Ordovician and Emil Alexandrescu Stadium: Difference between pages
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{{coord|46|46|46.84|N|23|34|38.09|E|type:landmark|display=title}} |
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{{Geological period |
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{{Infobox_Stadium | |
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stadium_name = Emil Alexandrescu Stadium | |
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image = [[Image:Photo-6255.jpg|center|250px|]] |
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location = Copou, [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]]| |
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|image=MiddleOrdovicianGlobal.jpg |
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opened = [[1960]] | |
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|o2=13.5 |
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renovated = [[2004]] | |
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|co2=4200 |
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owner = The local council of [[Iaşi]] | |
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|temp=16 |
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surface = Grass | |
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BLAH BLAH BLAh |
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seating_capacity = 12,500 seated | |
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tenants = <center> [[Politehnica Iasi]]| |
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}}'''Emil Alexandrescu Stadium''' is a multi-use [[stadium]] in [[Copou]], [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]]. It is currently used mostly for [[football (soccer)|football]] matches and is the home field of [[FC Politehnica Iaşi]]. Its original capacity was 12,500 seats but after plastic seats were mounted the capacity dropped to 11,841 seats. The stadium is named after the former Politehnica Iaşi player and Iaşi Mayor, [[Emil Alexandrescu]], who died in 1991. |
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==External links== |
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The '''Ordovician''' is a [[geologic period|geologic period and system]], the second of six of the [[Paleozoic]] [[era (geology)|era]], and covers the time between 488.3±1.7 to 443.7±1.5 million years ago {{ICS 2004}}. It follows the [[Cambrian]] period and is followed by the [[Silurian]] period. The Ordovician, named after the [[Wales|Welsh]] tribe of the [[Ordovices]], was defined by [[Charles Lapworth]] in 1879, to resolve a dispute between followers of [[Adam Sedgwick]] and [[Roderick Murchison]], who were placing the same [[Rock (geology)|rock]] beds in northern Wales into the [[Cambrian]] and [[Silurian]] periods respectively. Lapworth, recognizing that the [[fossil]] [[Fauna (animals)|fauna]] in the disputed [[Stratum|strata]] were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian periods, realized that they should be placed in a period of their own. |
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* [http://www.politehnicaiasi.ro/index.php?page=club&categ=stadion Official site] |
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While recognition of the distinct Ordovician period was slow in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], other areas of the world accepted it quickly. It received international sanction in 1906, when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic era by the International Geological Congress. |
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{{Liga I venues}} |
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{{fb end}} |
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[[Category:Football venues in Romania]] |
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==Ordovician dating== |
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[[Category:Iasi]] |
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The Ordovician period started at a major extinction event called the [[Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events]] some time about 488.3 ± 1.7 million years ago ([[Mya (unit)|Mya]]) and lasted for about 44.6 million years. It ended with another major extinction event about 443.7 ± 1.5 Ma (ICS, 2004) that wiped out 60% of marine [[Genus|genera]]. Melott ''et al.'' (2006) suggested a ten-second [[gamma ray burst]] could have destroyed the [[ozone layer]] and exposed terrestrial and marine surface-dwelling life to deadly [[radiation]],<ref name="Melott2006">{{cite journal |last=Melott |first=Adrian |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2004 |month= |title=Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction? |journal=International Journal of Astrobiology |volume=3 |issue= |pages=55–61 |doi=10.1017/S1473550404001910 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> but most scientists agree that extinction events are complex with multiple causes (see [[Ordovician#End of the Ordovician|below]]). |
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The dates given are recent [[radiometric]] dates and vary slightly from those used in other sources. This second period of the Paleozoic era created abundant [[fossil]]s and in some regions, major [[petroleum]] and [[gas]] reservoirs. |
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==Ordovician subdivisions== |
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The Ordovician Period is usually broken into Early ([[Tremadoc Series|Tremadoc]] and [[Arenig]]), Middle ([[Llanvirn Series|Llanvirn]] [subdivided into Abereiddian and Llandeilian]) and Late ([[Caradoc Series|Caradoc]] and [[Ashgill Series|Ashgill]]) epochs. The corresponding rocks of the Ordovician System are referred to as coming from the Lower, Middle, or Upper part of the column. The [[faunal stage]]s (subdivisions of epochs) from youngest to oldest are: |
