Kastoria
|
Kastoria municipality Δήμος Καστοριάς (Καστοριά) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Basic data | |||
| State : |
 Greece
|
||
| Region : | Western Macedonia | ||
| Regional District : | Kastoria | ||
| Geographic coordinates : | 40 ° 31 ' N , 21 ° 16' E | ||
| Area : | 754.97 km² | ||
| Residents : | 35,874 (2011) | ||
| Population density : | 47.5 inhabitants / km² | ||
| Post Code: | 52050-52200 | ||
| Community logo: |
 |
||
| Seat: | Kastoria | ||
| LAU-1 code no .: | 1601 | ||
| Districts : | 9 municipal districts | ||
| Local self-government : |
3 city districts 34 local communities |
||
| Website: | www.kastoriacity.gr | ||
| Location in the West Macedonia region | |||
 |
|||
Kastoria ( Greek Καστοριά [ kastɔˈrja ] ( f. Sg. ), Alb. Kostur (i), Bulgar . / Maz . Костур / Kostur , Turkish. Kesriye , aromun. Kastoria ) is a city in northwestern Greece and a municipality in the regional district of Kastoria of the West Macedonia region .
geography
The city is located on a peninsula that protrudes into the Kastoria or Orestida Lake (Λίμνη Ορεστίδος) in the shape of an 8 from the west bank of the lake and rises to around 250 meters above the lake level (approx. 620 meters above sea level) . The city is mainly located on the isthmus of the peninsula, the so-called neck (Greek lemos λαιμός), but also extends east into the hills of the peninsula. There is a steep gradient in parts between the center of Kastoria and the lake shore.
The distance to Thessaloniki is around 200 km by road in the northeast, Florina is around 60 to 100 km by road (depending on the route).
Around Lake Kastoria there is a plateau that forms the center of the municipality and extends around ten kilometers into the mountains to the east. The mountains of the northern Pindos Mountains rise to the west, north and east , striking mountains are the Triklario massif (1,776 m) in the northwest, which separates Kastoria from the municipality of Prespes , and in the north to the Verno (2,128 m) at the border Florina and in the west of the Mouriki (1,699 m), on the northern flank of which the Klisoura Pass leads into the northeastern neighboring municipality of Amyndeo . In the south, the plain continues into the municipality of Argos Orestiko . To the west, the state border with Albania forms the municipal boundary , which is marked southwest of the municipality by the summit of the Grammos .
The municipality flows through - west and south of the city center - the Aliakmonas , to which numerous tributaries flow from the valleys of the Pindus in its upper reaches, including the Gioli (Γκιόλι), which receives the waters of the Kastoria Lake and its nine above-ground tributaries.
Despite its location in the middle of the Mediterranean climate zone , the winters in Kastoria can be considerably cold. In January 1967 the temperatures dropped so far that Lake Kastoria froze completely.
history
The area around Kastoria was already populated in prehistoric times. The remains of a Neo-Stone Age settlement on the shores of Lake Kastoria have been found near the village of Dispilio , 5 km southeast of the city of Kastoria . Of particular scientific importance is the tablet found there, which dates back to 5260 BC. The so-called " Dispilio Tablet " was dated .
Antiquity
In ancient times, the city in the Orestis region was known under the name Keletron (Gr. Κέλετρον). In the Second Macedonian-Roman War (201–197 BC) Keletron surrendered to the Roman troops, who Latinized the Greek name as Celetrum . With the partition of the Roman Empire, Keletron fell under the control of the Byzantine Empire in 395 AD .
