[Adirondack Scenic Railroad|Adirondack Railway]] begins to run along the Hudson's west bank. The original Adirondack Railway opened by 1871, ending at [[North Creek, New York|North Creek]] along the river. In [[World War II]] an extension opened to [[Tahawus, New York|Tahawus]], the site of valuable [[iron]] and [[titanium]] [[mining|mine]]s. The extension continued along the Hudson River into [[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton County]], and then continued north where the Hudson makes a turn to the west, crossing the Hudson and running along the west shore of the [[Boreas River]]. South of Tahawus the route returned to the east shore of the Hudson the rest of the way to its terminus. |
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[[Image:Hudson River NASA.jpg|thumb|frame|right|NASA image of the lower Hudson]] |
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==Political boundaries== |
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The Hudson River serves as a [[political boundary]] between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York [[county (United States)|counties]]. The northernmost place with this convention is in southwestern [[Essex County, New York|Essex County]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]] |
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|rowspan=16 bgcolor=bfbfff width=8| |
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|align=center|[[Essex County, New York|Essex]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Warren County, New York|Warren]] |
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|align=center|<small>river runs along<br>[[municipal]] boundaries |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]] |
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|align=center|[[Warren County, New York|Warren]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]] |
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|align=center|[[Washington County, New York|Washington]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]] |
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|align=center|[[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Albany County, New York|Albany]] |
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|align=center|[[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Greene County, New York|Greene]] |
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|align=center|[[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] |
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|align=center|[[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]] |
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|align=center|[[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Orange County, New York|Orange]] |
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|align=center|[[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Orange County, New York|Orange]] |
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|align=center|[[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]] |
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|align=center|[[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] (NJ) |
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|align=center|[[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] (NJ) |
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|align=center|[[Bronx County, New York|Bronx]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen]] (NJ) |
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|align=center|[[New York County, New York|New York]] |
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|- |
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|align=center|[[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson]] (NJ) |
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|align=center|[[New York County, New York|New York]] |
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|} |
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==Tributaries== |
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[[Image:Catskills beyond Hudson.jpg|thumb|View of the Catskills from Rhinecliff]] |
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[[Image:Hudson in Adirondacks.jpg|thumb|The Hudson near [[Newcomb, New York]], a dozen miles south of its source.]] |
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From north to south, moving downriver |
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*[[Opalescent Brook]] |
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*[[Cedar River]] |
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*[[Indian River]] |
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*[[Boreas River]] |
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*[[Schroon River]] |
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*[[Sacandaga River]] |
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*[[Mill Creek]] |
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*[[Battenkill River]] |
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*[[Hoosic River]] |
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*[[Mohawk River]] |
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*[[Normans Kill]] |
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*[[Catskill Creek]] |
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*[[Esopus Creek]] |
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*[[Rondout Creek]] |
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*[[Roeliff-Jansen Kill]] |
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*[[Crum Elbow Creek]] |
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*[[Wappingers Creek]] |
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*[[Fishkill Creek]] |
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*[[Moodna Creek]] |
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*[[Quassaick Creek]] |
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*[[Croton River]] |
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*[[Pocantico River]] |
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*[[Sparkill Creek]] |
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*[[Wicker's Creek]] |
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*[[Saw Mill River]] |
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[[Image:Adirondack Mountains, N.Y.- Lake Tear of the Clouds by Stoddard, Seneca Ray.png|thumb|''Lake Tear of the Clouds'', by [[Seneca Ray Stoddard]] (late 19th century)]] |
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==Theodore Roosevelt's historic route== |
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On September 14, 1901, then-[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was at Lake Tear of the Clouds after returning from a hike to the [[Mount Marcy]] summit when he received a message informing him that [[President of the United States|President]] [[William McKinley]], who had been shot two weeks earlier but was expected to survive, had taken a turn for the worse. |
