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{{Short description|Umayyad caliph in 744}}
'''Yazid ibn Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Yazid III''' ([[701]] - [[744]]) was an [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]]. He would only reign for six months before dying.
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yazid III<br/> يزيد بن الوليد
| succession = 12th [[Caliph]] of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| image = [[File:Dihrem of Yazid III ibn al-Walid, AH 126.jpg|300px]]
| title = {{plainlist|
* {{transliteration|ar|[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]}}
* {{transliteration|ar|[[List of Caliphs|Khalifat Allah]]}}
}}
| caption = [[Dirham]] of Yazid III
| reign = 17 April 744 – 4 October 744
| full name = Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik
| predecessor = [[Al-Walid II|Walid ibn Yazid]]
| successor = [[Ibrahim ibn al-Walid]]
| dynasty = [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad]]
| house = Marwanid
| issue =
| birth_date = 701
| birth_place = [[Damascus]], [[Bilad al-Sham]], Umayyad Caliphate
| death_date = 4 October 744 (aged 43)
| death_place = [[Damascus]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| father = [[Al-Walid I]]
| mother = [[Shah-i Afrid bint Peroz|Shah-i-Afrid]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}


'''Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik''' ({{lang-ar|يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك|translit=Yazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik}}; 701 – 3/4 October 744), commonly known as '''Yazid III''', was the twelfth [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]], ruling from 744 until his death months later.
His reign was marked by his defective measures, earning him the title of "The Deficient". Among the most notable was his refusal to pay a raise promised to the Army by [[al-Walid II]]. Yazid would be succeeded by his brother [[Ibrahim of Ummayyad|Ibrahim]].


== Birth and background ==
<center>
Yazid was the member of the influential [[Umayyad dynasty]].
<table border="1">
His father, al-Walid was survived by several sons: al-Ya'qubi names sixteen,{{sfn|Biesterfeldt|Günther|2018|pp=1001–1002}} while historian [[al-Tabari]] (d. 923) names nineteen.{{sfn|Hinds|1990|p=219}} Yazid III was the grandson of great Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and his grand mother was Wallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz al-Absiyya.
<tr>

<td width="30%" align="center">'''Preceded by''':<br>
Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been given as a concubine to Caliph [[al-Walid I]].<ref>Philip Khuri Hitti, History Of Syria (Gorgias Press LLC, 2004), 489</ref> His mother was Shah-i Afrid, a daughter of [[Peroz III|Peroz]]. [[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Al-Tabari]] quotes a couplet of Yazid's on his own ancestry:<ref>Tabari, 243</ref>
[[al-Walid II]]</td>
:I am the son of [[Khosrau II|Chosroes]], my ancestor was [[Marwan I|Marwan]],
<td width="45%" align="center">[[Ummayad|Ummayad Muslim Caliphs]]</td>
:[[Byzantine Emperor|Caesar]] was my grandsire and my grandsire was [[Khagan]].<ref>transl. Sir John Glubb, The Empire of the Arabs, 200</ref>
<td width="30%" align="center">'''Succeeded by''':<br>[[Ibrahim of Umayyad|Ibrahim]]</td>
Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as being tall and handsome.
</tr>

</table>
== Downfall of Al-Walid ==
</center>
During the reign of his cousin [[al-Walid II]], Yazid spoke out against Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of the [[Banu Qays]] Arabs against Yemenis and [[mawali|non-Arab Muslims]], and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human [[free will]]).<ref>von Ess, "Kadar", Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd Ed.</ref> Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from the treasury.<ref>Theophilus. Quoted Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Darwin Press, 1998), 660</ref>

According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent [[Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Abd al-Malik]] to meet Walid at [[Al-Bakhra|al-Bakhra']].<ref>1234 Chronicle ''apud'' Hoyland confirms this, 660; it was a fortress near Palmyra. 1234 and Muslim sources dispute over whether Walid was there all along or whether he had fled there.</ref> 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a tribal assembly (''[[shura]]'') to decide the future of the realm. Walid rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life.<ref>[[Patricia Crone]], ''God's Caliph'' (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 127</ref> Yazid had Walid's head hoisted "on a lance and paraded around Damascus"; Yazid then imprisoned Walid's sons 'Uthman and Hakam,<ref>Theophilus and Muslim sources ''apud'' Hoyland, 660-1</ref> whom Walid had designated as his heirs.<ref>God's Caliph 124-5</ref>

== Accession ==
[[Image:Al-Walid ibn Abdul-Rahman - Inscribed Pound Weight - Walters 476 - Top edited.jpg|right|thumb|Pound weight's inscription, stamped on top in an angular script known as kufic, evokes Yazid III.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
|url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/11026
|title= Inscribed Pound Weight }}</ref>]]