The city was later named after the Roman emperor Diocletian (around 240-312) Diocletianoupolis . In 550 AD the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I provided the city with a fortress and renamed it Ioustinianoupolis . There are two different views as to the origin of the modern name Kastoria. One says: "The name of the city comes from Kastell (Kastron) among the Bulgarians, who occupied it as Kostur after 850 and after 990, and among the Greeks, who made it back to Greece in 1018". However, Pouliopoulos believes it is more likely that the name can be traced back to castor, the beaver, even if its occurrence there is possible but not attested.
middle Ages
The Bulgarian Tsar Samuil conquered Kastoria in 990 for the first Bulgarian empire , the capital of which was Ohrid , further north . In 1018 Emperor Basil II succeeded in recapturing Kastoria against the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Wladislaw . The Normans under their leader Robert Guiscard and his son Bohemond of Taranto penetrated from Valona and Durazzo on what is now the Albanian Adriatic coast along the Devoll river and conquered Kastoria in 1083.
In 1218 Kastoria was conquered by the despotate Epirus , under whose rule the city remained for almost 40 years. In 1259 troops of the Byzantine Empire Nikaia took the city, whereupon the despot of Epirus, Michael II Angelos Kastoria, who was staying in the city, had to leave.
The Serbian King Stefan Uroš IV. Dušan conquered Kastoria in 1345, his successors lost it in 1371 in the Battle of the Mariza to Andrea II Muzaka from the wealthy Albanian aristocratic family Muzaka . For this victory, Andrea II received the investiture of Kastoria from the Byzantine Emperor John V in 1372 (shortly before his death). Andreas was succeeded by his son Theodor II. Muzaka , the last ruler of the city before the Ottoman conquest ( Battle of Savra ) in that year 1385.
In the years 1383/84 the brothers Theodor II. Muzaka and Stoya Muzaka, together with the monk Dionysius, had the Greek Orthodox Church of St. Athanasius von Muzaka built, which today is one of the most important Byzantine monuments in the region.
Ottoman era
Under the Ottoman rule, the economic importance of Kastoria increased considerably, especially due to the fur and furrier trade. In addition to Siatista and Ohrid , Kastoria was regularly represented at trade fairs and markets between Leipzig and Istanbul. In the second half of the 17th century, the fur trader Manolakis founded a church college in Constantinople from his private fortune. There was also an important Greek school in Kastoria itself. For example, Johann Narantzi (Ioannis Narantzis) and Ralli Diamandi in Vienna were known as Greek traders from Kastoria in 1767. The English traveler William Martin Leake reported at the beginning of the 19th century that the population of Kastoria was made up of 600 families: a tenth of them were Jewish families, the rest of the population was evenly divided between Greeks and Turks. Leake specifies the villages surrounding the city - with the exception of a few Ottoman administrative officials - as exclusively Greek. Leake does not mention any Slavic population for unknown reasons. Leake notes that Kastoria has been essentially unchanged since the 12th century since it was described by Anna Komnena in her Alexiad . At the beginning of the 19th century, the Bishop of Kastoria was subordinate to the Archbishop of Ohrid .
Recent history
According to the Bulgarian ethnographer Vasil Kyntschow , the population of the city was composed as follows in 1900 : 3,000 Greeks, 1,600 Turks, 750 Jews, 300 Albanians, 300 Slavs ("Bulgarians") and 240 Roma. Written references to a Jewish community can be found from 1400 onwards. During this period, the Jewish prayer leader David B. Elieser lived in Kastoria. After Irmela Banco, Kastoria and Kozani as well as Serres were the "most important Greek cities in Macedonia". In 1445 a Bulgarian part of the population is officially registered by the city register. On Holy Saturday of 1944, German members of the Wehrmacht loaded the approximately 1,000 Jews living in Kastoria onto trucks. Of them only 30 survived in Auschwitz , one of whom returned to Kastoria.
During the Ottoman rule, Kastoria was regarded as a center of Greek culture, in which the Greek language, customs and traditions as well as the Greek Orthodox religion were cultivated. Trade and economy in the region flourished, the fur industry emerged. Art and literature could develop.
The rule of the Ottoman Empire ends in 1912: During the First Balkan War , the city of Kastoria was conquered by Greek troops on November 15, 1912. In 1913, Kastoria was finally assigned to the Greek state in the Treaty of Bucharest . Between 1912 (end of the First Balkan War) and 1922 (end of the Greco-Turkish War), considerable proportions of the population were "exchanged" in what is now the administrative region of Western Macedonia, including the prefecture and city of Kastoria. Bulgarian and Turkish parts of the population left the region or had to leave it, Greek parts of the population moved to Asia Minor voluntarily or as a result of displacement from their original settlement areas. At the end of the 1920s, Kastoria had around 10,000 residents.