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* [[Hirnantian]]/Gamach (Late Ordovician: Ashgill) |
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* Rawtheyan/Richmond (Late Ordovician: Ashgill) |
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* Cautleyan/Richmond (Late Ordovician: Ashgill) |
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* Pusgillian/Maysville/Richmond (Late Ordovician: Ashgill) |
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* Trenton (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Onnian/Maysville/Eden (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Actonian/Eden (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Marshbrookian/Sherman (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Longvillian/Sherman (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Soundleyan/Kirkfield (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Harnagian/Rockland (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Costonian/Black River (Middle Ordovician: Caradoc) |
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* Chazy (Middle Ordovician: Llandeilo) |
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* Llandeilo (Middle Ordovician: Llandeilo) |
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* Whiterock (Middle Ordovician: Llanvirn) |
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* Llanvirn (Middle Ordovician: Llanvirn) |
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* Cassinian (Early Ordovician: Arenig) |
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* Arenig/Jefferson/Castleman (Early Ordovician: Arenig) |
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* Tremadoc/Deming/Gaconadian (Early Ordovician: Tremadoc) |
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==Ordovician paleogeography== |
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Sea levels were high during the Ordovician; in fact during the Tremadocian, [[Transgression (geology)|marine transgressions]] worldwide were the greatest for which evidence is preserved in the rocks. |
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During the Ordovician, the southern continents were collected into a single continent called [[Gondwana]]. Gondwana started the period in [[equator]]ial [[latitude]]s and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the [[South Pole]]. Early in the Ordovician, the continents [[Laurentia]], [[Siberia (continent)|Siberia]], and [[Baltica]] were still independent continents (since the break-up of the [[supercontinent]] [[Pannotia]] earlier), but Baltica began to move towards Laurentia later in the period, causing the [[Iapetus Ocean]] to shrink between them. Also, [[Avalonia]] broke free from Gondwana and began to head north towards Laurentia. [[Rheic Ocean]] was formed as a result of this. |
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Ordovician rocks are chiefly [[sedimentary]]. Because of the restricted area and low elevation of solid land, which set limits to [[erosion]], marine [[sediment]]s that make up a large part of the Ordovician system consist chiefly of [[limestone]]. [[Shale]] and [[sandstone]] are less conspicuous. |
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A major mountain-building episode was the [[Taconic orogeny]] that was well under way in Cambrian times. |
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By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely [[glacier|glaciated]]. |
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The Ordovician was a time of [[calcite sea]] geochemistry in which low-magnesium calcite was the primary inorganic marine precipitate of calcium carbonate. [[Carbonate hardgrounds]] were thus very common, along with calcitic [[ooids]], calcitic cements, and invertebrate faunas with dominantly calcitic skeletons.<ref name="Stanley and Hardie 1998">{{cite journal |last=Stanley |first=S. M. |authorlink= |coauthors=Hardie, L. A. |year=1998 |month= |title=Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |volume=144 |issue= |pages=3–19 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00109-6 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref><ref name="Stanley and Hardie 1999">{{cite journal |last=Stanley |first=S. M. |authorlink= |coauthors=Hardie, L. A. |year=1999 |month= |title=Hypercalcification; paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology |journal=GSA Today |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1–7 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> |
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==Climate== |
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The Early Ordovician climate was thought to be quite warm, at least in the tropics. As with North America and [[Europe]], Gondwana was largely covered with shallow seas during the Ordovician. Shallow clear waters over continental shelves encouraged the growth of organisms that deposit calcium carbonates in their shells and hard parts. [[Panthalassic Ocean]] covered much of the northern hemisphere, and other minor oceans included [[Proto-Tethys]], [[Paleo-Tethys]], [[Khanty Ocean]] which was closed off by the Late Ordovician, [[Iapetus Ocean]], and the new [[Rheic Ocean]]. |
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As the Ordovician progressed, we see evidence of [[glacier]]s on the land we now know as [[Africa]] and [[South America]]. At the time these land masses were sitting at the [[South Pole]], and covered by [[ice caps]]. |