On accession, Yazid explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna of His Prophet, and that this entailed ensuring that the strong not prey upon the weak. He promised "to engage in no building works, squander no money on wives or children, transfer no money from one province to another" without reason, "keep no troops on the field too long", and not to overtax the [[Dhimmi|''ahl al-dhimma'']]; instead, he would eschew discrimination and would make his payments on time. He promised abdication if he failed to meet these goals, and held in principle to [[Shura|''al-amr shura'']] – to an elected caliphate.<ref>God's Caliph, 68, 107</ref>

Tabari records Yazid's nickname "the Diminisher" (''Naqis''), given because he reduced military annuities by 10%,<ref>Philip Khuri Hitti, 478</ref> whereas his predecessor had promised a raise. According to Islamic popular tradition, recorded in an apocalyptic style, Yazid would go himself into the marketplace.<ref>David Cook, Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic, 350: appendix I, III, 12 a</ref>

The city of [[Homs]] refused allegiance to Yazid, and there were several other dissident movements against him.<ref>1234 Chronicle ''apud'' Hoyland, 661</ref> Another cousin, [[Marwan II|Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan]], governor of Armenia, had initially supported Walid and on Walid's death entered Iraq to avenge him.<ref>Theophilus ''apud'' Hoyland, 661</ref> Marwan eventually rallied around Yazid.

== Reign ==
Yazid appointed [[Mansur ibn Jumhur]] to replace [[Yusuf ibn 'Umar]] as governor of Iraq. On May 15, Yazid wrote a letter, preserved from oral sources in [[al-Mada'ini]] (reproduced in Tabari) and in [[al-Baladhuri]]. It supports the Umayyad dynasty up to but not including "the enemy of Allah" al-Walid II, at which point it lays out Yazid's version of the event at al-Bakhra'. At the end, Tabari's rendition has Yazid exhorting the Iraqis to follow Mansur ibn Jumhur.<ref>God's Caliph, 126f</ref>

Yusuf ibn 'Umar was subsequently imprisoned and later killed by the son of [[Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri]]. Mansur attempted to dismiss the Khurasani governor [[Nasr ibn Sayyar]], but Nasr refused to accept this. Facing opposition from [[Juday al-Kirmani]], Nasr invited [[al-Harith ibn Surayj]] to return from his thirteen-year stay in [[Turgesh]] territory. Al-Harith arrived wearing a fine suit of armour the Khaqan had given him and gained the support of many people in Khurasan.

== Death ==
Yazid ruled the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] from April 744 to 4 October 744. Yazid named his brother [[Ibrahim ibn al-Walid|Ibrahim]] as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour<ref>Dionysius of Telmahre ''apud'' Hoyland, 661 n 193</ref> and died on October 3 or 4, 744. Ibrahim duly succeeded him.

== See also ==
* [[Umar ibn al-Walid]], an Umayyad prince and a military leader
* [[Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Walid]], an Umayyad prince and a military leader
* [[Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid]], an Umayyad prince and a military general
* [[Bishr ibn al-Walid]], an Umayyad prince and a military general
* [[Sulayman ibn Hisham]], an Umayyad military general and cousin of Yazid III

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=al-Tabari |first=Muhammad ibn Jarir |author-link=Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari |series=History |volume=26 |title=The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate |translator-last=Hillenbrand |translator-first=Carole |translator-link=Carole Hillenbrand |publisher=SUNY |location=Albany |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |last1=Biesterfeldt |first1=Hinrich |last2=Günther |first2=Sebastian |title=The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-35621-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHxTDwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Glubb |first=John |title=The Empire of the Arabs |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |year=1963}}
* {{The History of al-Tabari |volume=23 |url={{Google Books|XEsflZBlADwC|plainurl=y}}}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Umayyad Dynasty]]||701||October 3 or 4, 744}}
{{S-rel|su}}
{{S-bef|before = [[Al-Walid II|Walid ibn Yazid]]}}
{{S-ttl|title = [[List of Caliphs|Caliph of Islam]]<br />[[Umayyad Caliph]]|years=April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Ibrahim ibn al-Walid]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Umayyads}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yazid 03}}
[[Category:701 births]]
[[Category:744 deaths]]
[[Category:8th-century Umayyad caliphs]]
[[Category:8th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:8th-century monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:8th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Deaths from brain tumor]]
[[Category:People of the Third Fitna]]

Latest revision as of 08:49, 1 April 2024

Yazid III
يزيد بن الوليد
Dirham of Yazid III
12th Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate
Reign17 April 744 – 4 October 744
PredecessorWalid ibn Yazid
SuccessorIbrahim ibn al-Walid
Born701
Damascus, Bilad al-Sham, Umayyad Caliphate
Died4 October 744 (aged 43)
Damascus, Umayyad Caliphate
Names
Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik
HouseMarwanid
DynastyUmayyad
FatherAl-Walid I
MotherShah-i-Afrid
ReligionIslam

Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic: يزيد بن الوليد بن عبد الملك, romanized: Yazīd ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; 701 – 3/4 October 744), commonly known as Yazid III, was the twelfth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death months later.