During the Second World War , Kastoria was captured by German troops in mid-April 1941 as part of the Marita company . The first attack of the deployed Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler failed on April 15, 1941, initially due to fierce Greek resistance. The previous Italo-Greek War, which began on October 28, 1940 with the invasion of Italian troops from Albania, resulted in no fighting in the city. After the Greek surrender at the end of April 1941, Kastoria was added to the Italian zone of occupation. The Italian occupation lasted until September 1943, the time Italy converted from the Axis powers to the Allies. The German "Brandenburg" regiment had been given the task of disarming the almost 3,000 Italian soldiers of the 1st regiment of the "Pinerolo" division (today's Italian troops: Pinerolo Infantry Brigade) stationed in Kastoria , which was achieved without the use of armed force despite considerable tensions.
During the Greek Civil War from 1946 to 1949, Kastoria experienced a massive influx of refugees from the surrounding villages in December 1947; 12,000 refugees were concentrated in the two cities of Kastoria and Argos Orestiko . A few months later, in March 1948, the city of Kastoria, which had around 11,000 inhabitants in 1940, temporarily housed up to 6,000 refugees from the villages in the area.
economy
.jpg)
In the High Middle Ages, Kastoria was a rich city with wealthy merchants.
From origins around the 14th / 15th centuries. In the 19th century, Kastoria and the nearby provincial municipality of Siatista developed into a center of the fur trade and furrier trade . Another place of fur processing and the associated fur trade was the then Turkish, Macedonian city of Ohrid until around the end of the 19th century . Kastoria, on the other hand, has remained a center of fur residue recycling and processing in Europe and a capital of the fur and leather industry. In 1939, the import of pieces of fur, known in Kastoria today as "kommatiasta", was expressly reserved for both places. In 1951 this unique position was confirmed by a law that exempted the import and processing of fur pieces for Kastoria and Siatista; for the rest of Greece, however, there was an import tax rate of 25 percent. In 1984 there was no longer any obligation to stamp the skins imported for processing in Kastoria; Until then, the stamping should prevent the finished furs from remaining in Greece, where luxury goods such as furs (including cars!) were subject to a tax rate of 180 percent.
a fur sewer has set up a functional plate with a mink paw body to dry.
In 1978, around the end of the main period of the fur boom at the time, the number of fur businesses in Kastoria was estimated at over 2,500 (out of around 3,400 registered businesses) with around 10,000 employees. In the same year, Pouliopoulos wrote in his study that Castoria's export goods are exclusively fur. - The production of pieces of fur ( bodies made from leftover fur) is estimated by the Kastoria Chamber of Commerce and accounts for more than 70% of world production . This branch of the economy is still successful in international markets today, and Greek fur merchants and clothing manufacturers are based all over the world and maintain connections in their homeland, although Greek entrepreneurs increasingly relocated production to low-wage countries, especially China. The International Fur Fair of Kastoria , which was held for the 36th time in 2011, is one of the most important European events in this branch of industry. According to the organizers, 1200 of the visitors to the fair were purely trade visitors. In 2013 the 38th fair of the fur association “Prophet Elias” took place for the first time after four years of intensive construction in a new, larger center with 13,000 m² of exhibition space, the area is also to be used for other exhibitions.
In 2012, at the time of Greece's great economic crisis in the European Union , Kastoria was the only geographic region in Greece where exports outweighed imports, making it the most important economic region in the country, mainly due to its natural resources and the fur industry. According to a study provided by IEES Abe, the Greek textile and clothing industry, fur is still number one in the export sector in western Macedonia (2012), despite falling numbers. In May 2013, American Legend's North American mink fur auction had a record number of visitors, buyers from Greece determined the buying process and were supported by brokers from Hong Kong / China .