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==Ordovician Life== |
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===Ordovician fauna=== |
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[[Image:Ordovician Sea.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Artist impression of the Ordovician Sea.]] |
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Though less famous than the [[Cambrian explosion]], the Ordovician featured an [[adaptive radiation]] that was no less remarkable; marine faunal [[genus|genera]] increased fourfold, resulting in 12% of all known [[Phanerozoic]] marine fauna.<ref name="Dixon2001">{{cite book |title=Atlas of Life on Earth |last=Dixon |first=Dougal |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=2001 |publisher=Barnes & Noble Books |location=New York |isbn=0760719578 |pages=87 }}</ref> The [[Trilobites|trilobite]], inarticulate [[Brachiopoda|brachiopod]], [[archaeocyathid]], and [[eocrinoid]] faunas of the Cambrian were succeeded by those which would dominate for the rest of the Paleozoic, such as articulate brachiopods, [[cephalopods]], and [[crinoid]]s; articulate brachiopods, in particular, largely replaced trilobites in [[continental shelf|shelf]] communities.<ref name="Cooper1986">{{cite book |title=A Trip Through Time: Principles of Historical Geology |last=Cooper |first=John D. |authorlink= |coauthors=Miller, Richard H.; Patterson, Jacqueline |year=1986 |publisher=Merrill Publishing Company |location=Columbus |isbn=0675201403 |pages=247, 255–259 }}</ref> Their success epitomizes the greatly increased diversity of [[calcium carbonate|carbonate]] shell-secreting organisms in the Ordovician compared to the Cambrian.<ref name="Cooper1986" /> |
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In North America and Europe, the Ordovician was a time of shallow continental seas rich in life. Trilobites and brachiopods in particular were rich and diverse. The first [[bryozoa]] appeared in the Ordovician as did the first [[coral reef]]s. Solitary [[coral]]s date back to at least the [[Cambrian]]. [[Mollusc]]s, which had also appeared during the Cambrian or the [[Ediacaran]], became common and varied, especially [[bivalve]]s, [[gastropod]]s, and [[nautiloid]] cephalopods. It was long thought that the first true [[vertebrata|vertebrates]] (fish - [[Ostracoderm]]s) appeared in the Ordovician, but recent discoveries in [[China]] reveal that they probably originated in the Early [[Cambrian]]. The very first [[jawed fish]] appeared in the [[Late Ordovician]] epoch. Now-extinct marine animals called [[graptolita|graptolites]] thrived in the oceans. Some [[cystoid]]s and crinoids appeared. |
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During the Middle Ordovician there was a large increase in the intensity and diversity of bioeroding organisms. This is known as the Ordovician [[Bioerosion]] Revolution.<ref name="WilsonPalmer2006">{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=M. A. |authorlink= |coauthors=Palmer, T. J. |year=2006 |month= |title=Patterns and processes in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution |journal=Ichnos |volume=13 |issue= |pages=109–112 |doi=10.1080/10420940600850505 |url=http://www.wooster.edu/geology/WilsonPalmer06.pdf |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> It is marked by a sudden abundance of hard substrate trace fossils such as ''[[Trypanites]]'', ''Palaeosabella'' and ''Petroxestes''. |
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Trilobites in the Ordovician were very different than their predecessors in the [[Cambrian]], Many trilobites developed bizarre spines and nodules to defend against predators such as primitive [[shark]]s and [[Nautiloid cephalopods]] while other trilobites such as [[Aeglina prisca]] evolved to become swimming forms. Some trilobites even developed shovel-like snouts for ploughing through muddy sea bottoms. Another unusual clade of trilobites known as the [[Trinucleid]]s developed a broad pitted margin around their head shields.<ref name="Palaeos.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Ordovician/Ordovician.htm#Life |title=Palaeos Paleozoic : Ordovician : The Ordovician Period |accessdate= |work= |date=April 11, 2002 }}</ref> |
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Other trilobites such as ([[Asaphus kowalewski]]) evolved long eyestalks to assist in detecting predators while some trilobite eyes by contrast took the opposing evolutionary direction and disappeared completely.<ref>[http://www.trilobites.info/ A Guide to the Orders of Trilobites<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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Image:Poliiasi 3.jpg|Caption1 |
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Image:OrdovicianEdrio.jpg|The Upper Ordovician edrioasteroid ''Cystaster stellatus'' on a cobble from the Kope Formation in northern Kentucky. The edrioasteroid is about 1.5 cm in diameter. In the background is the cyclostome [[bryozoan]] ''Corynotrypa''. |
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Image:DSC 0088vs.JPG|Caption2 |
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Image:FossilMtnUT.jpg|Fossil Mountain, west-central Utah; Middle Ordovician fossiliferous shales and limestones in the lower half. |
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Image:Photo-6291.jpg|Caption3 |
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Image:OrdoutcropIN.jpg|Outcrop of Upper Ordovician rubbly limestone and shale, southern Indiana; [[College of Wooster]] students. |
