Gil González Dávila
Gil González Dávila, a.k.a. Gil González de Ávila; Spanish Conquistador, discoverer of Nicaragua.
González Dávila first appears in historical records in 1508, when he received a royal commission to examine accounts and tax records of estates. He probably traveled soon afterward to Santo Domingo for his assignment, and to establish himself. In 1511, from Valladolid, Spain, he was given the title of Accountant of Hispaniola, replacing Cristóbal de Cuéllar. His enhanced position enabled him to become a landowner and he soon had an estate with over 200 Indian slaves.
In 1518, González delivered a report to King Carlos which was highly critical of the colonial management of Hispaniola. He was at Ávila in Spain when he was approached by Andrés Niño. Niño was an expert pilot and resident of the Spanish Main. He had come to Spain to seek Court support for an exploration of the Pacific Coast. His first attempts had failed, but then he encountered González, a retainer of the bishop of Palencia. The bishop, Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca, was president of the Council of the Indies. With his help, González and Niño obtained approval for the venture from King Carlos. An expedition was planned, with González as captain, Niño as pilot, and Andrés de Cereceda as treasurer.
Discovery and conquest of Nicaragua
In June 1519, King Carlos gave his consent to the expedition.. González and Niño immediately departed for the Indies, and then proceeded to Acla in Panama, arriving in January 1520. González presented his royal commission to the governor of Panama, authorizing him to examine the tax records of the colony of Panama and prepare the expedition for exploration of the Pacific coast of Central America. The governor, known as Pedrarias, resented this scrutiny of his taxing authority and encroachment on territory for which he had his own plans. He blocked investigation of the taxes, and inhibited Gonzalez's efforts to obtain seaworthy ships, supplies, and men for the expedition. Unable to acquire ships, González and Niño began construction of four brigantines on Terarequi in the Pearl Islands, in the gulf of Panama.
On January 26, 1522, the expedition left from Terarequi but was forced to land in western Panama after four days because of leaking ships. González disembarked with the main body of the army, and marched northwest along the coast and into southern Nicaragua. Niño, after making repairs, sailed along the coast until he reached a gulf along the Nicaraguan coast, where the army and fleet were reunited. It was agreed that Niño would leave two ships there and continue north along the coast with the other two to search for a strait or channel that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.. He would eventually discover and take formal possession of the bay of Corinto, and then the Gulf of Fonseca, which he named in honor of their patron, bishop Juan Rodriguez de Fonseca.
González proceeded to explore the fertile western valleys and was impressed with the indian civilization he found there. He discovered the lakes later named Nicaragua and Managua. He and his small army gathered gold and baptized indians along the way. Eventually, they so imposed upon the indians that they were attacked and threatened with annihilation. Nevertheless, González managed to extricate his force and retreat to the gulf where his ships were anchored. They boarded the ships and headed south.
In June 1523, González returned to Panama with 3 leaky ships, 100 exhausted men, and considerable gold. He told of his discovery of "Nicaragua" and its people, cities, and wealth. He named the territory after an Indian king "Nic-atl-nauac.
Conquest of Honduras
Governor Pedrarias saw an opportunity for himself in Nicaragua, and moved to gain control of the situation. He attempted to arrest González and confiscate his treasure. However, González managed to avoid capture and escaped to his base in Santo Domingo. There, he used the fortune he had acquired to outfit another expedition for a return to Nicaragua.
By the end of 1523, González had returned to claim the territory granted to him by royal decree; i.e., Honduras and Nicaragua. He decided to avoid a direct clash with Pedrarias by landing with a large force at a suitable harbor on the north coast of Honduras. In the summer of 1524, he took a strong force and began a march to the south, towards the western valley of Nicaragua, where he had operated before. En route, he met a Spanish platoon and learned that "his" territory had been invaded by an army sent by governor Pedrarias from Panama. The army commander was Francisco Hernández de Córdoba.
The platoon was forced to return south with a warning to vacate the area. Córdoba sent a small force under command of Hernando de Soto to deal with González. Soto was caught in a stealthy attack, but managed to defend himself. Then the two called a truce and Soto thought they could come to an agreement, but González tricked him. With reinforcements, he attacked again and captured Soto's force. However, in a gesture of good will, and perhaps fearing the much larger army of Córdoba, he released the prisoners and returned to his harbor base in Honduras.
Then Cristóbal de Olid arrived with an army from Guatemala with orders from Hernán Cortés to establish a colony for him. Olid established the colony near González's base, and then made himself governor in defiance of both Cortés and González. Cortés decided it was necessary to send Francisco de las Casas with another force to rectify the situation. Instead, Olid took control and captured both las Casas and González. Eventually, his own men betrayed Olid, and freed the prisoners. A trial was held, and Olid was found guilty of treason, and beheaded. Ultimately, Cortés himself had to travel to Honduras to resolve the situation. He established the colony's headquarters in Trujillo and returned to Mexico in 1526, taking González with him.
Gil González Dávila died in 1543. [1]
References
- Duncan, David Ewing, Hernando de Soto - A Savage Quest in the Americas - Book II: Consolidation, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York, 1995
- Herring, Hubert, A History of Latin America - from the Beginnings to the Present - Chapter 28, Central America and Panama - Nicaragua, 1838-1909, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1968