For a detailed description of fur processing in Kastoria and Siatista see the article → Fur scraps .
Other economic factors include a. The trade and processing of local products, especially wheat, apples, wine and fish, typical for Kastoria are beans.
traffic
The north and south of Kastoria are lined with quays, the Nikis and Alexander the Great Boulevard, which were redesigned in 1997 to Promenadealleen. In between, stairs and steep streets lead up to the saddle with the main street of Kastorias, the Mitropoleos, around which most of the small churches and chapels are located. From Ntoltso , a quayside road lined with oak and plane trees leads around the peninsula.
The city has good transport links. The National Highway 15 runs north toward Florina , Amyndeo , Ptolemaida and Kozani . This road also connects Kastoria with Korce in Albania , whose border is only 30 km as the crow flies. The national road 15 also leads south to Siatista along the valley of the Aliakmonas. The sections from the Albanian border at Kristallopigi or Ieropigi to Siatista will in future be replaced by Autobahn 15 , which is currently under construction, and which connects Albania with Autobahn 2 at Siatista. The section south and east of Kastoria has already been completed. There is no train connection to Kastoria.
Kastoria Airport
Kastoria Airport, also known as "Aristotelis Airport" ( IATA : KSO , ICAO : LGKA ), is located in the municipality of Argos Orestiko , 10 kilometers from Kastoria and was opened in March 1971. The asphalt runway with an orientation of 12/30 is 2698 meters long and 45 meters wide. The airport is at an altitude of 661 meters (2167 ft) above sea level .
Administrative division, population and politics
Administrative division
In 1918 Kastoria was recognized as a rural community (kinotita) by the Greek state . It was upgraded to a municipality (dimos) in 1946. In 1997, Kastoria was united with some neighboring municipalities as part of the Greek local government reform; In 2010, on the occasion of another administrative reform, eight municipalities in the area were incorporated into the municipality of Kastoria. Since then, the municipalities before 2010 have formed municipal districts (Ez. Gr. Dimotiki enotita ), the former municipal districts are run as urban districts (dimotiki kinotita) or local communities (topiki kinotita) , which are represented by local councils. The population figures are taken from the 2011 census.
- Municipality of Agia Triada - Δημοτική Ενότητα Αγίας Τριάδας - 6,568 inhabitants
- Maniaki Municipality - Δ. Κ. Μανιάκων - Μανιάκοι - 3,055 inhabitants
- Local community Avgi - Τ. Κ. Αυγής - Αυγή - 159 inhabitants
- Local community Chiliodendro - Τ. Κ. Χιλιοδένδρου - 1,122
- Chiliodendro - Χιλιόδενδρο - 610 inhabitants
- Poria - Πορειά - 512 inhabitants
- Local community Koromilia - Τ. Κ. Κορομηλέας - Κορομηλιά - 342 inhabitants
- Local community Lefki - Τ. Κ. Λεύκης - 961 inhabitants
- Lefki - Λεύκη - 379 inhabitants
- Nea Lefki - Νέα Λεύκη - 582 inhabitants