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Roosevelt hiked down 10 miles (16 km) on the southwest side of the mountain to the closest stage station at [[Long Lake, New York]]. He then took a 40 mile (64 km) midnight stage coach ride through the twisting Adirondack Roads to the Adirondack Railway station at North Creek, where he discovered that McKinley had died. Roosevelt took the train to Buffalo, New York, where he was officially sworn in as President. |
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The 40 mile (64 km) route is now designated the [[Roosevelt-Marcy Trail]]. |
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==Pollution== |
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[[General Electric]] Corporation has been involved in a long lasting battle over the cleanup of [[Polychlorinated biphenyl]] contamination of the Hudson. According to the US [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA): "The General Electric Company discharged between 209,000 and 1.3 million pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into the river from two capacitor manufacturing plants located in Hudson Falls and Fort Edward."<ref name="epa_ge">{{cite web|title=Hudson River PCBs | publisher=[[United States Environmental Agency]] | url=http://www.epa.gov/Region2/superfund/npl/0202229c.pdf | accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> |
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In 1983, the EPA declared a 200 mile (322 km) stretch of the river, from Hudson Falls to New York City, to be a [[Superfund]] site. GE will soon commence dredging operations at its own expense to clean up the PCBs.<ref name="ge_hudson">{{cite web|title=Hudson River | publisher=[[General Electric Company]] | url=http://www.ge.com/en/citizenship/ehs/remedial/hudson/index.htm}}</ref> Inspired by [[Earth Day]] advocates, this action anchored the [[Riverkeeper]] program that grew into a global umbrella organization, the [[Waterkeeper Alliance]]. The [[Hudson River Sloop Clearwater]] is an environmental education organization that promotes awareness of the river and its history. |
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Other pollution issues affecting the river include: Accidental [[sanitary sewer overflow|sewage discharges]], urban [[surface runoff]], [[heavy metals]], [[furans]], [[dioxin]], [[pesticide]]s, and [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs).<ref name="nysdec">{{cite web|title=Hudson River Estuary Program: Cleaning the river: Improving water quality | page=24 | year=2007 | url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrepc.pdf | accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> |
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The Hudson River estuary system is part of [[The National Estuarine Research Reserve System]].<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://nerrs.noaa.gov/Reserves.html Network of 27 Protected Areas |
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|title=Network of 27 Protected Areas |
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|publisher=[[NOAA]] |
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|accessdate=2007-01-27 |
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}}</ref> |
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A study reported in the August 2008 issue of the journal Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry suggests that [[mercury (element)|mercury]] in common Hudson River fish, including [[striped bass]], [[yellow perch]], [[largemouth bass]], [[smallmouth bass]] and [[carp]], has declined strongly over the past three decades. The conclusions were extracted from a large database of mercury analyses of fish fillets accumulated by the [[New York State Department of Environmental Conservation]] and collected over much of the length of the Hudson from New York City waters to the Adirondack watershed. The research indicates that the trends are in line with the recovery that the Hudson River has experienced over the past few decades, now that activist groups, government officials and industry are beginning to cooperate to help clean up the river system.<ref>[http://newswise.com/articles/view/542835/ Analysis of Hudson River Fish by Research Team Shows Strong Drop in Mercury] Newswise, Retrieved on July 22, 2008.</ref> |
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==Miscellaneous== |
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{{Trivia|date=April 2008}} |
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In 2004, Christopher Swain became the first person to swim the entire length of the Hudson River. <ref>[http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/press/2006/swimrivers.cfm New York State Museum - "Swim for the River"]</ref> |
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The [[New Jersey Devils]]/[[New York Rangers]] hockey rivalry is known as the [[Hudson River Rivalry]] because the Devils are based in [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]] and the Rangers are based across the Hudson River in [[Manhattan]]. |
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There have been reported sightings of a sea serpent living in the Hudson river called Kipsy after the city of Poughkeepsie <ref>[http://www.gargoyles-fans.org/reviews/ep40.htm The Gargoyles Fans Website :: Episode Review: Monsters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. There is a mural painted by Dick and Margaret Crenson just off Main Street in Poughkeepsie. <ref>[http://www.hvmag.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=B5549CFD24E64BAC93E11938AD51A18C&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=4630DF9564894192AA5DC0DFA7FF7936 The Pulse | Archives | Hudson Valley Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There have also been reported sightings elsewhere along the Hudson River. <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F0DEFD91E3EEF33A25757C0A96F9C94679FD7CF THE SEA SERPENT.; HE APPEARS IN THE HUDSON RIVER BELOW ALBANY. - Article Preview - The New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The creature has also been known as Libby when it has been sighted around the Statue of Liberty. |
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==See also== |
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{{Hvportal}} |
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*[[Hudson River Chain]] |
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*[[Hudson Valley]] |
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*[[List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River]] |
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*[[List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City]] |
