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{{Ethnic Macedonians}}
'''The exodus of ethnic Macedonians from Greece''', ({{lang-mk|''Егзодус на етничките Македонци од Грција ''}})<ref>[http://www.osservatoriobalcani.org/article/articleview/9969/1/216/]</ref> refers to the group of Ethnic Macedonians who were evacuated and/or fled the [[Greek Civil War]] in the years 1945 to 1949. The bulk of these were Refugee children, ({{lang-mk|''Деца бегалци''}}) whose parents were fighting with the [[Democratic Army of Greece]] and the [[Communist Party of Greece]]. Of the estimated 100,000 Macedonians expelled from Greece it is estimated that between 28,000 and 32,000 children were evacuated from the Civil War<ref>[http://www.gate.net/~mango/Kimlika.html]</ref>. Many partisans and other Ethnic Macedonians were also expelled or fled following the collapse of the [[Democratic Army of Greece]].


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Pro-communist sentiment had been brewing in Greece since the First World War this significantly increased during the repressive [[4th of August Regime|Metaxas regime]]. During the Second World War many people in [[Greek Macedonia]] joined or sympathized with the [[Communist Party of Greece]]. The majority of these people were [[Greeks]] or [[Ethnic Macedonians]]. An armed wing was soon formed it was called the [[Democratic Army of Greece]], this was followed by an Ethnic Macedonian organisation the [[SNOF|Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)]] ({{lang-mk|Славјано Македонски Народно Ослободителен Фронт (СНОФ)}}, [[Transliteration of Macedonian|Latinic]]: ''Slavjano Мakedonski Narodno Osloboditelen Front (SNOF)'') which fought for the Communist Party of Greece. This organisation operated from 1943 to 1945. Other people also joinecd the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] or collaborative pro-axis organisations such as [[Ohrana]]. The [[National Liberation Front (Greece)]] with the help of the [[Communist party of Greece]] helped to expell the German invaders. By 1945 the [[Second World War]] had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia. The struggle between the Greek People's Liberation Army and the Greek Communist Party (KKE) had escalated and these two movements soon became the main contenders for being post-war victors.
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==Civil War==
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Many Aegean Macedonians joined the struggle on the side of the [[Greek Communist Party]] and a succesor organisation to SNOF was founded. The [[National Liberation Front (Macedonia)|National Liberation Front]] was founded by Ethnic Macedonians. Backing from the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] and the [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania]] helped the [[Democratic Army of Greece]] (DSE) to continue their struggle. The DSE heavily recruited Ethnic Macedonians from the Greek region of Macedonia. It has been estimated that out of DSE's 20,000 fighters, 14,000 were [[Slavic Macedonians]] from Greek Macedonia.<ref>Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος. ''Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια'' (ISBN 9607213432).</ref> Given their important role in the battle<ref>[http://macedonian.atspace.com/doc/nz_govor.htm Speech presented by Nikos Zachariadis at the Second Congress of the NOF (National Liberation Front of the ethnic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia)], published in ''Σαράντα Χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958'', Athens, 1958, p. 575.</ref>, KKE changed its policy towards them. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on January 31 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slavic Macedonians would find their national restoration within a united greek state.<ref>KKE Official documents,vol 8 </ref>. Although the Ethnic Macedonians had made a critical contribution to the war effort of KKE<ref>"Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943-1949. Andrew Rossos", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1997) ([http://www.jstor.org/?config=jstor&K=user%40user_response%2F41mAX8Pa9m4NhF4jYW%2F40%2F4kmA29x0%2F300222801.di982537.98p0609d.0%2F2qtqkHSrnkCNDeX7Pt.UVO&cookieSet=1 p. 42])</ref> their contribution was not enough to turn the tide.
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==The tide turns==
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By the spring of 1947 the communist forces controlled much of the Greek countryside but had yet to achieve significant cupport in the cities. Many people believed that socialism was the only option for them and did not wish to live under a non-communist Greece. Many people began to leave Greece and take their children with them, This process included both Greeks and Ethnic Macedonians. Eventually many people began to flee from Greece or were expelled by the ensuing DSE. By 1948 the pro-Tito forces in the National Liberation Front had fled to Yugoslavia despite this Ethnic Macedonians continued to make up over 30% of the KKE's fighting force.{{lower| <ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book
|title= Macedonia Its Disputed History
|last= Simpson
|first= Neil
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 1994
|publisher= Aristoc Press
|location= Victoria
|isbn= 0646204629
|pages= 91}} </ref>}} In the ensuing aftermath the ELAS began to consolidate its control on Greek Macedonian. Many villages were destroyed in the fighting and the displaced villagers often fled the country through Albania and onto Yugoslavia. One case is the village of Babčor in the [[Kastoria]] region which was eliminated by US bombers in 1948 thus displacing hundreds of people.{{lower|<ref name=autogenerated5>Peter,Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle, page 32</ref>}} Over the course of the war thousands of Aegean Macedonians had were killed, imprisoned or had their land confiscated.<ref>{{cite book
|title= The Macedonian Conflict
|last= Danforth
|first= Loring M.
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 1997
|publisher= Princeton University Press
|location=
|isbn= 0691043566
|pages= 54}} </ref> The headquartes of the Democratic Army in Greece reported that from mid-1945 to May 20, 1947, in Western Macedonia alone, 13,259 were tortured, 3,215 were imprisoned and 268 were executed without trial. In the same period 1,891 had been burnt down and 1,553 had been looted and 13,553 Macedonians had been resettled by force.<ref>{{cite book
|title= Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation
|last= Shea
|first= John
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 1997
|publisher= MrFarland
|location=
|isbn= 0786402288
|pages= 116}} </ref>In 1947 the legal act L-2 was issued. This meant that all people who had fought against the Greek government and left Greece would have their citizenship confiscated and were banned from returning to the country. On January 20, 1948 the legal act M was issued which allowed the Greek government to confiscate the property of those who were stripped of their citizenship. <ref>{{cite book
|title= Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation
|last= Shea
|first= John
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 1997
|publisher= MrFarland
|location=
|isbn= 0786402288
|pages= 117}} </ref>