- Local community Omorfokklisia - Τ. Κ. Ομορφοκκλησιάς - Ομορφοκκλησιά - 23 inhabitants
- Local community Pendavryso - Τ. Κ. Πενταβρύσου - 618 inhabitants
- Pendavryso - Πεντάβρυσο - 599 inhabitants
- Ypsilo - Υψηλό - 19 inhabitants
- Local community Tsakoni - Τ. Κ. Τσάκονης - Τσάκονη - 288 inhabitants
- Agii Anargyri municipality - Δημοτική Ενότητα Αγίων Αναργύρων - 2,138 inhabitants
- Local community Korisos - Τ. Κ. Κορησού - 1,020 inhabitants
- Agios Nikolaos - ο Άγιος Νικόλαος - 22 inhabitants
- Korisos - Κορησός - 998 inhabitants
- Local community Lithia - Τ. Κ. Λιθιάς - Λιθιά - 311 inhabitants
- Local community Melissotopos - Τ. Κ. Μελισσοτόπου - 354 inhabitants
- Melissotopos - Μελισσότοπος - 172 inhabitants
- Moni Agion Anargyron - Μονή Αγίων Αναργύρων - 9 inhabitants
- Stavropotamos - Σταυροπόταμος - 173 inhabitants
- Local community Vasiliada - Τ. Κ. Βασιλειάδος - 453 inhabitants
- Agia Paraskevi - Αγία Παρασκευή - 31 inhabitants
- Vasiliada - Βασιλειάδα - 325 inhabitants
- Verga - Βέργα - 97 inhabitants
- Local community Korisos - Τ. Κ. Κορησού - 1,020 inhabitants
- Municipality of Kastoria - Δημοτική Ενότητα Καστοριάς - 16,958 inhabitants
- Kastoria Municipality - Δ. Κ. Καστοριάς - 16,958 inhabitants
- Aposkepos - Απόσκεπος - 139 inhabitants
- Chloe - Χλόη - 3,079 inhabitants
- Kastoria - Καστοριά - 13,387 inhabitants
- Kefalari - Κεφαλάρι - 353 inhabitants
- Kastoria Municipality - Δ. Κ. Καστοριάς - 16,958 inhabitants
- Kastraki municipality - Δημοτική Ενότητα Καστρακίου - 560 inhabitants
- Local community Dendrochori - Τ. Κ. Δενδροχωρίου - Δενδροχώρι - 266 inhabitants
- Local community Ieropigi - Τ. Κ. Ιεροπηγής - Ιεροπηγή - 294 inhabitants
- Municipality of Klisoura - Δημοτική Ενότητα Κλεισούρας - 259 inhabitants
- Local community Klisoura - Τ. Κ. Κλεισούρας - 259 inhabitants
- Klisoura - Κλεισούρα - 257 inhabitants
- Moni Panagias - Μονή Παναγίας - 2 inhabitants
- Local community Klisoura - Τ. Κ. Κλεισούρας - 259 inhabitants
- Korestia municipality - Δημοτική Ενότητα Κορεστίων - 672 inhabitants
- Local community Agios Andonios - Τ. Κ. Αγίου Αντωνίου - ο Άγιος Αντώνιος - 50 inhabitants
- Local community Chalara - Τ. Κ. Χαλάρων - τα Χάλαρα - 13 inhabitants
- Local community Gavros - Τ. Κ. Γάβρου - 363 inhabitants
- Gavros - Γάβρος - uninhabited
- Neos Ikismos ('New Settlement') - Νέος Οικισμός - 363 inhabitants
- Local community Kranionas - Τ. Κ. Κρανιώνος - Κρανιώνας - 5 inhabitants
- Macrochori community - Τ. Κ. Μακροχωρίου - Μακροχώρι - 117 inhabitants
- Local community Mavrokambos - Τ. Κ. Μαυροκάμπου - Μαυρόκαμπος - 6 inhabitants
- Local community Melas - Τ. Κ. Μελά - 118 inhabitants
- Ano Melas - Άνω Μελάς - 30 inhabitants
- Melas - Μελάς - 88 inhabitants
- Makedni municipality - Δημοτική Ενότητα Μακεδνών - 3,220 inhabitants
- Local community Dispilio - Τ. Κ. Δισπηλιού - Δισπηλιό - 976 inhabitants
- Local community Mavrochori - Τ. Κ. Μαυροχωρίου - 1554 inhabitants
- Mavrochori - Μαυροχώρι - 1,287 inhabitants
- Krepeni - Κρεπενή - 210 inhabitants
- Local community Polycarpi - Τ. Κ. Πολυκάρπης - Πολυκάρπη - 747 inhabitants