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Image:OrdOutcropTN.JPG|Outcrop of Upper Ordovician limestone and minor shale, central Tennessee; [[College of Wooster]] students. |
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Image:LibertyBorings.jpg|''[[Trypanites]]'' borings in an Ordovician [[hardground]], southeastern Indiana.<ref name="WilsonPalmer2001">{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=M. A. |authorlink= |coauthors=Palmer, T. J. |year=2001 |month= |title=Domiciles, not predatory borings: a simpler explanation of the holes in Ordovician shells analyzed by Kaplan and Baumiller, 2000 |journal=Palaios |volume=16 |issue= |pages=524–525 |doi=10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0524:DNPBAS>2.0.CO;2 |url= |accessdate= |quote=|doi_brokendate=2008-06-29 }}</ref> |
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Image:MWg.jpg|''Petroxestes'' borings in an Ordovician [[hardground]], southern Ohio.<ref name="WilsonPalmer2006" /> |
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Image:OilShaleEstonia.JPG|Outcrop of Ordovician [[kukersite]] [[oil shale]], northern [[Estonia]]. |
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Image:OilShaleFossilsEstonia.jpg|Bryozoan fossils in Ordovician kukersite oil shale, northern [[Estonia]]. |
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Image:OrdFossilsMN.JPG|[[Brachiopods]] and [[bryozoans]] in an Ordovician limestone, southern Minnesota. |
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Image:PlatystrophiaOrdovician.jpg|''[[Platystrophia]] ponderosa'', Maysvillian (Upper Ordovician) near Madison, Indiana. Scale bar is 5.0 mm. |
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Image:Echinosphaerites.JPG|The Ordovician cystoid ''Echinosphaerites'' (an extinct [[echinoderm]]) from northeastern Estonia; approximately 5 cm in diameter. |
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Image:Prasopora.JPG|''Prasopora'', a trepostome [[bryozoan]] from the Ordovician of Iowa. |
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Image:EncrustedStroph.JPG|An Ordovician strophomenid brachiopod with encrusting inarticulate brachiopods and a bryozoan. |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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{{Romania-sports-venue-stub}} |
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===Ordovician flora=== |
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[[Green algae]] were common in the Ordovician and Late [[Cambrian]] (perhaps earlier). |
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Plants probably evolved from green algae. The first terrestrial [[plant]]s appeared in the form of tiny non-vascular plants resembling [[Marchantiophyta|liverwort]]s. Fossil spores from land plants have been identified in uppermost Ordovician sediments, but among the first land [[fungi]] may have been [[Arbuscular mycorrhiza]] fungi ([[Glomerales]]), playing a crucial role in facilitating the colonization of land by plants through mycorrhizal symbiosis, which makes mineral nutrients available to plant cells; such fossilized fungal hyphae and spores from the Ordovician of Wisconsin have been found with an age of about 460 million years ago, a time when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants similar to non-vascular [[bryophyte]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Redecker |first=D. |authorlink= |coauthors=Kodner, R. ; Graham, L. E. |year=2000 |month= |title=Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=289 |issue=5486 |pages=1920–1921 |doi=10.1126/science.289.5486.1920 |url= |accessdate= |quote=| pmid=10988069 }}</ref> |
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Marine fungi were abundant in the Ordovician seas to [[decompose]] [[animal]] [[carcass]]es, and other wastes.{{Verify source|date=August 2007}} |
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==End of the Ordovician== |
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{{main|Ordovician-Silurian extinction events}} |
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The Ordovician came to a close in a series of [[extinction event]]s that, taken together, comprise the second largest of the five major extinction events in [[History of Earth|Earth's history]] in terms of percentage of [[genus|genera]] that went extinct. The only larger one was the Permian-Triassic extinction event. |
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The extinctions occurred approximately 444-447 million years ago and mark the boundary between the Ordovician and the following [[Silurian]] Period. At that time all complex multicellular organisms lived in the sea, and about 49% of genera of fauna disappeared forever; [[brachiopods]] and [[bryozoans]] were greatly reduced, along with many [[trilobite]], [[conodont]] and [[graptolite]] families. |
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{{coord|47|11|04.38|N|27|33|41.02|E|type:landmark|display=title}} |
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The most commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an [[ice age]], in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable [[greenhouse]] conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen [[isotopes]] in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years.<ref name="Stanley1999">{{cite book |title=Earth System History |last=Stanley |first=Steven M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1999 |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |location=New York |isbn=0716728826 |pages=358, 360 }}</ref> The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent [[Gondwana]] drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it, which have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of [[North Africa]] and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time. |