Towards the end of 1947, ELAS made an appeal to the governments of the people's republics in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to offer refuge, or at least on a temporary basis, to the children from increasingly exposed areas of Aegean Macedonia <ref> {{cite book
|title= Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
|last= Frucht
|first= Richard
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 2000
|publisher= ABC-CLIO
|location=
|isbn= 1576078000
|pages= 599}} </ref>.

==Deca Begalci==

[[Image:Begalci.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Children Refugees fleeing across the border]]
On March 4th 1948, "Radio Free Greece" announced that all children under the age of 15 would be evacuated from areas under communist control. The older women were instructed to take the children across the border to Yugoslavia and Albania, while the younger women took to the hills with the partisans. By 1948 scores of children had already died from malnutrition, dieasease and injuries. <ref> {{cite book
|title= Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
|last= Frucht
|first= Richard
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 2000
|publisher= ABC-CLIO
|location=
|isbn= 1576078000
|pages= 599}} </ref>It is estimated that 8,000 children left the Kastoria area in the ensuing weeks. <ref name=autogenerated5>Peter,Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle, page 30</ref> Thousands of Greek, Ethnic Macedonian and Aromanian children were evacuated from the Areas under communist control. They are now known as the '''Decata Begalci''' ({{lang-mk|''Децата бегалци''}}) or '''the Refugee Children'''<ref>{{cite book
|title= The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation
|last= Brown
|first= Keith
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 2003
|publisher= Princeton University Press
|location=
|isbn= 0691099952
|pages= 271}} </ref>. It is estimated that from 28,000 children to 32,000 children were evacuated in the years 1948 and 1949.<ref>Minority Rights Group, ''Minorities in the Balkans'', p. 31</ref><ref> {{cite book
|title= Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
|last= Frucht
|first= Richard
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 2000
|publisher= ABC-CLIO
|location=
|isbn= 1576078000
|pages= 599}} </ref> Exceptions were made for children under the age of three who stayed with their mothers while the rest should be evacuated. Many of these children were spread throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc by 1950 there were 5,132 children in Romania, 4,148 in Czechoslovakia, 3,590 in Poland, 2,859 in Hungary, 2,660 in Bulgaria and 2,000 had been evacuated to Bulgaria.<ref>[http://faq.macedonia.org/history/12.1.3.html 1996 figures]</ref><ref> {{cite book
|title= Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture
|last= Frucht
|first= Richard
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|year= 2000
|publisher= ABC-CLIO
|location=
|isbn= 1576078000
|pages= 599}} </ref>