- Mesopotamia parish - Δημοτική Ενότητα Μεσοποταμιάς - 4,224 inhabitants
- Mesopotamia Municipality - Δ. Κ. Μεσοποταμιάς - 2,099 inhabitants
- Kolokynthou - Κολοκυνθού - 744 inhabitants
- Mesopotamia - Μεσοποταμιά - 1802 inhabitants
- Pallinostoundes - Παλλινοστούντες - 112
- Local community Agia Kyriaki - Τ. Κ. Αγίας Κυριακής - Αγία Κυριακή - 263 inhabitants
- Local community Inoi - Τ. Κ. Οινόης - η Οινόη - 475 inhabitants
- Local community Kalochori - Τ. Κ. Καλοχωρίου - Καλοχώρι - 398 inhabitants
- Local community Pteria - Τ. Κ. Πτεριάς - 133 inhabitants
- Akondi - Ακόντι - uninhabited
- Kato Pteria - Κάτω Πτεριά - 24 inhabitants
- Pteria - Πτεριά - 109 inhabitants
- Mesopotamia Municipality - Δ. Κ. Μεσοποταμιάς - 2,099 inhabitants
- Vitsi municipality - Δημοτική Ενότητα Βιτσίου - 1,275 inhabitants
- Local community Metamorfosi - Τ. Κ. Μεταμορφώσης - 325 inhabitants
- Fotini - Φωτεινή - 186 inhabitants
- Metamorfosi - Μεταμόρφωση - 139 inhabitants
- Local community Oxya - Τ. Κ. Οξυάς - Οξυά - 41 inhabitants
- Local community Polykeraso - Τ. Κ. Πολυκεράσου - Πολυκέρασο 15 inhabitants
- Local community Sidirochori - Τ. Κ. Σιδηροχωρίου - Σιδηροχώρι - 82 inhabitants
- Local community Tichio - Τ. Κ. Τοιχίου - Τοιχιό - 685 inhabitants
- Local community Vyssinia - Τ. Κ. Βυσσινέας - Βυσσινιά - 127 inhabitants
- Local community Metamorfosi - Τ. Κ. Μεταμορφώσης - 325 inhabitants
population
| year | Residents | change |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 20,660 | - |
| 1991 | 14,775 | - 5,885 (−28.48%) |
| 2001 | 14,813 | 38 (2.57%) |
politics
In the local elections in 2010, the independent candidate Emmanouil Chatzisymeonidis achieved a majority of 55.08% in the second ballot and is thus mayor. His electoral list has 25 seats on the municipal council. There were 10 on the election list of the ND representative, 5 on the mixed list of the PASOK candidate and one seat on the KKE .
Attractions
- The Kastoris or Orestias Lake (620 m above sea level, 28.7 km², depth 7-15 m)
- Museums in Kastoria are the Folklore Museum, the Byzantine Museum, the Icon Museum.
- A number of town houses owned by Macedonian fur traders document the prosperity of this profession.
- There are 72 Byzantine churches, all small but worth seeing, as well as a former monastery in the city. Some of them are classified as art monuments, such as the largest of the churches, the Agii Anagyri from the 10th century, or the church of Agios Nikolaos tou Kasnitsi. The Panagia Koumbelidiki from the 11th century is the only church with a round tower ("Kumbes", Turkish for circle). The frescoes that cover the entire interior were created 200 years later. There is a Trinity fresco on the ceiling - in all of Greece there should only be this pictorial representation of God the Father.
- Remains of the city wall from 535 are still next to the Nomarchia, the official seat of the prefect.
- Buildings from the Ottoman era, most of which are now in a "painterly decaying state", are the bazaar, a mosque and the Ḥammām .