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*[[List of ferries across the Hudson River north of New York City]] |
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*[[Hudson River School]] |
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*[[List of New Jersey rivers]] |
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*[[List of New York rivers]] |
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*[[Upper Hudson River Valley]] |
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*[[Hudson Canyon]] - A [[submarine canyon]] extending hundreds of miles into the Atlantic Ocean that connects Hudson River to the deep ocean basin. <!--genesis and net flow subject to ongoing research--> |
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*[[Hudson River Waterfront Walkway]] |
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*[[Robert Kennedy Jr.]] |
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*[[Pete Seeger]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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* [http://www.history.rochester.edu/canal/bib/whitford/1906/Chron15.html Chronology - Hudson River] |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.riverkeeper.org/ Hudson Riverkeeper] |
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*[http://www.clearwater.org/ Hudson River Sloop Clearwater] |
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*[http://www.scenichudson.org/ Scenic Hudson] |
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*[http://www.hudsonriver.org/ Hudson River Foundation] |
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*[http://www.hudsonwatch.net/ HudsonWatch.net -- A Web site dealing with General Electric Company's Hudson River/PCB Cleanup and related matters.] |
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*[http://www.hrwa.org/ Hudson River Watertrail Association] |
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*[http://www.nynjbaykeeper.org/ NY/NJ Baykeeper] |
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*[http://www.bannermanisland.com/ Bannerman Castle Trust] |
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*[http://www.hudsonriver.com/ Hudson River.com] |
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*[http://www.riverproject.org/ The River Project] |
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*[http://www.hres.org/ The Hudson River Environmental Society] |
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*[http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/welcome.html Hudson River Maritime Museum] |
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*[http://hudsonriverhistory.com/ Hudson River History] |
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*[http://fishkillcreekwatershed.org/ Fishkill Creek Watershed Committee] |
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*[http://groundworkhudsonvalley.org/ Groundwork Hudson Valley & Saw Mill River Coalition] |
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*[http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/CP2/CP2-35ed-Ch12_2.pdf Chapter 12] Hudson River, ''Coast Pilot 2'', 35th Edition, 2006, Office of Coast Survey, NOAA |
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*[http://www.nauticalcharts.gov/viewer/AtlanticCoastTable.htm NOAA Nautical Charts] numbers 12335 (mile 0) to 13348 (mile 134). |
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*[http://www.hudsonhistorics.com/ Hudson Historics] |
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{{geolinks-US-river|([[Upper New York Bay]])|40.7031|-74.0266|([[Lake Tear of the Clouds]])|44.1067|-73.9358}} |
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[[Category:Hudson River|*]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of New Jersey]] |
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[[Category:American Heritage Rivers]] |
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[[bn:হাডসন নদী]] |
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[[bg:Хъдсън (река)]] |
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[[ca:Riu Hudson]] |
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[[cs:Hudson (řeka)]] |
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[[da:Hudson River]] |
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[[de:Hudson River]] |
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[[es:Río Hudson]] |
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[[eo:Hudsono (rivero)]] |
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[[eu:Hudson ibaia]] |
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[[fa:رودخانه هادسون]] |
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[[fr:Hudson (fleuve)]] |
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[[ga:Abhainn an Hudson]] |
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[[gl:Río Hudson]] |
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[[ko:허드슨 강]] |
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[[hi:हडसन नदी]] |
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[[it:Hudson]] |
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[[he:הדסון (נהר)]] |
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[[ka:ჰუდზონი (მდინარე)]] |
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[[la:Hudsonicum]] |
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[[lt:Hadsonas]] |
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[[nl:Hudson (rivier)]] |
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[[ja:ハドソン川]] |
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[[no:Hudson River]] |
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[[pl:Hudson (rzeka)]] |
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[[pt:Rio Hudson]] |
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[[ro:Râul Hudson]] |
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[[ru:Гудзон (река)]] |
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[[sq:Hudson River]] |
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[[simple:Hudson River]] |
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[[sk:Hudson River]] |
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[[sr:Хадсон (река)]] |
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[[fi:Hudson (joki)]] |
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[[sv:Hudsonfloden]] |
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[[uk:Гудзон (річка)]] |
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[[zh:哈德遜河]] |
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Revision as of 22:14, 10 October 2008
October 2008
Welcome to Wikipedia. Your test on Diving worked, and has been removed. If you would like to experiment further, please use the sandbox. You may also wish to read the introduction to editing. Thank you. DavidWS (talk) 22:14, 10 October 2008 (UTC)