==Evacuations following the Communist defeat==

By early 1949 the situation for the communists had become dire. Daily groups of refugees were fleeing across the Albanian border and into the Eastern Bloc. Most of these were partisans and communist fighters. They were stirred on by the hope of fighting for the [[Greek Communist Party]] in other parts of the balkans. Many others were refugees whose homes and buisness' had been destroyed by the fighting. Others still were expelled by the Government forces.
==References==
{{reflist|1}}

Revision as of 12:10, 11 October 2008

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The exodus of ethnic Macedonians from Greece, ([Егзодус на етничките Македонци од Грција ] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help))[1] refers to the group of Ethnic Macedonians who were evacuated and/or fled the Greek Civil War in the years 1945 to 1949. The bulk of these were Refugee children, ([Деца бегалци] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) whose parents were fighting with the Democratic Army of Greece and the Communist Party of Greece. Of the estimated 100,000 Macedonians expelled from Greece it is estimated that between 28,000 and 32,000 children were evacuated from the Civil War[2]. Many partisans and other Ethnic Macedonians were also expelled or fled following the collapse of the Democratic Army of Greece.


Background

Pro-communist sentiment had been brewing in Greece since the First World War this significantly increased during the repressive Metaxas regime. During the Second World War many people in Greek Macedonia joined or sympathized with the Communist Party of Greece. The majority of these people were Greeks or Ethnic Macedonians. An armed wing was soon formed it was called the Democratic Army of Greece, this was followed by an Ethnic Macedonian organisation the Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) (Macedonian: Славјано Македонски Народно Ослободителен Фронт (СНОФ), Latinic: Slavjano Мakedonski Narodno Osloboditelen Front (SNOF)) which fought for the Communist Party of Greece. This organisation operated from 1943 to 1945. Other people also joinecd the Greek People's Liberation Army or collaborative pro-axis organisations such as Ohrana. The National Liberation Front (Greece) with the help of the Communist party of Greece helped to expell the German invaders. By 1945 the Second World War had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of the Second World War over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia. The struggle between the Greek People's Liberation Army and the Greek Communist Party (KKE) had escalated and these two movements soon became the main contenders for being post-war victors.

Civil War

Many Aegean Macedonians joined the struggle on the side of the Greek Communist Party and a succesor organisation to SNOF was founded. The National Liberation Front was founded by Ethnic Macedonians. Backing from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Socialist People's Republic of Albania helped the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE) to continue their struggle. The DSE heavily recruited Ethnic Macedonians from the Greek region of Macedonia. It has been estimated that out of DSE's 20,000 fighters, 14,000 were Slavic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia.[3] Given their important role in the battle[4], KKE changed its policy towards them. At the fifth Plenum of KKE on January 31 1949, a resolution was passed declaring that after KKE's victory, the Slavic Macedonians would find their national restoration within a united greek state.[5]. Although the Ethnic Macedonians had made a critical contribution to the war effort of KKE[6] their contribution was not enough to turn the tide.

The tide turns

By the spring of 1947 the communist forces controlled much of the Greek countryside but had yet to achieve significant cupport in the cities. Many people believed that socialism was the only option for them and did not wish to live under a non-communist Greece. Many people began to leave Greece and take their children with them, This process included both Greeks and Ethnic Macedonians. Eventually many people began to flee from Greece or were expelled by the ensuing DSE. By 1948 the pro-Tito forces in the National Liberation Front had fled to Yugoslavia despite this Ethnic Macedonians continued to make up over 30% of the KKE's fighting force. [7] In the ensuing aftermath the ELAS began to consolidate its control on Greek Macedonian. Many villages were destroyed in the fighting and the displaced villagers often fled the country through Albania and onto Yugoslavia. One case is the village of Babčor in the Kastoria region which was eliminated by US bombers in 1948 thus displacing hundreds of people.[8] Over the course of the war thousands of Aegean Macedonians had were killed, imprisoned or had their land confiscated.[9] The headquartes of the Democratic Army in Greece reported that from mid-1945 to May 20, 1947, in Western Macedonia alone, 13,259 were tortured, 3,215 were imprisoned and 268 were executed without trial. In the same period 1,891 had been burnt down and 1,553 had been looted and 13,553 Macedonians had been resettled by force.[10]In 1947 the legal act L-2 was issued. This meant that all people who had fought against the Greek government and left Greece would have their citizenship confiscated and were banned from returning to the country. On January 20, 1948 the legal act M was issued which allowed the Greek government to confiscate the property of those who were stripped of their citizenship. [11]