Church of Saint Stephen
Church "Agii Anargiri" built in 1256
Taxiarchis Gymnasiou Church
Panagia Koumbelidiki Church
Boats on the lake
Houses in Kastoria (2002)
House in Kastoria (2002)
Monument in Kastoria
Sports
An attraction in terms of sport is the local football club FC Kastoria , which plays in amateur football (county league). As of 2019 As one of the few clubs from the province, FC Kastoria succeeded in winning the cup on May 26, 1980 with a 5-2 final victory over Iraklis Saloniki ; he was then eliminated in the first round of the UEFA cup competition against eventual winners Dynamo Tbilisi .
sons and daughters of the town
- Athanasios Christopoulos (1772–1847), poet
- Dimitrios Diamantidis (* 1980), Greek basketball player
- Risto Kirjazovski (1923–2002), partisan, historian, publisher and scientist
- Jagnula Kunovska (* 1943), politician, lawyer and writer
- Nicholas Lambrinides, founder of Skyline Chili
- Maria Spiropoulou (* 1970), experimental physicist
- Lucas Samaras (* 1936), sculptor
- Tobia ben Elieser , Jewish Torah scholar and poet in the 11th century
literature
- Leonidas Pouliopoulos: The Contribution of the Fur Industry to the Regional Development of West Macedonia, especially the Kastoria District , 2010.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Results of the 2011 census at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB)
- ^ Newspaper article in the Greek newspaper Eleftheria of January 19, 1967, p. 8. Available online from the Greek National Library .
- ↑ Stamatis Chatzitolousis. Wood as archaeological material in prehistory. Dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2006 (Greek)
- ↑ a b Newspaper article of the Greek newspaper Kathimerini of October 29, 2007 about the destination Kastoria, part 1. Available online via the website of the newspaper Kathimerini .
- ↑ Stella Tsolakidou: Prehistoric tablet calls into question history of writing . Archaeologynewsnetwork.blogspot.de . Secondary source: Greek Reporter, July 16, 2012. last accessed on November 26, 2013
- ↑ a b Theodor Mommsen. Roman history. Volume 1. Weidmann, 1856. P. 684.
- ↑ Konstantin Josef Jireček, History of the Bulgarians, Prague (Tempsky) 1876, p. 46.
- ^ Heinrich Barth, Journey through the interior of European Turkey from Rustchuk via Philippopel, D. Reimer, 1864, p. 154.
- ↑ August Friedrich von Pauly, Georg Wissowa . Pauly's real encyclopedia of classical antiquity. Volume 18. JB Metzler, 1980, p. 965.
- ↑ a b Leonidas Pouliopoulos: Kastoria , in the advertising paper Kastoria probably published on the occasion of the fur fair in Kastoria, publisher. Christopher Winckelmann, Alexander the Great 105, Kastoria, undated (around 1980)
- ↑ Fedor Schneider, Selected Essays on the History and Diplomatics of the Middle Ages, Scientia, 1974, p. 122.
- ^ Historical Society of Berlin (ed.): Mittheilungen aus der historical Litteratur, Berlin (Gärtner) 1901, p. 355.
- ↑ Fedor Schneider, Selected Essays on the History and Diplomatics of the Middle Ages, Scientia, 1974. p. 121.
- ^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf : Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues . Weidmann, Berlin 1873, p. 281 (Italian, archive.org ).
- ↑ St. Athanasius of Mouzaka. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Greek).
- ^ Friedrich Karl Kienitz : Cities under the half moon . Beck, Munich, 1972, p. 23. ISBN 3-406-02521-8 .
- ^ Gerhard Podskalsky , Greek theology in the time of the Turkish rule (1453-1821), Munich (Beck) 1988, p. 245. ISBN 3-406-32302-2 .
- ^ Gerhard Podskalsky, Greek theology in the time of the Turkish rule (1453-1821), Munich (Beck) 1988, p. 60. ISBN 3-406-32302-2 .
- ↑ Polychronos Kyprianou Enepekidis, Greek trading companies and merchants in Vienna from 1766, Eteria Makedonikon Spoudon, 1959, p. 1.
- ↑ Polychronos Kyprianou Enepekidis, Greek trading companies and merchants in Vienna from 1766, Eteria Makedonikon Spoudon, 1959, p. 32.
- ^ William Martin Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. 1, London (Gilbert and Rivington) 1835, p. 325.
- ^ William Martin Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. 1, London (Gilbert and Rivington) 1835, p. 329.
- ^ William Martin Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, Vol. 1, London (Gilbert and Rivington) 1835, p. 330.