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{{Infobox_Stadium | |
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Glaciation locks up water from the world-ocean, and the interglacials free it, causing sea levels repeatedly to drop and rise; the vast shallow intra-continental Ordovician seas withdrew, which eliminated many ecological niches, then returned carrying diminished founder populations lacking many whole families of organisms, then withdrew again with the next pulse of glaciation, eliminating biological diversity at each change.<ref>Emiliani (1992), 491</ref> Species limited to a single epicontinental sea on a given landmass were severely affected.<ref name="Stanley1999" /> Tropical lifeforms were hit particularly hard in the first wave of extinction, while cool-water species were hit worst in the second pulse.<ref name="Stanley1999" /> |
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stadium_name = Emil Alexandrescu Stadium| |
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location = Copou, [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]]| |
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owner = The local council of [[Iaşi]] | |
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seating_capacity = 12,500 | |
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}} |
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'''Emil Alexandrescu Stadium''' is a multi-use [[stadium]] in [[Copou]], [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]]. It is currently used mostly for [[football (soccer)|football]] matches and is the home field of [[FC Politehnica Iaşi]]. Its original capacity was 12,500 seats but after plastic seats were mounted the capacity dropped to 11,841 seats. The stadium is named after the former Politehnica Iaşi player and Iaşi Mayor, [[Emil Alexandrescu]], who died in 1991. |
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Surviving species were those that coped with the changed conditions and filled the ecological niches left by the extinctions. |
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==External links== |
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At the end of the second event, melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise and stabilise once more. The rebound of life's diversity with the permanent re-flooding of continental shelves at the onset of the Silurian saw increased biodiversity within the surviving Orders. |
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* [http://www.politehnicaiasi.ro/index.php?page=club&categ=stadion Official site] |
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==References== |
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{{ |
{{Liga I venues}} |
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{{fb end}} |
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[[Category:Football venues in Romania]] |
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== External links == |
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[[Category:Iaşi]] |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm |title=Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's) |accessdate=2006-04-30 |last=Ogg |first=Jim |coauthors= |date=June, 2004 |work= |publisher=}} |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/chazytxt.htm |title=Chazy Reef at Isle La Motte |accessdate= |last=Mehrtens |first=Charlotte |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=}} An Ordovician reef in Vermont. |
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*[http://www.geo-lieven.com/erdzeitalter/ordovizium/ordovizium.htm Examples of Ordovician Fossils] |
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*[http://members.wri.com/jeffb/Fossils Ordovician fossils of the famous Cincinnatian Group] |
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*[http://www.drydredgers.org The Dry Dredgers, an active group of amateur paleontologists in the Cincinnati area] |
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{{Commonscat|Ordovician}} |
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{{Ordovician Footer}} |
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Revision as of 03:51, 10 October 2008
46°46′46.84″N 23°34′38.09″E / 46.7796778°N 23.5772472°E
 | |
| Location | Copou, Iaşi, Romania |
|---|---|
| Owner | The local council of Iaşi |
| Capacity | 12,500 seated |
| Surface | Grass |
| Construction | |
| Opened | 1960 |
| Renovated | 2004 |
| Tenants | |
Emil Alexandrescu Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Copou, Iaşi, Romania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home field of FC Politehnica Iaşi. Its original capacity was 12,500 seats but after plastic seats were mounted the capacity dropped to 11,841 seats. The stadium is named after the former Politehnica Iaşi player and Iaşi Mayor, Emil Alexandrescu, who died in 1991.
External links
Gallery
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47°11′04.38″N 27°33′41.02″E / 47.1845500°N 27.5613944°E{{#coordinates:}}: cannot have more than one primary tag per page
| |
| Location | Copou, Iaşi, Romania |
|---|---|
| Owner | The local council of Iaşi |
| Capacity | 12,500 |
Emil Alexandrescu Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Copou, Iaşi, Romania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home field of FC Politehnica Iaşi. Its original capacity was 12,500 seats but after plastic seats were mounted the capacity dropped to 11,841 seats. The stadium is named after the former Politehnica Iaşi player and Iaşi Mayor, Emil Alexandrescu, who died in 1991.
External links