Towards the end of 1947, ELAS made an appeal to the governments of the people's republics in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to offer refuge, or at least on a temporary basis, to the children from increasingly exposed areas of Aegean Macedonia [12].

Deca Begalci

Children Refugees fleeing across the border

On March 4th 1948, "Radio Free Greece" announced that all children under the age of 15 would be evacuated from areas under communist control. The older women were instructed to take the children across the border to Yugoslavia and Albania, while the younger women took to the hills with the partisans. By 1948 scores of children had already died from malnutrition, dieasease and injuries. [13]It is estimated that 8,000 children left the Kastoria area in the ensuing weeks. [8] Thousands of Greek, Ethnic Macedonian and Aromanian children were evacuated from the Areas under communist control. They are now known as the Decata Begalci ([Децата бегалци] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) or the Refugee Children[14]. It is estimated that from 28,000 children to 32,000 children were evacuated in the years 1948 and 1949.[15][16] Exceptions were made for children under the age of three who stayed with their mothers while the rest should be evacuated. Many of these children were spread throughout the countries of the Eastern Bloc by 1950 there were 5,132 children in Romania, 4,148 in Czechoslovakia, 3,590 in Poland, 2,859 in Hungary, 2,660 in Bulgaria and 2,000 had been evacuated to Bulgaria.[17][18]

Evacuations following the Communist defeat

By early 1949 the situation for the communists had become dire. Daily groups of refugees were fleeing across the Albanian border and into the Eastern Bloc. Most of these were partisans and communist fighters. They were stirred on by the hope of fighting for the Greek Communist Party in other parts of the balkans. Many others were refugees whose homes and buisness' had been destroyed by the fighting. Others still were expelled by the Government forces.

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ [2]
  3. ^ Ζαούσης Αλέξανδρος. Η Τραγική αναμέτρηση, 1945-1949 – Ο μύθος και η αλήθεια (ISBN 9607213432).
  4. ^ Speech presented by Nikos Zachariadis at the Second Congress of the NOF (National Liberation Front of the ethnic Macedonians from Greek Macedonia), published in Σαράντα Χρόνια του ΚΚΕ 1918-1958, Athens, 1958, p. 575.
  5. ^ KKE Official documents,vol 8
  6. ^ "Incompatible Allies: Greek Communism and Macedonian Nationalism in the Civil War in Greece, 1943-1949. Andrew Rossos", The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1997) (p. 42)
  7. ^ Simpson, Neil (1994). Macedonia Its Disputed History. Victoria: Aristoc Press. p. 91. ISBN 0646204629. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ a b Peter,Hill. (1989) The Macedonians in Australia, Hesperian Press, Carlisle, page 32 Cite error: The named reference "autogenerated5" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian Conflict. Princeton University Press. p. 54. ISBN 0691043566. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ Shea, John (1997). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. MrFarland. p. 116. ISBN 0786402288. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ Shea, John (1997). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. MrFarland. p. 117. ISBN 0786402288. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  12. ^ Frucht, Richard (2000). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 599. ISBN 1576078000. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  13. ^ Frucht, Richard (2000). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 599. ISBN 1576078000. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ Brown, Keith (2003). The Past in Question: Modern Macedonia and the Uncertainties of Nation. Princeton University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0691099952. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  15. ^ Minority Rights Group, Minorities in the Balkans, p. 31
  16. ^ Frucht, Richard (2000). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 599. ISBN 1576078000. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  17. ^ 1996 figures
  18. ^ Frucht, Richard (2000). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 599. ISBN 1576078000. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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