Birth and background[edit]

Yazid was the member of the influential Umayyad dynasty. His father, al-Walid was survived by several sons: al-Ya'qubi names sixteen,[1] while historian al-Tabari (d. 923) names nineteen.[2] Yazid III was the grandson of great Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and his grand mother was Wallada bint al-Abbas ibn al-Jaz al-Absiyya.

Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been given as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid I.[3] His mother was Shah-i Afrid, a daughter of Peroz. Al-Tabari quotes a couplet of Yazid's on his own ancestry:[4]

I am the son of Chosroes, my ancestor was Marwan,
Caesar was my grandsire and my grandsire was Khagan.[5]

Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as being tall and handsome.

Downfall of Al-Walid[edit]

During the reign of his cousin al-Walid II, Yazid spoke out against Walid's "immorality" which included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab Muslims, and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in human free will).[6] Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from the treasury.[7]

According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj ibn Abd al-Malik to meet Walid at al-Bakhra'.[8] 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a tribal assembly (shura) to decide the future of the realm. Walid rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life.[9] Yazid had Walid's head hoisted "on a lance and paraded around Damascus"; Yazid then imprisoned Walid's sons 'Uthman and Hakam,[10] whom Walid had designated as his heirs.[11]

Accession[edit]

Pound weight's inscription, stamped on top in an angular script known as kufic, evokes Yazid III.[12]

On accession, Yazid explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna of His Prophet, and that this entailed ensuring that the strong not prey upon the weak. He promised "to engage in no building works, squander no money on wives or children, transfer no money from one province to another" without reason, "keep no troops on the field too long", and not to overtax the ahl al-dhimma; instead, he would eschew discrimination and would make his payments on time. He promised abdication if he failed to meet these goals, and held in principle to al-amr shura – to an elected caliphate.[13]

Tabari records Yazid's nickname "the Diminisher" (Naqis), given because he reduced military annuities by 10%,[14] whereas his predecessor had promised a raise. According to Islamic popular tradition, recorded in an apocalyptic style, Yazid would go himself into the marketplace.[15]

The city of Homs refused allegiance to Yazid, and there were several other dissident movements against him.[16] Another cousin, Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan, governor of Armenia, had initially supported Walid and on Walid's death entered Iraq to avenge him.[17] Marwan eventually rallied around Yazid.

Reign[edit]

Yazid appointed Mansur ibn Jumhur to replace Yusuf ibn 'Umar as governor of Iraq. On May 15, Yazid wrote a letter, preserved from oral sources in al-Mada'ini (reproduced in Tabari) and in al-Baladhuri. It supports the Umayyad dynasty up to but not including "the enemy of Allah" al-Walid II, at which point it lays out Yazid's version of the event at al-Bakhra'. At the end, Tabari's rendition has Yazid exhorting the Iraqis to follow Mansur ibn Jumhur.[18]

Yusuf ibn 'Umar was subsequently imprisoned and later killed by the son of Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri. Mansur attempted to dismiss the Khurasani governor Nasr ibn Sayyar, but Nasr refused to accept this. Facing opposition from Juday al-Kirmani, Nasr invited al-Harith ibn Surayj to return from his thirteen-year stay in Turgesh territory. Al-Harith arrived wearing a fine suit of armour the Khaqan had given him and gained the support of many people in Khurasan.

Death[edit]

Yazid ruled the Umayyad Caliphate from April 744 to 4 October 744. Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour[19] and died on October 3 or 4, 744. Ibrahim duly succeeded him.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Biesterfeldt & Günther 2018, pp. 1001–1002.
  2. ^ Hinds 1990, p. 219.
  3. ^ Philip Khuri Hitti, History Of Syria (Gorgias Press LLC, 2004), 489
  4. ^ Tabari, 243
  5. ^ transl. Sir John Glubb, The Empire of the Arabs, 200
  6. ^ von Ess, "Kadar", Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd Ed.
  7. ^ Theophilus. Quoted Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Darwin Press, 1998), 660
  8. ^ 1234 Chronicle apud Hoyland confirms this, 660; it was a fortress near Palmyra. 1234 and Muslim sources dispute over whether Walid was there all along or whether he had fled there.
  9. ^ Patricia Crone, God's Caliph (Cambridge University Press, 1986), 127
  10. ^ Theophilus and Muslim sources apud Hoyland, 660-1
  11. ^ God's Caliph 124-5
  12. ^ "Inscribed Pound Weight". The Walters Art Museum.
  13. ^ God's Caliph, 68, 107
  14. ^ Philip Khuri Hitti, 478
  15. ^ David Cook, Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic, 350: appendix I, III, 12 a
  16. ^ 1234 Chronicle apud Hoyland, 661
  17. ^ Theophilus apud Hoyland, 661
  18. ^ God's Caliph, 126f
  19. ^ Dionysius of Telmahre apud Hoyland, 661 n 193

Bibliography[edit]

Yazid III
Born: 701 Died: October 3 or 4, 744
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Caliph of Islam
Umayyad Caliph
April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744 		Succeeded by
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