- ↑ Wasilij Kyntschow, Makedonija. Ethnografija i Statistika, Chapter 2 (Statistics), Section Kosturska Kaza, Sofija 1900, p. 265 (based on a photocopy by Prof. M. Drinov, Sofija 1996). See the Bulgarian citation according to the given website: Македония. Етнография и статистика. В. Кѫнчовъ (I изд. Бълг. Книжовно Д-во, София, 1900; II фототипно изд. "Проф. М. Дринов", София, 1996).
- ^ Leopold Zunz, Literary History of Synagogal Poetry, L. Gerschel Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1865, p. 383.
- ↑ Irmela Banco, Studies on the Distribution and Development of the Population of Greece, Dümmelers, 1976, p. 67. ISBN 3-427-75541-X .
- ↑ Christo Gandev, The Bulgarian People in the 15th Century, Sofia (Sofia Press) 1987, p. 161.
- ↑ Wolfgang Josing-Gundert: With claws they make millions, in: Geo , No. 11, November 1988, p. 118.
- ↑ a b Fritz Klute, Handbuch der Geographischen Wissenschaft, Volume 3, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Athenaion, 1930, p. 254.
- ^ Homepage of the municipality of Kastoria ( Memento from December 20, 2004 in the Internet Archive ).
- ↑ Newspaper article in the Greek newspaper Embros from November 15, 1912, p. 1 (available online from the Greek National Library ).
- ↑ Giannis Koliopoulos, John S. Koliopoulos, Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, p. 3. ISBN 1-85065-381-X .
- ↑ Karl Gundelach, The German Air Force in the Mediterranean 1940-1945, Volume 1, Frankfurt am Main (Lang) 1981, p. 181.
- ^ Gerhard Schreiber, The Italian military internees in the German sphere of influence, 1943 to 1945, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1990, p. 165. ISBN 3-486-55391-7 .
- ^ Gerhard Schreiber, The Italian Military Internees in the German Area of Power, 1943 to 1945, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1990, p. 255. ISBN 3-486-55391-7 .
- ^ A b Giannis Koliopoulos, John S. Koliopoulos, Plundered Loyalties: Axis Occupation and Civil Strife in Greek West, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999, p. 270. ISBN 1-85065-381-X .
- ↑ a b c d e Harald Steiner: Treasury of Byzantine art . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , October 8, 1998, p. 40.
- ↑ D. Totchkoff, Ochrida: Studies on tobacco trade and skinning, especially in Ochrida (Macedonia) . Inaugural dissertation to obtain a doctorate from the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg. Universitäts-Verlag vorm. Ph. Wiese, page 73
- ^ In Winckelmann Pelzmarkt, Frankfurt / Main: No more stamp duty in Kastoria , issue 756, July 27, 1984.
- ^ Leonidas Pouliopoulos, The fur industry in Kastoria , diploma thesis Linz 1978, CB-Verlag Carl Boldt, Berlin.
- ^ International fur fair in Kastoria . In: Pelzmarkt , Deutscher Pelzverband, Frankfurt am Main, June 2011, p. 4
- ↑ New exhibition center of the "Prophet Elias" in Kastoria . In: Pelzmarkt , Deutscher Pelzverband, Frankfurt am Main, October 2012, pp. 8–9
- ↑ a b omogeneia.ana-mpa.gr June 6, 2012 (Greek) ( Memento of April 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ If the author is not stated: American Legend Auctions May 21-23, 2013 . In: Pelzmarkt July 2013, Deutscher Pelzverband, p. 2
- ^ Kastoria National Airport. In: airportguide.com. Accessed February 2, 2020 .
- ^ Results of the local elections 2010 on the website of the Greek Ministry of the Interior (gr.)
- ↑ Reinhardt Hootz, Friederike Kyrieleis. Art monuments in Greece. Volume 1. Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1984. ISBN 3-422-00375-4 . Page 46
- ↑ Reinhardt Hootz, Friederike Kyrieleis. Art monuments in Greece. Volume 1. Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1984. ISBN 3-422-00375-4 . Page 48